Displays

Sharing data, sharing information, sharing results is becoming a priority within open scientific communities. The European volcanological community has been fostering the integration of information on active volcanoes through the EUROVOLC project. Institutions currently responsible for monitoring active volcanoes in Europe and over-seas territories, participate in Work-package 11 aiming to make the information consistently available to the general public and stakeholders through a friendly and interactive web-site. A European Catalogue of Volcanoes (ECV) has been created containing information on geological background, historical eruptive activity, eruptive scenarios and potential hazards for ten volcanoes (Etna and Vesuvio in Italy; Santorini in Greece; Chain de Puys, La Piton de la Fournaise and La Soufriere de la Guadaloupe in France and French territories; Teide and La Garrtoxa Fields in Spain and Canary Islands; Fogo and Sete Cidades in Azores Islands).All 32 active Icelandic volcanoes are accessible through the same interface (by sharing the backend with the Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes), enlarging the number of volcanoes accessible through ECV to 42. Additionally, the ECV includes a database of quantitative parameters characterizing selected eruptions, facilitating the adoption of such eruptive source parameters for numerical modelling validation, comparison and volcanic hazard assessment.   

In this presentation the functionalities and features currently implemented in the ECV will be shown. The future steps to achieve the envisioned final result, by the end of the project in 2021, will also be introduced.

How to cite: Di Vito, M. A., Óladóttir, B. A., Barsotti, S., and collaborators, W.: European Catalogue of Volcanoes and volcanic areas: a EUROVOLC contribution to strengthen the volcanological community, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-20686, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20686, 2020.

While computational capabilities in volcano science are developing to progressively higher sophistication levels involving HPC, parallel programming, and extensive use of super-computers, there is an increasing demand for accessibility to low to intermediate-level models and codes that can support multi-disciplinary research carried out by experts other than physical modelers and code developers. Responding to such a need by the international community is the justification and objective of Virtual Access (VA) activities developed under the EUROVOLC project. The Volcano Dynamics Computational Centre (VDCC) at INGV Pisa is renown as one international leader in physical-mathematical modelling and numerical simulation of volcanic thermo-fluid dynamics processes occurring from the deep regions of magma rise and accumulation within the crust, to within the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. VDCC has been developing a large set of computational tools during last 30 years, that are offered under EUROVOLC for Transnational Access (for the most sophisticated, computational demanding models and codes) as well as for VA for low to intermediate-level models and codes. The latter include from non-ideal, compositional-dependent, multi-component volatile-melt thermodynamics to steady-state magma ascent to fast-performing kinematic modelling of pyroclastic density currents. Here we illustrate the model capabilities, the procedures to both download the codes and perform web-based computation, and a few relevant examples of calculations available through VA, and show relevant statistics of access and download by the volcano community to-date.

How to cite: de’ Michieli Vitturi, M., Martinelli, F., Cerminara, M., Montagna, C. P., Esposti Ongaro, T., and Papale, P.: EUROVOLC Virtual Access to computational tools at INGV Pisa, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-17778, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-17778, 2020.

How to cite: Cayol, V., Dabaghi, F., Fukushima, Y., Tridon, M., Smittarello, D., Bodart, O., and Froger, J.-L.: DefVolc: Interface and web service for fast computation of volcano displacement, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-22301, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-22301, 2020.

The hazardous stratovolcanoes in the Lesser Antilles island arc are monitored with sparse seismic networks. The application of ambient noise interferometry to monitor seismic velocity variations (dv/v) on data from such a sparse instrumented volcanic environment often is a challenge. For the purpose of monitoring it is important a) to analyse the applicability of, and differences between, cross- and single-station cross-correlations, b) to estimate the base level of seismic velocity variations during quiet times and c) to understand the characteristics. Within the EUROVOLC instrument “Transnational Access (TA)” a proposal called VANIC was supported to a) use and evaluate different types of ambient noise cross correlations (single stations vs. multiple stations; auto, cross and cross-component correlations) to be applied on seismic recordings from the Guadeloupe seismic network on La Soufriere, b) compare the results with dv/v base level estimates from the sparse Netherlands Caribbean network on The Quill and Mt. Scenery and c) start collaboration between OVSG and KNMI on both monitoring and research levels with a focus on volcano seismology. This presentation will focus is on the results obtained during the TA visit to OVGS.

How to cite: Sleeman, R.: Volcano Ambient Noise Interferometry in the Caribbean (VANIC), EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-6058, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-6058, 2020.

