The main focus of the study is to calibrate Sentinel-1 InSAR Line-of-Sight (LOS) velocities along a ~700 km North-South transect extending from the Black Sea coast (Kastamonu-Samsun) to the Mediterranean (Mersin-Gaziantep). This transect encompasses diverse tectonic regimes, including the North Anatolian Fault Zone, the Central Anatolian Block, and the junction of the East Anatolian Fault Zone. This complex structure of the transect requires detailed analysis of the GNSS-InSAR calibration procedure including validation. 

Across the study region, processed LiCSAR products are integrated with 3D velocities derived from the continuous local CORS network (21 stations) and an extensive campaign-based GNSS network (200 stations). For calibration, GNSS velocities are first projected into the satellite LOS geometry using LOS vectors derived from coherent InSAR pixels within a 1-km radius. The velocity bias (ΔVlos) is calculated at continuous GNSS locations. This correction surface is propagated using various conventional and Machine Learning techniques independently, including Kriging, Weighted Least Squares (WLS) based Quadratic Surface fitting, Thin Plate Spline (TPS) and Radial Basis Functions (Gaussian, Multiquadric, and Inverse Multiquadric). To address specific error sources, the contributions of topography-correlated atmospheric delays and local spatial trends are also analyzed by Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Random Forest regression. Cross-validation is applied to assess the quality of each model individually where spatial random sampling and plate boundaries are also considered. This study presents preliminary results for obtaining a validated basis for generating up-to-date velocity fields over Türkiye.

How to cite: Elvanlı, M. and Durmaz, M.: Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning and Geostatistical Approaches for GNSS-InSAR Integration: A Case Study in Anatolia, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-7178, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-7178, 2026.

Geomagnetic storms (GS) significantly perturb the near-Earth environment, leading to enhanced thermosphere density, increased non-conservative forces, and degraded satellite orbit determination, particularly for Doppler-based techniques such as DORIS. In this study, we investigate and improve DORIS orbit determination performance during GS conditions by developing storm-adapted processing strategies. Storm days were classified using geomagnetic indices and categorized into moderate to severe storm levels (G3-G5).

Four distinct processing strategies were implemented and evaluated: a standard operational solution and three experimental storm-adapted solutions, designed through systematic modifications of drag constraints and observation-elimination criteria. These strategies were tested through targeted daily and weekly experiments conducted across multiple DORIS-equipped satellites, with a particular emphasis on periods of intense storms.

The storm-adapted strategies demonstrate clear performance improvements relative to the standard solution during geomagnetic storms. The modified strategies reduce orbit residual RMS in all orbital components, improve Length-of-Day (LOD) variance by approximately 40-80%, and decrease LOD mean biases by nearly 60%. Additionally, Earth Rotation Parameters (ERP) exhibit notable improvements, with reductions of approximately 22–25% in both bias and variability for the polar motion components (X/Y pole). Among the tested configurations, the combined strategy, particularly when applied with zero-rotation constraints, consistently delivers the best performance during intense storm conditions (Kp ≥ 8+). These results demonstrate that storm-adapted DORIS processing strategies significantly enhance orbit and geophysical parameter estimation during disturbed space-weather conditions.

How to cite: Kumar, V., Stepanek, P., Filler, V., Balasubramanian, N., and Dikshit, O.: Impact of Storm-Adapted DORIS Processing on Orbit Quality and Earth Rotation Parameters During Geomagnetic Storms , EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-7764, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-7764, 2026.

The Kirazlı porphyry and high-sulfidation (HS) epithermal system is situated in the central Biga Peninsula of northwestern Türkiye, a region characterized by the protracted closure of the Tethyan oceanic branches and the subsequent collision of Gondwana-derived continental fragments with the Sakarya Zone. This geodynamic framework facilitated the development of diverse tectono-magmatic environments, leading to the formation of porphyry and associated hydrothermal mineralization during the Cenozoic. Based on established geochronological data, magmatism in the Biga Peninsula occurred in five discrete chronostratigraphic episodes: Paleocene to Early Eocene (65–49 Ma), Middle–Late Eocene (49–35 Ma), Late Eocene to Early Oligocene (35–23 Ma), Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene (~23–14 Ma), and Late Miocene to Pliocene (14–5 Ma). Mineralization within the Kirazlı district is temporally constrained to two primary intervals—Late Eocene to Early Oligocene and Oligocene to Early Miocene corresponding to specific magmatic pulses and structurally mediated by major regional shear zones.

Integration of the ages of fault-hosting lithologies, structural styles, fault geometries, and paleostress reconstructions indicates three distinct tectonic phases consistent with the regional Cenozoic evolution: (1) NW–SE extension (Phase-1), (2) NNE–SSW extension (Phase-2), and (3) NE–SW extension (Phase-3). Detailed field observations, petrographic analysis, and microstructural investigations of oriented samples demonstrate that the porphyry and HS-epithermal stages were governed by these shifting stress regimes. B- and D-veins associated with the porphyry stage exhibit preferred orientations along an ENE–WSW strike, consistent with the NW–SE extensional regime of Phase-1. In contrast, late-stage quartz veins within the HS-epithermal overprint formed under a NNE–SSW extensional stress field, aligning with the Phase-2 tectonic pulse.

Analysis of fault planes for both Phase-2 and Phase-3 indicates that ENE–WSW and NE–SW strike directions are common to both phases. Phase-3 displays kinematic and geometric features characteristic of the modern transtensional NE–SW and strike-slip regime currently active in the Biga Peninsula. Correlation of these structural data with magmatism–mineralization age constraints indicates that the porphyry and HS-epithermal components of the Kirazlı system were emplaced during distinct tectonic periods. This evolution reflects the transition from a post-collisional setting to the current extensional and strike-slip dominated regime of western Anatolia.