In the framework of EUROVOLCs Trans-national grants, we propose the FAME project aiming at validating Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology as a complementary and alternative tool for monitoring volcanic and seismic activity at Etna volcano. DAS technology provides records of strain signals with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

We deployed a fibre optic cable connected to an iDAS (Silixa) interrogator set-up at the Observatory Pizzi Deneri in the summit area. To allow for a continuously recording of the iDAS, a solar panel power system was designed using battery back-up and inverter to supply 200 W at 220 V/AC. An internet connection was set up for a full remote control capability. The iDAS interrogated a 1.5 km long fibre cable, buried at a depth of about 30 cm by digging a trench in Piano delle Concazze area. The DAS measurements were validated with conventional measurements from 26 broadband seismometers and 3 arrays of 3 infrasound sensors from the Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP). We deployed instruments along the fibre optic cable, covering an area of about 0.1 km2. The DAS and conventional sensors acquired data from 4 July to 23 September 2019 without major interruptions.

Here, we show key features of this the extraordinary multidisciplinary dataset. Thanks to the high spatial resolution (2 m), we could find locations of hypothesized faults in Piano delle Concazze area. Thanks to the long acquisition period, we continuously tracked Etna activity, marked by several eruptive episodes, including ash emissions, strombolian and effusive activities from the summit craters. The most intense and sustained eruptive events occurred in 18-20 July, 27-28 July and 9-13 September. We investigate the application of well-established analysis techniques in volcano-seismology to DAS dataset in order to assess the performance of the system in detecting and characterizing volcanic events.

Our findings demonstrate that DAS technology can record on a long term basis volcanic activity, which suggests DAS technology can be integrated to volcanic monitoring systems.

How to cite: Jousset, P., Currenti, G., Napoli, R., Krawczyk, C., Weber, M., Clarke, A., Reinsch, T., Chalari, A., Lokmer, I., Pellegrino, D., Larocca, G., Pulvirenti, M., Contrafatto, D., and Consoli, S.: FAME: Fibre optic cables: an Alternative tool for Monitoring volcanic Events, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-19078, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19078, 2020.

EUROVOLC is developing case studies over European Volcanoes in Iceland, Italy, Spanish Canary islands and Portuguese Azores island. For the case of Etna, data access and processing automation levels for simultaneous and integrated strain tensor estimation from GNSS and satellite-based InSAR are applied to the modelling of deformation and seismicity data.

A Cloud platform environment is configured to this end for the EUROVOLC community. A community gathers its members around common thematic areas, in this case volcanoes.  The EUROVOLC community includes several “Thematic Apps” per European country volcanoes. For instance, the Italian Volcanoes Thematic App is focussed on the Etna, Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Stromboli volcanoes.

Each “Thematic App” includes a Geobrowser which is the access point to several services related to the Earth Observation (EO) data exploitation. The services include data discovery, access, processing and exploitation/visualization. 

The data discovery service provides the EUROVOLC community with custom and tailored catalogue access for several EO missions. At this stage, the platform provides access to Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3, Envisat ASAR, Landsat-8 and ASTER. The EO data discovered can be downloaded if needed.

The access to on-demand data processing services exploiting such EO missions is available from the Thematic Apps. This includes several services according to the nature of the EO data used. For Sentinel-1, there are InSAR processing services for interferometry (e.g. DIAPASON and SNAP) and for coherence and backscatter generation. For Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3, Landsat-8 and ASTER, there are the INGV Hot Spot detection services. 

In the scope of the simultaneous and integrated strain tensor estimation from GNSS and InSAR data activities, the access to Envisat ASAR IMS data is feeding an InSAR data processing pipeline, to generate and deliver interferogram stacks used as inputs to INGV’s  strain tensor estimation tool.

How to cite: Caumont, H., Brito, F., Sagona, M., Pishehvar, P., Reitano, D., and Guglielmino, F.: InSAR on-demand services and data processing pipelines for deformation modelling, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-18267, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-18267, 2020.

Understanding the processes that occur in the magma plumbing systems prior to eruption and how they relate to monitoring data can lead to improved volcanic hazard assessment. Crystal compositions are witnesses of the architecture and dynamics of the plumbing system, and crystal zoning patterns can inform us of the range of magmatic environments, and of the likely processes that lead to eruption. We have studied the petrology and the geochemistry of the monogenetic historical eruptions occurred in Tenerife (Canary Islands) that come out through the rift zones (NW and NE Rifts) as well as the last mafic intra-caldera monogenetic eruption of Montaña Mostaza (15 ka). The deposits from the NE Rift and the intra-caldera contain complexly zoned olivine crystals suggesting open system and magma mixing, while crystals from the NW Rift are mainly normally zoned. By modelling the zonation patterns of the crystals we have calculated the timescales of the magma intrusions and ascent to the surface. We have found that the magmas erupted along the NW rift are more evolved and vary from basanites to phono-tephrites, while the magmas from the NE rift are basanites recording different mixing events between magma pockets occurred around 1-2 years, 3 months and few days before the eruption. The olivine crystals from the intra-caldera eruption display more variety in the zoning patterns than the eruptions from the rift, suggesting a more complex history. Based on the integration of the petrological and modelling results with gravimetric and geophysical data we propose, at least, three main different ascent histories (paths and timescales) for monogenetic eruptions in Tenerife.

This research has been partially funded by the EUROVOLC project (Horizon 2020 Grant Agreement: 731070).

How to cite: Albert, H., Sainz-Maza, S., Geyer, A., and López, C.: Pre-eruptive magmatic processes and their timescales revealed by crystal zoning, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-9406, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-9406, 2020.

Volcanic systems are complex and volcanic eruptions are difficult to predict. The volcanoes present multiple hazards, where eruptions often result in cascading effects. The European volcano monitoring and research community, including volcano observatories and their close collaborating volcanic research institutions, play a key role in mitigating volcanic risk in Europe by providing key scientific information and interpretation during volcanic crises. However, to fully benefit society, access to these infrastructures and propagation of advances in volcanological research and know-how across the European volcanological community need to be improved. The H2020 EUROVOLC Infrastructure project is addressing this need by promoting collaboration and community building within the European volcanological community and between the community and its stakeholders, advancing new research and discoveries for the benefit of improved volcano hazard monitoring and management and opening access to European volcanological Research Infrastructures.

EUROVOLC’s objectives are to overcome the fragmentation of the European volcanology community. This fragmentation is portrayed by the scattered distribution of volcano observatories across the European plate and European overseas territories, the wide range of scientific disciplines involved in volcanology, the short and time-fragmented duration of research projects and, in some cases, the lack of community standards and test beds to test new theories and methodologies. The project builds upon developments of its forerunners, the volcano Supersite projects FUTUREVOLC and MED-SUV and will rely on collaboration with the e-Infrastructures of the EPOS (European Plate Observing System) Organization to sustain long-term access to the data and products made available in EUROVOLC. The consortium includes all the main European volcano observatories and many of the strongest volcano research institutions, as well as Civil Protection agencies and geothermal industry and IT companies.

The project is structured around activities contributing to the advancement of four main themes: (i) Community building, (ii) Sub-surface processes, (iii) Volcano-atmosphere interactions, and (iv) Volcanic hazard preparedness and risk management, where within each theme the three traditional categories of Infrastructure project activities are carried out: Networking people and data, Joint Research, and Access to Research Infrastructures, both virtual and trans-national.

EUROVOLC has already substantially enriched opportunities for volcanological research in Europe through the project’s two open calls for research proposals, offering trans-national access to the Research Infrastructures of European volcano observatories and laboratories and modeling facilities of volcano research institutions. From the first call in summer 2018 twelve projects were funded, most of which were carried out during 2019. The selected proposals submitted to the second call in 2019 will be carried out during 2020. Additionally, virtual access has been constructed to several new or improved data and modeling services. In the Networking activities new standards for observations and hazard communication are being developed, suitable data sets defined for benchmarking ash-dispersion models and new data sets opened. In the Joint Research activities new methodologies for ash-dispersion modeling and pre-eruptive unrest detection are being developed, a new catalogue of European volcanoes created, and hazard tools developed and tested.

The ingredients, activities and achievements of EUROVOLC will be summarized in the presentation.

How to cite: Puglisi, G., Vogfjörd, K. S., and Sigmundsson, F.: EUROVOLC: Building the European volcanological community and opening access to Research Infrastructures of Volcano Observatories and Volcano Research Institutions, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-16482, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-16482, 2020.

The Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) is the largest public multidisciplinary research organization in Spain. The Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera (ICTJA) of Barcelona is one of the main CSIC centres dedicated to Earth Sciences. The Group of Volcanology of Barcelona (GVB), part of Environmental Geology and Geohazards of the ICTJA,  has vast experience in numerical and experimental modelling of volcanic and related processes, as well as in the development of hazard assessment and risk management e-tools and methodologies to be applied in active volcanic regions. Within the framework of the EUROVOLC project, the GVB-ICTJA has offered physical access to on-site modelling resources including initial training, guidelines and technical assistance to simulate with the FEM modelling software COMSOL Multiphysics: (i) thermo-fluid dynamic processes occurring during the phases of magma injection, accumulation and cooling and (ii) local and regional stress field of a volcanic area. The on-site access has been complemented with further remote assistance to the users to help finishing their research work. Additionally, the ICTJA has provided on-site access to VOLCANBOX (http://www.volcanbox.eu), an e-tool that integrates, in a systematic and sequential way, a series of well-tested tools addressing various aspects of the volcanic hazard processes and risk assessment. E-tools-computer or Web-based applications can help users employ probabilistic methods to assess and forecast volcanic eruptions and hazards, as well as their spatial and temporal likelihood of occurrence. In the first Transnational Access Call opened by the EUROVOLC project two accesses were funded, one for each offered installation. Thanks to the activities carried out during both accesses, the pillars for future scientific collaboration between the visiting research groups and the GVB-ICTJA have been successfully  consolidated.

These activities were funded  by the EUROVOLC project (Horizon 2020 Grant Agreement: 731070).

How to cite: Geyer, A., Ronchin, E., Jimenez, D., Martí, J., and Martínez, M.: Transnational Access to on-site modelling resources and hazard assessment tools: Establishing the pillars of scientific collaboration. , EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-12669, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12669, 2020.

Indeed, nowadays data sharing via internet is one of the most used approaches to networking scientific communities. However, the opportunity to physically access Research Infrastructures (RIs) and their installations and facilities is potentially the most powerful mean to build up a community. Physically access, in fact, makes the ideal conditions for the RI’s providers and users to work side by side on specific research topics. This is recently the case of the European trans-national access activities promoted in order to allow and push the volcanology community to use either the volcano observatories, to carry out experiments or fieldworks, or laboratories, for exploiting analytical and computational facilities, belonging to the main European volcano research institutions.

The EUROVOLC project has granted the access to 11 RIs for an overall of 45 installations, including single facilities of pools of mobile instrumentation and of laboratories, and remote access to collections of volcanic rocks, of 5 European countries (France, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain). In the frame of the project, the trans-national access offer has come from 7 partners (IMO, UI, INGV&CNR, CIVISA, IPGP, and CSIC) acting in 7 WPs (13, 14, 16, 16, 17, 18, and 19).

The EUROVOLC work-plan has foreseen two calls, one in 2018 and the other in 2019, allowing users to apply for access the RIs, and the effective physical access in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Each call has been managed according to a stepwise process based on an excellence-driven criterion, in which the roles of the various actors and the schedule have been previously defined.

This contribution aims at presenting the management and coordination efforts related to the trans-national access activities in the frame of EUROVOLC including the preparation and the launch of the 1^st call, the process of the selection of the proposals, the feedback from the management of the 1^st call, the preparation of the 2^nd call, and a critical analysis for improving the management of the 2^nd call.

How to cite: Spampinato, L. and Puglisi, G.: Physical and remote access to the European Volcano Research Infrastructures as a strategy to promote the community building: efforts, challenges, and results., EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-13157, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13157, 2020.

One of the aims of EUROVOLC is to raise awareness and share data by exploiting existing tools for hazard and risk. Here we present the ongoing effort within EUROVOLC WP12 to create an online tool to collect information from people witnessing volcanic events at European or other volcanoes.

In the recent past, building on the experience from earthquakes, and from the trans-national effects of Eyjafallajökull eruption, European research groups have built tools (e.g. questionnaires or apps) for facilitating the collection of data by citizens. These efforts are presently fragmented and sparse across Europe (and across the world).

As the first step we have conducted a reconnaissance survey of existing citizen science tools in volcanology (from operational and research projects), available for download through EUROVOLC website

One of the aims of EUROVOLC is to raise awareness and share data by exploiting existing tools for hazard and risk. Here we present the ongoing effort within EUROVOLC WP12 to create an online tool to collect information from people witnessing volcanic events at European or other volcanoes.

In the recent past, building on the experience from earthquakes, and from the trans-national effects of Eyjafallajökull eruption, European research groups have built tools (e.g. questionnaires or apps) for facilitating the collection of data by citizens. These efforts are presently fragmented and sparse across Europe (and across the world).