How to cite: Çam, M., Kuşcu, İ., and Kaymakcı, N.: Tectono-Magmatic Evolution and Structural Controls on the Kirazlı Porphyry-High Sulfidation Epithermal System, Biga Peninsula, NW Türkiye, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-11195, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-11195, 2026.

Traditional methods for determining geopotential and height require successive transfers of leveling and gravity measurements, which are prone to error accumulation, face challenges in transoceanic applications, and are generally time-consuming, labor-intensive, and inefficient. Based on the principles of general relativity, an alternative approach using high-precision time-frequency signals to determine geopotential can overcome these limitations. In this study, simulation experiments were conducted to determine geopotential differences using BDS and Galileo five-frequency undifferenced carrier phase time-frequency transfer technology. The simulations employed clocks with different performance characteristics, utilizing precise clock offsets and multi-frequency observation data from both systems. The results show that the frequency stability achieved by BDS and Galileo five-frequency undifferenced carrier phase time-frequency transfer can reach approximately 3×10⁻¹⁷. The root mean square of the determined geopotential differences corresponds to centimeter-level equivalent height accuracy, and the convergence accuracy of the geopotential difference by the final epoch can reach better than 3.0 m²·s⁻². Given the rapid development of GNSS multi-frequency signals and ongoing improvements in the precision of products such as code and phase biases, geopotential determination based on Galileo and BDS multi-frequency signals is expected to have broader application prospects in the future. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China project (No. 42304095), the Key Project of Natural Science Research in Universities of Anhui Province (No. 2023AH051634), the Chuzhou University Research Initiation Fund Project (No. 2023qd07).

How to cite: Xu, W. and Song, J.: Geopotential Difference Determination via BDS and Galileo Multi-Frequency Time-Frequency Signals, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-15725, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-15725, 2026.

Accurate geoid models are essential for converting GNSS-derived heights into physically meaningful elevations and for ensuring consistency in modern height reference systems. This study presents a unified geodetic framework for refining gravimetric geoids using GNSS/leveling residuals through physically interpretable fitting models. Five correction representations are evaluated, ranging from local Cartesian planar surfaces to geodetically consistent spherical formulations of increasing degree. The analysis demonstrates that low-order models effectively remove regional bias and tilt but show limited predictive stability. To enhance robustness, iteratively reweighted least squares is applied to mitigate the influence of outliers while preserving deterministic structure. Higher-order geodetic models are stabilized using ridge regularization, with the regularization strength selected objectively through leave-one-out cross-validation. This strategy ensures numerical conditioning while directly optimizing predictive performance. Results show that the full degree-2 geodetic model offers the best balance among accuracy, stability, and physical interpretability. It reduces long-wavelength distortions while maintaining consistent in-sample and cross-validated performance. The proposed approach supports reliable GNSS-based height determination in modern vertical datum realization and height modernization efforts.

How to cite: Abdalla, A. and Dwira, C.: Geodetic degree-based Models for Robust Regional Geoid Refinement, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-16148, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-16148, 2026.

The Eastern Mediterranean is a recognized climate-change hotspot, characterized by strong summertime subsidence, sharp land–sea moisture gradients, and frequent thermodynamic extremes. Although Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations provide continuous and all-weather monitoring of precipitable water vapor (PWV), their accuracy critically depend on the weighted mean atmospheric temperature (T_m) used to convert zenith total delay (ZTD) into water vapor content. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of radiometric data acquired under the Cyprus GNSS Meteorology (CYGMEN) strategic infrastructure project, established to monitor the thermodynamic state of the Eastern Mediterranean atmosphere. This study quantifies the impact of T_m uncertainty on GNSS-PWV retrievals and assesses the benefit of ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) observations under extreme thermodynamic conditions.

MWR- and GNSS-derived products are evaluated against Vaisala RS41 radiosonde observations at Nicosia, Cyprus, for the period March–October 2025. Baseline validation demonstrates that the MWR provides highly accurate temperature profiling in the boundary layer (correlation coefficient r > 0.98) and reliable integrated water vapor estimates, with an RMSE of 1.72 kg m⁻² relative to radiosondes. However, the MWR exhibits limited skill in resolving vertical humidity structure, as indicated by a negative coefficient of determination (R² = −2.87) for moisture scale-height comparisons. This highlights that the primary strength of the MWR lies in constraining the column-integrated thermodynamic state rather than detailed vertical moisture profiling.

Incorporation of MWR-derived T_m into the GNSS processing chain substantially improves PWV retrievals during periods of strong thermodynamic variability, particularly under high-PWV and subsidence-dominated conditions typical of the Eastern Mediterranean summer. The proposed GNSS–MWR synergistic framework provides a physically consistent pathway to reduce T_m-related uncertainties and enhance GNSS-PWV reliability in climate-sensitive regions.

How to cite: Oikonomou, C., Parde, A. N., and Haralambous, H.: Improving GNSS Water Vapor Monitoring in Cyprus climate change hotspot Using MWR-Derived Tm, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-14641, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-14641, 2026.