As the first step we have conducted a reconnaissance survey of existing citizen science tools in volcanology (from operational and research projects), available for download through EUROVOLC website.

The new EUROVOLC tool will:
- access and collate data collected by several pre-existing tools. These tools currently include ‘myVolcano’ by British Geological Survey; sulphur dioxide and ash recording tools by Iceland Met Office; Osservatorio Vesuviano web questionnaire & Tefranet by INGV-Catania. These tools were selected based on whether their data can be ‘pulled’ in real-time;
- allow additional tools to be incorporated as they become available;
- allow recording of new data by the users;
- allow visualizing on a map the data in which the users are interested in, that can be selected by region/country, by recording time, or by observed phenomenon;
- allow downloading the data in which the users are interested in

In this way, the users of EUROVOLC tool will have access to observations collected by the multiple tools available across EUROPE through a single access point.

The EUROVOLC tool will become available in July 2020.

How to cite: Sandri, L., Ilyinskaya, E., Duncan, M., Nayembil, M., Reitano, D., Barsotti, S., Bonadonna, C., Nave, R., Geyer, A., and Selva, J.: EUROVOLC tool for citizen science observations of volcanic phenomena, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-13428, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13428, 2020.

Trans-national Access (TA) is the best way to access, for free, to facilities (volcano observatories, laboratories, pool of instruments, etc.) offered in the framework of the EUROVOLC Consortium project. The strategic objective of this activity is to build strong connections between volcanological research infrastructures (providers) and users. Single researchers or research teams can choose facilities located in a different country where they are based. 

In order to achieve this goal, a custom tool built within the EUROVOLC data portal, has been planned and developed. The tool has based on a general design performed in the framework of the EPOS project and according to specific service requirements. It has been used to manage the second open research call offering Trans-national Access organized by the EUROVOLC community.

How to cite: Reitano, D., Cacciola, L., Puglisi, G., Somataridou, V., Spampinato, L., and Zalachori, A.: Eurovolc Trans National Access service: design and implementation, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-22433, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-22433, 2020.

Despite being one of the most active volcanoes in El Salvador, San Miguel is surrounded by important population nuclei and infrastructures. We used existing historical records of past eruptive activity, available geological knowledge and monitoring data gathered over the past fifteen years to conduct the first comprehensive, long-term hazard assessment of this volcano, aimed at helping to reduce the potential risk it poses. We applied probabilistic methods (QVAST and HASSET) specifically designed for volcanic hazard assessment to conduct two hazard analyses, one with a forecasting time window of two years using information on volcanic activity over the past 430 years (historical period), and another with a forecasting window of six months, with information from the past 16 years (monitoring period). Using the information from this hazard assessment, we simulated: (1) the five most likely scenarios (ashfall scenarios, short-medium extent, and VEI 1-2); (2) other probable scenarios related to lava flows, based on the historical record of the volcano; (3) other possible scenarios related to PDCs with similar characteristics to those that occurred during its geological history; and (4) the most hazardous scenario (ashfall, lava flow, PDC) that has been identified from its geological record. Finally, we construct a qualitative integrated volcanic hazard map through the combination of the simulated scenarios. Finally, we developed an exposure analysis of the San Miguel volcano area by considering population distribution, land use, private houses, official buildings (hospitals, schools, etc.), and communication infrastructure, for the different hazard scenarios. In the particular case of private houses and official buildings, we estimated a Vulnerability Index for the hazardous areas, applying the Physical Vulnerability Methodology based on the characterization of the type of construction materials of walls and roofs.  This approach identifies the elements at risk according to each potential hazard, thus providing the authorities with a comprehensive tool to better understand the problem and to define emergency plans to minimize risk.

This research has been partially funded by Grants I-COOPA20161 (CSIC) and EU (DG ECHO) Project EVE n. 826292

How to cite: Jimenez, D., Becerril, L., Bartolini, S., and Martí, J.: Volcanic hazard assessment and vulnerability analysis at San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador., EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-10177, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-10177, 2020.

The near real-time determination of Eruptive Source Parameters (ESPs) is one of the main challenges of modern volcanology. Strategies are now being developed to refine quantitative measurements of erupted mass, total grain-size distribution and plume height from ground sampling and remote sensing methods. However, each method has its own limitations and, therefore, ESPs remain poorly constrained.

Between 2011 and 2015, Etna volcano has produced 49 paroxysmal episodes characterized by the emission of fountain-fed tephra plumes whose heights reached up to 15 km (above sea level). In this work, we take advantage of the complementary set of remote sensing data available at Etna for assessing the quantification of ESPs and their associated uncertainties based on ground deposit sampling, Doppler radar data, visible imagery and satellite observations. In particular, we have considered the 10 April 2011 as a case study of the weakest paroxysms given that some of the strongest paroxysms have already been studied to develop and enhance remote sensing and monitoring strategies at Etna (e.g. 23 November 2013 and 3 December 2015). Satellite thermal infrared and weather radar observations for this weak paroxysm show tephra plume altitudes of 6 to 9 km (a.s.l.), in agreement with simulations with HYSPLIT model.  The erupted mass determined with all these sensors show a large variability that reflects the sensibility of each method to different grain sizes (e.g. from blocks and lapilli seen by L-band radar to very fine ash seen by satellite thermal-infrared). Our multi-sensor strategy shed some lights on the importance of intercomparing data from various approaches and studying their applicability limits for near real-time quantification of ESPs and monitoring purposes at Etna.

How to cite: Freret-Lorgeril, V., Bonadonna, C., Scollo, S., Marzano, F., Mereu, L., Corradini, S., Guerrieri, L., Merucci, L., and Donnadieu, F.: Multi-sensor determination of eruption source parameters: the example of the 10 April 2011 paroxysm at Mount Etna, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-13392, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13392, 2020.

The EUROVOLC project aims to promote an integrated and harmonised European volcanological community, and one of its main themes focuses on understanding sub-surface processes. Early identification of magma moving towards the surface is very important for the mitigation of risks from volcanic hazards, and joint research activities within the project aim to develop and improve volcano pre-eruptive detection schemes. Volcanic tremor is a sustained seismic signal associated with eruptions and is often linked to movement of magmatic fluids in the subsurface. However, it can occur pre-, syn- and post-eruption, and signals with similar spectral content can also be generated by several other processes (e.g. flooding, rockfalls). Hence one of the best ways of distinguishing between the processes underlying tremor generation is through tracking the evolution of its spatial location. Due to its continuous nature tremor cannot be located using classical seismological methods and so its source must be determined using alternatives such as seismic array analysis.

This work presents RETREAT, a REal-time TREmor Analysis Tool developed under EUROVOLC, that uses seismic array data and array processing techniques to detect, quantify and locate volcanic tremor signals. It is an open-source python-based tool that utilizes existing routines from the open-source obspy framework to carry out analysis of seismic array data in real-time. The tool performs f-k (frequency-wavenumber) analysis using beamforming to calculate the back azimuth and slowness in overlapping time windows, which can be used to detect and track the location of volcanic tremor sources.

A graphical and web-based interface has been developed which allows adjustment of highly configurable input parameters. These include options for setting the data source, pre-processing, timing and update options as well as the parameters for the seismic array analysis which must be carefully selected and tuned for the specified array. Once configured the tool fetches waveform data in real time and updates its output accordingly, returning plots of the array processing results (slowness and back azimuth values) as well as plots of the seismic waveform, envelope and spectrogram. The tool has been tested on real-time data using the obspy FDSN (International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks) client to fetch data from the IRIS datacenter, using example array data from the small aperture SPITS seismic array in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A 'replay’ mode using existing archive (non real-time) data has also been implemented and tested on array data from the 2014 eruption at Holuhraun and Bardarbunga volcano in Iceland, collected as part of the FUTUREVOLC project. The RETREAT tool is now ready for testing and implementation in a volcano monitoring setting at observatories. It will also be made freely available to download as a EUROVOLC community tool.

How to cite: Smith, P. and Bean, C.: RETREAT - a REal-time TREmor Analysis Tool, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-16164, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-16164, 2020.

In the framework of the EUROVOLC project, Work Package 5 (WP5) consists of a networking activity working towards “consolidation of geochemical gas monitoring across Volcano Observatories”.  This activity promotes the collaboration and cooperation among volcanologists belonging to several research infrastructures (RIs) and Volcanological Observatories (VOs) across Europe and in particular among researchers who undertake geochemical monitoring of volcanic emissions. Eight partners from six different European countries are involved: IMO and UI (Iceland) INGV (Italy), UNILEEDS and UMAN (United Kingdom), CSIC (Spain), CIVISA (Portugal), IPGP and UCA-OPGC (France).