How well mixed is Earth's mantle? Are there primordial reservoirs? What fraction of the mantle feeds surface volcanism? We attempt to address these questions using large-scale Lagrangian particle tracking in time-reversed and forward convection models. We track particles backward in time using a Back-and-Forth Nudging (BFN) method applied to time-reversed thermal convection, initialized with a present-day seismic–geodynamic–mineral physics model (Glisovic & Forte, 2016, 2025). We likewise carried out long-term (multi-hundred-million-year) forward-in-time mantle convection simulations initialized with present-day mantle structure inferred from tomography. In all cases, we employ mantle viscosity structure that has been independently constrained and verified against a wide suite of present-day geodynamic observables that include free-air gravity anomalies, dynamic surface topography, horizontal divergence of plate velocities, excess core-mantle boundary ellipticity, and glacial isostatic adjustment data. A voxel-based analysis quantifies sampling density, residence time, and flux throughout the mantle.

We use different particle starting conditions, each designed to address a specific aspect of mantle mixing. To identify long-lived isolated regions, we track uniformly distributed particles both forward and backward in time, calculating residence times to locate candidate reservoirs. To estimate the sampling of lower mantle material in the upper mantle, we initialize particles in the D" layer and track them forward to determine what fraction reaches the upper mantle. To address plume dynamics and sampling, we place cylindrical arrays of particles beneath present-day hotspots and track them backward, using the statistical evolution of their standard deviation to quantify mixing along transport pathways, with transit time, and voxel analysis. To measure upper-to-lower mantle exchange, we initialize particles uniformly in the upper mantle. By combining these approaches, we systematically identify regions of low flux and high residence time, candidates for reservoirs. We further take a statistical approach based on voxel density sampling to quantify mixing across the volume of the mantle.

How to cite: Johnston, G., Anderson, M., Forte, A., and Glišović, P.: How Well Is the Mantle Sampled? A Global Voxel-Based Analysis of Residence Time and Flux from Forward- and Reverse-Time Mantle Convection, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-15990, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-15990, 2026.

The Southeast Anatolian Suture Belt hosts the oceanic and continental remnants of the southern Neotethyan realm. During the Late Cretaceous, the southern Neotethyan domain experienced an Andean-type magmatism on its northern continental margin (the Tauride-Anatolide Platform), characterized by the Baskil Magmatics. The plutonic part of this unit is intruded by numerous dikes, which are the primary focus of this study. The U-Pb zircon dating of the dikes and their granodioritic host rocks indicates that their emplacement occurred within a narrow interval, between 81-79 Ma. The dikes vary chemically from basalt to dacite, while the host rocks range from andesitic to dacitic. On the normal mid-ocean ridge (N-MORB)-normalized plots, all samples exhibit negative Nb anomalies. Trace element systematics reveals that this dike system is chemically heterogeneous, consisting of five distinct chemical types. The elemental and isotope ratios indicate varying contributions from depleted and enriched components. All chemical types, with relative Nb depletion, suggest incorporation of slab-derived and/or crustal additions. This interpretation is further supported by the EM-2-like Pb isotopic ratios. Based on the variability in elemental and isotopic composition, this intrusive system appears highly heterogeneous, likely due to the combined effects of mantle source, crustal contamination, and fractional crystallization. The bulk geochemical characteristics of the studied dikes and their host rocks suggest that these intrusives formed at a continental arc. Considering the available paleontological and geochronological age data, it appears that the intraoceanic subduction and continental arc magmatism in the Southern Neotethys occurred simultaneously; the former created the Yüksekova arc-basin system, whereas the latter formed the Baskil Arc.

Note: This study was supported by project Fübap-MF.15.12.

How to cite: Ural, M., Sayit, K., Koralay, E., and Göncüoglu, M. C.: Geochemical and Geochronological approaches of Baskil Dikes (Elazığ, Eastern Turkey): Discrimination between the Late Cretaceous Continental and Oceanic Arc-related Magmatism in the Southern Neotethys, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-2274, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-2274, 2026.

Low-temperature thermochronology provides key constraints on the post-mineralization exhumation and preservation of orogenic gold deposits. In this study, we investigate the exhumation histories of the Anjiayingzi and Jinchanggouliang gold deposits, located respectively in the Kalaqin metamorphic core complex (MCC) and the Nuluerhu magmatic dome within the Chifeng–Chaoyang metallogenic belt on the northern margin of the North China Craton.

Both deposits formed in the Early Cretaceous (~130 Ma), but at significantly different depths (5.6–7.1 km for Anjiayingzi and 1.0–2.6 km for Jinchanggouliang), and are currently exposed at the surface, implying differential post-mineralization exhumation. Zircon and apatite (U–Th)/He and fission-track analyses were conducted on ore-hosting rocks to reconstruct cooling and exhumation histories. Combined age–elevation relationships and thermal history modeling reveal that the Anjiayingzi deposit experienced multi-stage, rapid exhumation totaling ~6.75 km since mineralization, with the most intense exhumation occurring between 130 and 80 Ma. In contrast, the Jinchanggouliang deposit underwent slower and more limited exhumation, with a total exhumation of ~2.50 km over the same period.

The contrasting exhumation histories coincide with an Early Cretaceous regional extensional regime affecting the northern margin of the North China Craton. We suggest that tectonic setting plays a first-order role in controlling post-mineralization exhumation. Deposits hosted within MCCs are characterized by rapid extensional denudation related to detachment faulting, whereas deposits hosted in magmatic domes are mainly exhumed through regional uplift and surface erosion. These results emphasize the importance of structural architecture in governing the exhumation, preservation, and exposure of gold deposits in extensional orogenic systems.

How to cite: Li, A. and Fu, L.: Post-mineralization exhumation of gold deposits on the northern margin of the North China Craton: constraints from low-temperature thermochronology, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-2243, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-2243, 2026.