The study of magmatic degassing in terms of gas chemistry and flux is essential to understand how, and why, volcanoes erupt. Very often, each research group employs different instruments and applies distinct sampling and analytical procedures and strategies, developed from years of experience. One of the consequences of these diverse approaches is the difficulty in comparison of data between the different research groups.

Based on these challenges, one of the aims of the EUROVOLC project is to define best practices in geochemical gas monitoring for direct sampling of fumaroles, in situ measurements of gas chemistry and remote sensing of volcanic plumes, based on the combined expertise from VOs and RIs, and finalized to optimize the capacity of each VO to monitor the volcanoes they are responsible for. In order to standardize, process, store and share the data collected on volcanic gas emissions, EPOS[BMk1]  (European Plate Observing System) project guidelines are applied.

Collective field surveys on different volcanic fumaroles and plumes using direct sampling and remote sensing systems have been planned and constitute powerful tools facilitating knowledge and expertise transfer between project partners. In February 2019, we carried out a joint survey at Furnas Volcano in Azores Islands. There, five research groups performed direct sampling on the same low-T fumarole (~100°C), using the procedures followed at each VO. The collected samples were analysed in four different laboratories and the obtained results have been compared in a round-robin test. At the same time, four research groups acquired real-time data of the fumarolic gas using multi-sensor portable instruments produced by different manufactures.

A second joint field campaign is scheduled in the late spring of 2020 at Vulcano Island (Italy), where a high temperature (T~300°C) fumarolic field exists. The acquired data will be organized, standardized and stored in a data repository, following common standards so that data for volcanic gas emissions will be accessible to the whole community by implementing the already planned activities in EPOS. The final deliverables include the writing of “user manuals” with standardized recommendations for acquisition of high-quality data for the geochemical monitoring of volcanic gas emissions including fumaroles and plumes, as well as the applicability and limitations of the employed methodology/instrument in different case studies.

How to cite: Grassa, F. and the Work Package 5 (WP5) Team "Consolidation of geochemical gas monitoring across Volcano Observatories" - EUROVOLC project.: Strategies to define best practices for geochemical gas monitoring across Volcano Observatories, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-22138, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-22138, 2020.

The significant efforts of the last years in new monitoring techniques and networks have led to large datasets and improved our capabilities to measure volcano conditions.  Thus nowadays the challenge is to retrieve information from this huge amount of data to significantly improve our capability to automatically recognize signs of potentially hazardous unrest.
Unrest detection from unlabeled data is a particularly challenging task, since the lack of annotations on the temporal localization of these phenomena makes it impossible to train a machine learning model in a supervised way. The proposed approach, therefore, aims at learning unsupervised low-dimensional representations of the input signal during normal volcanic activity by training a variational autoencoder (VAE) to compress, reconstruct and synthesize input signals. Thanks to the internal structure of the proposed VAE architecture, with 1-dimensional convolutional layers with residual blocks and attention mechanism, the representation learned by the model can be employed to detect deviations from normal volcanic activity. In our experiments, we test and evaluate two techniques for unrest detection: a generative approach, with a bank of synthetic signals used to assess the degree of correspondence between normal activity and an input signal; and a discriminative approach, employing unsupervised clustering in the VAE representation space to identify prototypes of normal activity for comparison with an input signal.

How to cite: Cannavo', F., Cannata, A., Palazzo, S., Spampinato, C., Faraci, D., Castagnolo, G., Kavasidis, I., Montagna, C., and Colucci, S.: Unsupervised deep learning on seismic data to detect volcanic unrest, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-18631, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-18631, 2020.

In the last decade, probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment (PVHA) has become one of the most rapidly developing topics in volcanology. PVHA relies on a number of simulation tools, which have been catalogued within H2020 EUROVOLC project.

Here we apply two of these tools that will concur to a probabilistic multi-hazard assessment for volcanic phenomena at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe, as reported in reference scenarios elaborated by OVSG-IPGP and communicated to the authorities. In the last 9 kyr the activity at La Soufrière is characterized by recurrent effusive to explosive activity, sector collapses and intense fumarolic emissions. Based on literature data, we focus particularly on the most likely explosive (phreatic or hydrothermal) scenario and explore the hazard posed by gas dispersal and ballistics impact, which have never been the focus of PVHA. We also set up a preliminary spatial map for phreatic vent opening, a baseline for the PVHA here presented.

How to cite: Massaro, S., Sandri, L., Selva, J., Dioguardi, F., Bonadonna, C., Rossi, E., Tamburello, G., Moretti, R., Komorowski, J.-C., Moune, S., Jessop, D., and Costa, A.: Multi-hazard quantifications of the volcanic phenomena at La Soufrière volcano (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles), EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-18496, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-18496, 2020.