Mg-bearing minerals, including brucite [Mg(OH)₂], lizardite [Mg₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄] and iowaite [Mg₆Fe³⁺₂(OH)₁₆Cl₂·4H₂O] are variably reactive with carbon dioxide (CO₂) at Earth’s surface conditions and can be used to mineralize and sequester this greenhouse gas. Here, we assess the impact of temperature (5, 20 and 40 °C) on the rate of CO₂ mineralization of these minerals. At each temperature, mineral powders (~100 mg ) were placed in a 7.5-litre flow-through reactor that was supplied with humidified laboratory air (0.042% CO₂; 100% RH) at ~200 mL/min. Subsamples (n = 54) of each mineral were collected over 3 months and analyzed (XRD, TIC, BET) to ascertain the amount and rate of carbonation as a function of time, temperature, and mineral feedstock.

Preliminary X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the formation of dypingite [Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂·5H₂O] and a decrease in the abundance of brucite over time. The 003 peak of iowaite shifted to smaller d-spacings, indicating replacement of chloride by carbonate ions and a transition to a more pyroaurite-rich [Mg₆Fe³⁺₂(CO₃)(OH)₁₆·4H₂O] composition. Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) measurements were used to determine the amount and rate of carbonation as a function of time, temperature, and mineralogy.

The results of this study will help us estimate the carbonation kinetics of these minerals in ultramafic ores and mine tailings under different temperature conditions relevant to large-scale deployment of CO₂ mineralization at mines across the globe.

How to cite: Sulemana, S. Z., Wilson, S., Moyo, A., Akhtar, S., Power, I. M., and Sleep, S.: Temperature-dependence of CO2 drawdown into Mg-bearing minerals., EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-6294, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-6294, 2026.

The Yanshan-Liaoning metallogenic belt (YLMB), the second-largest molybdenum deposit cluster in China, hosts over twenty porphyry molybdenum deposits, including the large-scale Caosiyao, Sadaigoumen, and Dasuji deposits, as well as the newly discovered medium- to large-scale Qiandongdamiao, Zhujiawa, and Taipingcun deposits. Geochronological data indicate that the duration of molybdenum mineralization spanned ca. 100 Myrs, from the Triassic to Early Cretaceous (240–140 Ma). However, the reasons for such a prolonged or multi-period metallogenic event, and the magmatic and geodynamic processes controlling the spatial–temporal distribution of these deposits, remain poorly understood.

Here we summarize the geological, chronological and geochemical data from selected molybdenum deposit to reconstruct the temporal–spatial distribution and tectonic setting of ore- metallogenic history in the YLMB. The formation of molybdenum deposit in the YLMB can be divided into three periods of 240–220 Ma, 185–180 Ma and 160–140 Ma. The ore-forming intrusions among these three periods illustrate an overall characteristic that metaluminous to peraluminous, high-K calc-alkalic to shoshonite series acidic rocks, and the source of intrusions is the Archaean–Paleoproterozoic lower crust. Through in-depth analysis of Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data, we find that the magma source that during the 185-180 Ma stage is relatively younger, mainly reflecting the partial melting of Paleoproterozoic crust, whereas the magma source that during the 240–220 Ma and 160–140 Ma stages likely are contained both from the Paleoproterozoic and Neoarchean crust. Further calculations using trace element content ratios reveal a shallower magma source along the magma evolution during the 240–220 Ma period, which supported by the gradual decrease trend in crustal thickness. In contrast, the calculation of crustal thickness during the 185–180 Ma and 160–140 Ma stages show an increase trend, suggested an thicken process in the depth of the magma source.

Spatially, the porphyry molybdenum deposits formed during these three periods exhibit distinct geographic distributions. Deposits formed at 240–220 Ma are mainly located in the northern part of the YLMB, including the Chengde-Zhangbei-Fengning district. Those formed at 185–180 Ma are primarily located in the Liaoxi district, eastern part of the YLMB while deposits formed at 160–140 Ma are located in the southern part of the YLMB, particularly in the Xinghe-Zhangjiakou-Xinglong district. We propose that the variations of the spatial–temporal distribution and geochemical characteristics of the molybdenum deposit formed during different periods in the YLMB are controlled by variations of their geodynamic settings. The porphyry molybdenum deposits formed in 240–220 Ma are under the post-collision or post-orogenic extension environment between the North China Plate and the Siberian Plate in the Middle Triassic. Deposits formed in 185–180 Ma are under the extension environment in the early stage of the Yanshanian movement, and porphyry molybdenum deposits formed in 160–140 Ma are in the strong extrusion environment in the main stage of the Yanshanian movement.

Our findings demonstrate the multi-period metallogenic history of the YLMB, highlighting the critical role of magma source, storage depth, and geodynamic setting in controlling the formation of porphyry molybdenum deposits.

How to cite: Jiang, C., Liu, Q., Cao, L., Li, A., and Fu, L.: Magmatic and geodynamic processes control on the formation of porphyry molybdenum deposits: Insights from the Yanshan-Liaoning metallogenic belt, northern margin of North China Craton, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-4396, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-4396, 2026.

Sulfur released by magmatic activity strongly impacts the climate and is essential for ore mineralisation. Many porphyry systems contain up to billions of tons of sulfur, far exceeding the sulfur capacity of silicate melt and therefore requiring an additional, efficient S‑transfer mechanism.

We present a unique mafic rock (SiO₂ = 53–59 wt.%, MgO = 5.3–7.3 wt.%) containing ~15–20 vol.% anhydrite, ~30–40 vol.% biotite and ~40–50 vol.% plagioclase from the largest porphyry–epithermal system in China. Magmatic anhydrite, indicated by textural relations and LREE‑rich compositions, yields bulk‑rock S contents of ~2–3 wt.%, far above experimental S solubilities.

Plagioclase shows sharp core–rim decreases from An₅₀–₇₀ to An₂₅–₄₅, recording strong CaO depletion caused by sulfate saturation. Extensive sulfate saturation also suppressed amphibole/orthopyroxene and removed a large proportion of LREEs from the melt, producing flat REE patterns in co-crystallised apatite. Biotite exhibits pronounced Ba depletion from core to rim. Because Ba partitions strongly into sulfate melt, not into anhydrite, this Ba zoning is best explained by the formation of a sulfate melt, rather than by crystallisation of anhydrite from a silicate melt.

Nd isotopic compositions (ԑNd(t) ≈ -1.0) indicate that the magma was derived from partial melting of the mantle wedge. We suggest that ascent of this oxidised, sulfur‑rich mafic magma led to decompression-driven oxidation of S²⁻ to S⁶⁺, sulfate saturation, and exsolution of an immiscible sulfate melt. This discrete sulfate‑melt migrated upward and provided an efficient pathway for long‑distance transfer of large amounts of sulfur to porphyry systems. This sulfate‑melt exsolution process is a previously unrecognised mechanism that relaxes the constraint imposed by the sulfur capacity of silicate melt, and LREE‑depleted apatite associated with abundant magmatic sulfate phases may serve as an indicator of sulfate‑melt exsolution and a proxy for porphyry mineralisation potential in the upper crust.

How to cite: Huang, W., Humphreys, M., and Liang, H.: Magmatic sulfate‑melt exsolution as a mechanism for excess sulfur in porphyry systems, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-22040, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-22040, 2026.

The Kaladgi Basin, an E–W trending intracratonic basin in the northern part of the Dharwar Craton, preserves favourable structural and stratigraphic conditions for sandstone-hosted and unconformity-related U–REE mineralization. In the study area, the Neoproterozoic Cave Temple Arenite (CTA) of the Badami Group unconformably overlies deformed Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Bagalkot Group. The crystalline basement of the Kaladgi Supergroup comprises Meso- to Neoarchaean Peninsular Gneiss and the Chitradurga Greenstone Belt. This association of cratonic basement, schist belt, and basin-margin fault and fold systems provides an excellent structural framework for hydrothermal fluid circulation and mineralization.

Detailed thematic mapping at 1:25,000 scale in the Ramdurg–Suriban sector reveals that NNW–SSE–oriented Dharwarian stress generated a series of anticlines and synclines involving the Saundatti Quartzite, Malaprabha Phyllite, and Yaragatti Argillite, as constrained by conjugate fracture analysis and S–C fabric development. An E–W trending tectonic fault defines the contact between the Peninsular Gneissic Complex and Saundatti Quartzite, with comparable faulted contacts also developed within the Bagalkot Group. Intense faulting resulted in silicification, chalcedonic brecciation, and pervasive hydrothermal alteration along these contact zones. Transverse normal faults with associated brecciation accommodate strain related to the main E–W structure and indicate episodic reactivation of the basin architecture.

Fusion ICP–MS analysis of 20 bedrock samples collected proximal to these fault zones shows U₂₃₈ concentrations exceeding twice the threshold values of National Geochemical Mapping (NGCM) stream sediment sample. Uranium enrichment is spatially associated with Malaprabha Phyllite, first-cycle CTA, and silicified banded hematite quartzite veins of the Hiriyur Formation. Chondrite-normalized (La/Yb)_n versus (Eu/Eu*)_n systematics indicates a dominantly low-temperature basinal brine hydrothermal system characterized by low (La/Yb)_n <25 and negative Eu anomalies. Redox-sensitive (Ce/Ce*)_n versus (Eu/Eu*)_n plots further indicate reducing fluid conditions. In contrast, quartz–chlorite veins developed within sheared Malaprabha Phyllite and younger dolerite record comparatively higher-temperature fluids, marked by Eu²⁺ mobilization ((Eu/Eu*)_n > 0.8) and negative Ce anomalies. These results suggest that reactivated, structure-controlled tectonites acted as effective fluid pathways, with the TTG-dominated Peninsular Gneissic Complex serving as a likely uranium source and contributing to localized U–REE mineralization along the basin margin.

How to cite: Mahanandia, A., Lal, M. M., Singh, T. G., Nandhagopal, N., and Singh, S.: Structure-controlled Uranium + REE mineralization in low temperature basinal brine hydrothermal system at the contact of Kaladgi Basin and Peninsular Gneissic Complex, South India, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-2923, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-2923, 2026.

The distribution of rare gases within the Earth’s interior has caught the attention of scientists for the past few years. The inertness and volatility of noble gases make them excellent tracers for understanding the chemical evolution of Earth’s mantle and atmosphere. Previous studies indicate that noble gases can be found associated with clathrates, form their own oxides, or, in some cases, noble gases such as helium and xenon can even bond with Fe under extreme pressure (p) - temperature (T) conditions like those in Earth’s core. However, the ability of lower mantle mineral phases to house rare gases remains poorly understood, leaving important gaps in knowledge. Helium and argon are noble gases of interest in this study. The isotopes ⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar are produced from the radioactive decay of ²³⁸U and ⁴⁰K within the Earth’s interior, while ³He and ³⁶Ar are regarded as primordial, introduced during the accretion of Earth. Dong et al. (2022) revealed that noble gases can become reactive under mantle pressure conditions. Still, their ability to be incorporated into mantle minerals via adsorption needs to be thoroughly studied, as there are many limitations in the experiments conducted to measure the solubility of noble gases in minerals under mantle p-T conditions. In this study, we investigated the adsorption behavior of helium and argon on the (001) plane of periclase (MgO) by employing first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Adsorption energies were estimated across pressures ranging from 0 to 125 GPa, representative of conditions throughout Earth’s interior, i.e., approximately up to the Core Mantle Boundary (CMB). At ambient pressure, both helium and argon showed negative adsorption energies, indicating stable adsorption relative to isolated species (MgO, Ar, He). These energies became increasingly negative with pressure, becoming notably negative beyond 75 GPa which corresponds to lower mantle pressures. This may be due to the accelerated reactivity of noble gases at extreme pressure conditions, as reported in previous studies. Additionally, under all pressure conditions argon exhibited stronger adsorption than helium, indicating enhanced argon retention in lower mantle conditions. However, further investigations into the mechanical and dynamical stability of these adsorbed structures are required to completely understand the mechanisms governing noble gas occurrence in the Earth’s lower mantle.

How to cite: Karangara, A. and Kumar Das, P.: Adsorption of Helium and Argon on the (001) Surface of Periclase: A First-Principles Study, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-4988, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-4988, 2026.

Abstract:

Strike-slip basement faults and their related segments are crucial for oil and gas exploration. These faults are considered favorable channels for hydrocarbon migration. The multistage activities of these faults influence the development of hydrocarbon-bearing structures. They can also produce fracture systems that enhance reservoir properties and boost oil and gas production. Understanding how strike-slip fault segments and their associated structures affect hydrocarbon accumulation is essential for geological research and exploration planning. This study aims to characterize the geometry and structural evolution of the strike-slip basement fault with Pan-African or Arabian trends, investigate the relationship between fault segments, and assess their impact on the distribution of hydrocarbon traps. This research focuses on the structural and tectono-sedimentary analyses of the Kazerun fault system based on processing and interpretation of the surface data (e.g., satellite images and aeromagnetic data) and the subsurface data (e.g., 2D and 3D seismic and well data) in the Zagros orogenic belt, SW Iran. The relationship between the segmented strike-slip fault zone and hydrocarbon reservoirs is analyzed through map view patterns and profile features. Results reveal that the Arabian-trending Kazerun fault system comprises segmented dextral strike-slip faults and is considered a transform and wrench fault. These faults display various planar configurations, including linear, en-echelon, horsetail splays, and irregular geometries in the map view. Based on the seismic data interpretation, three structural styles develop along the Kazerun strike-slip fault zone, including vertical or oblique, pull-apart (negative flower structure), and push-up (positive flower structure) segments. Releasing and restraining bends and oversteps formed at the tail end of the Kazerun strike-slip fault segments. In the study area, salt diapirism occurred along the pull-apart segment and the releasing bend. Hydrocarbon traps are developed in the push-up segment and the restraining bend. Fractures are less prominent in the vertical segments but more developed in push-up and pull-apart segments, which act as pathways for fluid migration and improving reservoir quality. The push-up segment and restraining bend exhibit a higher degree of branching fractures, making them the most significant for reservoir development. This research shows that strike-slip fault segmentation (in the form of fault overlapping or stepping) and their lateral linkage control the reservoir distribution and connectivity. Recognizing the growth and lateral connections of strike-slip fault segments is crucial for structural analysis and predicting fault-controlled reservoirs. These findings offer valuable insights into the structural characteristics of strike-slip fault zones and can enhance oil and gas exploration in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt and other similar regions.

Keywords:

Strike-slip basement fault, Segmentation pattern, Oil/Gas fields, Zagros orogenic belt, SW Iran

How to cite: Soleimany, B., Tajmir Riahi, Z., Payrovian, G. R., and Sepahvand, S.: Impact of segmentation pattern of the Pan-African trending strike-slip basement fault on the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon traps in SW Iran, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-1377, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-1377, 2026.

Soil CO₂ emission is a key proxy for investigating fluid migration processes associated with volcanic and tectonic activity. In particular, the analysis of the spatial distribution of geochemical anomalies represents an effective tool for identifying active structures and zones of ongoing deformation. Numerous studies have shown that faults and fracture systems play a fundamental role in controlling the localization and evolution of surface geochemical anomalies.

Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy) is characterized by intense hydrothermal activity and persistent soil CO₂ emissions, providing a natural laboratory to investigate the relationships between fluid circulation and active tectonic structures. In this study, we present an integrated analysis of soil CO₂ fluxes based on results obtained from periodic surveys and continuous soil CO₂ flux records acquired at key sites across the island.

Periodic measurements are performed on fixed spatial grids, allowing the production of soil CO₂ flux maps and the identification of areas characterized by elevated degassing rates. At selected sites, the carbon isotopic composition of gases is analyzed to constrain gas sources.

These spatial datasets provide insights into the structural control exerted by the main tectonic lineaments on gas release at the surface. Continuous CO₂ flux monitoring enables the investigation of temporal variations and transient degassing signals potentially related to seismic and tectonic processes. In particular, the recent volcanic crisis at Vulcano Island, started on 2021, characterized by a marked increase in soil CO₂ flux, allowed a more detailed identification of preferential CO₂ emission pathways, highlighting zones of enhanced permeability associated with fault and fracture systems.

This work is carried out within the framework of the CAVEAT project (Central-southern Aeolian islands: Volcanism and tEArIng in the Tyrrhenian subduction system), which aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current geodynamics of the southern Tyrrhenian region.

How to cite: De Gregorio, S., Camarda, M., Capasso, G., Di Martino, R. M. R., Pisciotta, A., and Prano, V.: Soil CO₂ Emissions as Indicators of Fluid Pathways in Volcanic–Tectonic Environments: Insights from Vulcano Island, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-5147, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-5147, 2026.

El Chichón is an active volcano in Chiapas, Mexico, that features a hydrothermal system characterized by thermal springs, fumaroles and an acid crater lake. Many studies have focused on tracking the geochemical evolution of its fluids since its last eruption in 1982 and some have specifically aimed to evaluate the geothermal potential.  This work assesses the evolution of the geothermal potential through time using published geochemical data (1983-2025). We use geochemical diagrams, temperatures estimated with geothermometers and water-rock interaction analysis to identify the main system changes that influence the geothermal potential estimations. Given that El Chichón has been considered  a geothermal prospect since the 1980s, we discuss the possible uses of this resource in terms of its recent active seismicity, the risk scenarios and the local socio-cultural context. 

How to cite: Salas Ferman, J. L., Jácome Paz, M. P., Campion, R., Armienta, M. A., and Inguaggiato, S.:  Temporal evaluation of El Chichon´s geothermal potential in the period of 1983-2025. , EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-15407, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-15407, 2026.

Gravity observations are widely used in volcanic monitoring to infer subsurface mass redistributions, commonly interpreted in terms of magma intrusion. However, gravity changes may also arise from thermo-poro-elastic (TPE) processes associated with temperature and pore-pressure variations in fluid-saturated reservoirs. Neglecting these effects can lead to ambiguous or misleading interpretations of gravity signals during volcanic unrest.

The recent development of TPE inclusion models allows us to describe the mechanical fields induced by fluid-saturated rock volumes undergoing pore-pressure and temperature variations. These sources can coexist with magmatic sources within volcanic systems and are typically located at shallower depths than the deep magmatic reservoir, which acts as the primary engine by releasing hot fluids. These exsolved fluids rise from depth and either accumulate in, or migrate through, overlying brittle rock volumes, which respond to thermal and pore-pressure perturbations and therefore act as secondary sources of deformation and gravity change. In this work, we consider a disk-shaped TPE inclusion, a geometry that has been successfully applied in previous studies to represent deformation fields that are predominantly radial and associated with axisymmetric sources.

The results show that gravity variations induced by a TPE inclusion depend strongly on the fluid phase. Both liquid water and gaseous fluids can produce the same significant ground uplift, but lead to different gravity residuals: negative for liquid water and minor but positive for gaseous fluids. In contrast, condensation or vaporization of a thin layer near the surface can generate large gravity changes without notable deformation. As a result, heating and pressurization of a TPE inclusion can mask or weaken the gravitational signature of magma ascent, complicating the interpretation of gravity data and highlighting the need to account for hydrothermal effects when estimating magma volumes during unrest.

Gravity data collected over the past decades at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) provide an ideal test site for applying our model and offer intriguing insights into both past and current unrest phases, although our results are applicable to any volcanic system with an active hydrothermal system. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating TPE effects into gravity data interpretation and integrated volcano monitoring strategies. Accounting for them improves our ability to distinguish between magmatic and hydrothermal contributions, leading to more robust assessments of subsurface dynamics and volcanic hazards.

How to cite: Nespoli, M., Bonafede, M., and Belardinelli, M. E.: Thermo-Poro-Elastic effects as hidden drivers of gravity signals in volcanic systems, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-3001, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-3001, 2026.

Current demand for critical metals including Cu is outstripping current supply and will further escalate in the future. A significant source of Cu comes from porphyry deposits, which contribute to >60% of global Cu ore production. Many of these porphyry Cu deposits are found along convergent margins such as the Andes and the Sunda-Banda arc in Indonesia and these same arcs also host highly active volcanoes. Understanding the magmatic and geodynamic factors that contribute towards priming magmas for Cu fertility as opposed to volcanic eruptions can aid in identification of prospective targets for exploration.

Here we present analyses of apatite populations from known porphyry Cu deposits and active volcanoes along the Sunda-Banda arc in Indonesia. To gain a complete overview of the mineral associations and their information, we incorporate textural information to analyze both apatite inclusions and their mineral hosts, such as pyroxenes and amphiboles, as well as groundmass apatite. These mineral compositions will serve as input for thermodynamic models to constrain the volatile chemistry and budget, as well as the volatile saturation depths. The information gathered will be combined to test our working hypotheses that the magmas with high Cu fertility store at distinct depths, have geochemical signatures that suggest deep fractionation of garnet and amphibole, and are associated with anomalous geodynamic features such as slab tears.

Our ongoing work advances current understanding on magma storage and transfer along and across fertile magmatic arcs, aiming to better understand magmatic pre-conditioning for porphyry copper deposit formation to complement exploration efforts to find copper deposits in the geological records.

How to cite: Utami, S. B., Ubide, T., Rosenbaum, G., Li, W., Handini, E., Wood, S., Handley, H., and Goode, L.: Insights into the copper accumulation potential of magmas along the Sunda-Banda arc, Indonesia from apatite and its mineral hosts, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-938, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-938, 2026.

Uranium is a strategically important metal with applications in nuclear energy, medicine, radiometric dating, food processing, industrial radiography, material sciences, and catalysis. This study presents a detailed microtextural and geochemical investigation of uranium mineralization from the Bodal uranium mine, Mohla-Manpur-Chowki, Central India. Uranium occurs as both crystalline and colloidal precipitates, with coffinite [U(SiO₄)_1-x(OH)_4x] and gummite representing the dominant uranium-bearing phases. The mineralization is spatially and genetically associated with altered metabasalts. Petrographic and geochemical evidence indicates that late-stage hydrothermal alteration played a crucial role in uranium remobilization and ore enrichment. Sulphide minerals, including cobaltite (CoAsS), galena (PbS), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), and chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂), are intimately associated with uranium phases and likely acted as effective reductants and sorption substrates, facilitating uranium precipitation under reducing conditions. The ore assemblage is accompanied by abundant accessory minerals such as zircon, allanite, and apatite. Substitution of U⁴⁺ for Zr⁴⁺ in zircon locally records uranium-rich hydrothermal fluids and contributes to zirconium enrichment. Collectively, these observations suggest that hydrothermal fluid–rock interaction and redox-controlled precipitation were the dominant processes responsible for uranium enrichment at the Bodal mine.

Keywords: Uranium mineralization; Hydrothermal alteration; Redox-controlled precipitation; Bodal mine; Central India

How to cite: Ganveer, S., Mallick, S. P., and Pruseth, K. L.: Hydrothermal remobilization and redox trapping of uranium in metabasalts of the Bodal mine, Central India, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-11094, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-11094, 2026.

Serpentines are widely used to investigate lithospheric strength, subduction-zone processes, and the cycling of carbon and water in the Earth. In this work we have investigated the high-temperature phase transitions in natural serpentine with respect to the time of heating. The starting material was obtained by grinding natural serpentine sample and verified using powder X-ray diffraction (λ = 1.5406 Å). The powder was heated at temperatures from 300 to 1000 °C in 100 °C increments for durations ranging from 30 minutes to 24 hours, using 1–6 hour intervals. No phase changes were observed up to 400 °C. Two forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄) peaks at 35.993° and 36.857° first appeared in the XRD pattern at 500 °C after 3 hours of heating. The first appearance of enstatite (MgSiO₃), marked by peaks at 28.188⁰ and 31.289⁰ were observed in the XRD pattern at 600⁰C starting at 8 hours of heating. Our work provides a robust temperature-time (T-t) phase diagram. The systematic T-t framework shows that serpentine breakdown and forsterite/enstatite formation depend on both temperature and duration of heating, rather than temperature alone. This can have implications for subducting slabs; where mineral transformations, fluid release, and associated changes in rheology may be governed by slab thermal histories and residence times at depth. These effects can influence interpretations of slab strength, seismic structure, and volatile cycling in subduction zones.

How to cite: Divya, R. V. and Dutta, R.: High-Temperature phase transitions in serpentine, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-13441, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-13441, 2026.

The Iranian plateau, characterized by the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision in the Zagros and the Makran oceanic subduction system, presents a unique opportunity to investigate the underlying processes of lithospheric deformation and upper-mantle dynamics. Previous studies of upper mantle seismic anisotropy, mostly using SK(K)S splitting and occasionally direct S waves revealed complex patterns for the fast axes. The observed rotations of fast axis obtained from S and SK(K)S waves along different tectonic setting, the difference in fast directions between S and SK(K)S phases in central Iran, evidence for two-layer anisotropy, and ambiguity regarding the depth origin of observed anisotropy emphasize the need for further studies. These challenges, together with the pronounced tectonic heterogeneity of the Iranian plateau, call for tomographic approaches that allows for the localization of anisotropic structure. In this study, we utilize SKS splitting intensity tomography to elucidate the depth distribution of the anisotropic properties of the upper mantle beneath the Iranian plateau. Our dataset includes teleseismic events with magnitude above 5.5 and epicentral distances between 90 and 130 degrees recorded by 151 permanent (2015-2021) and 296 temporary seismic stations (2003-2021). We employ a three-dimensional full-wave anisotropy tomography method using splitting intensity, which provides enhanced depth resolution compared to traditional shear wave splitting methods. This method utilizes perturbation theory to establish the linear relationship between splitting intensity and anisotropic parameters, including the azimuth of fast axis and anisotropy strength, and incorporates Green's function databases to efficiently compute the sensitivity or Fréchet kernels. Splitting intensity measurements are inverted to construct a three-dimensional model of upper-mantle azimuthally anisotropic structure beneath the study area. Results show clear lateral differences in anisotropic strength and fast-axis orientation specifically between the Zagros and Alborz regions, as well as the adjacent domains. Vertical profiles illustrate depth-dependent heterogeneous anisotropic structures across the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary into the asthenospheric upper mantle. These variations likely reflect the combined influence of regional tectonic processes, continental collision, lithospheric deformation, and present-day mantle flow patterns beneath the Iranian plateau. Our results highlight the potential of SKS splitting intensity tomography to resolve complex mantle anisotropy and shed new light on the three-dimensional deformation structure of the upper mantle. The observed lateral and depth variations in anisotropy provide new insights into how the relationship between surface tectonics and upper-mantle deformation varies spatially across major tectonic domains such as the Zagros, Makran, Central Iran, and the Alborz.

How to cite: Arvin, S., Lan, H., Chen, L., Ke, Z., Lin, Y., Zhao, L., and Talebian, M.: 3-D Anisotropic Structure of the Upper Mantle beneath the Iranian Plateau Using SKS Splitting Intensity Tomography, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-10489, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10489, 2026.