The complex interaction between regional stress, gravity forces and dike-induced rifting of Mount Etna, seems to have a role in the eastward movement of the Mt. Etna eastern flank. In this context, the Trecastagni-Tremestieri Fault system identifies the southern boundary of the unstable sector.

The Trecastagni fault is a NNW-SSE tectonic structure developing on the lower southern flank, characterized by evident morphological scarps and normal and right-lateral movements that directly affect roads and buildings. Continuous creep affects this fault, with episodic accelerations accompanied with shallow seismicity.

The dynamics of these faults has been analysed by a multi-disciplinary approach with terrestrial and satellite deformation data. Terrestrial data consist in levelling across both faults and extensometers record on the Trecastagni fault. Satellite data consist in InSAR data and GPS surveys on wide and local networks.

The levelling route on Mt Etna is 150 km long and consists of 200 benchmarks. The portion of the levelling network, crossing the Trecastagni fault, has been installed on 2009; the surveys show a long-term mean vertical slip rate of about 10 mm/y and episodic acceleration on short segments of the fault, with displacements of almost 30 mm.

The in-situ monitoring of the Trecastagni fault is also performed by two continuous wire extensometers. Each extensometer is equipped with a data-logger programmed for 48 data/day sampling, storing displacement and ground temperature. The two stations measure the relative displacements perpendicular to the fracture. Data recorded by extensometers highlight an opening trend of about 2-3 mm/year with some acceleration leading up to more than 2 mm in 15 days at the end of 2009.

The fault shows clear traces on SAR interferograms and Persistent Scatterers (PS) time series. InSAR data allows tracking the path of fault down to the coastline. The Trecastagni fault shows a main vertical kinematics, with an evident downthrow of the eastern side at a rate of about 4 mm/y. Subsidence increase eastwards away from the structure, reaching a maximum rate of almost 10 mm/y. The fault produces a minor increase in the eastwards velocity on its eastern side evidencing also a minor extension of the structure. Episodic accelerations affect the fault and are visible on some interferograms from different sensors.

The dense GPS network is measured periodically and has more than seventy benchmarks. The time series of this network began in 1988 and from then on its configuration has been continuously improved. Integration of this wide spectrum of geodetic data allows strongly constrained ground deformation pattern to be defined and modeled. Furthermore, the very long time series available for the different datasets on the fault, allows its behavior to be investigated in time and its role and relationships in the framework of flank instability and eruptive activity to better understood.

How to cite: Francesco, G., Aiesi, G., Bonforte, A., Brandi, G., Calvagna, F., Consoli, S., De Guidi, G., Distefano, G., Falzone, G., Ferro, A., Gambino, S., Laudani, G., Marsala, G., Obrizzo, F., Privitera, L., Puglisi, G., Russo, S., and Saraceno, B.: Multidisciplinary study of the Trecastagni fault (Mt. Etna volcano, Sicily), EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-19885, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19885, 2020.

The Krafla power station was built by the Icelandic government 1975 and came under ownership of Landsvirkjun - The National Power Company of Iceland in 1985, and Bjarnarflag power station in Námafjall year later. These were the first steps for Landsvirkjun to generate electricity from geothermal resources in Iceland. Initially the company outsourced all geothermal research and monitoring, but systematically it trained people and hired geothermal experts and developed its own geothermal division. Theistareykir power plant, commissioned in 2017, was the first geothermal construction of Landsvirkjun from start to finish. Development and operation of geothermal fields at an active volcanic environment, such as in Krafla and Theistareykir, creates strong synergy with scientific research interest in volcanology and related branches of earth sciences and engineering. The strong infrastructure and wealth of data created by the energy company has catalysed important research interest and cooperation with scientist and has been a big part of Landsvirkjun´s operation from the beginning. Landsvirkjun makes data available from its databases from geothermal areas in Northeast Iceland within the EUROVOLC project. This is regarded a foundation of a successful industry and science community cooperation. The plan is to keep open source policy for researcher to access Landsvirkjun databases and metadata. Initially the emphasizes is on seismic and ground deformation data (GPS geodetic measurements). Landsvirkjun is running a seismic network consisting of 17 stations in NE-Iceland (http://lv.isor.is/ , in English and Icelandic), operated by Iceland GeoSurvey. Landsvirkjun has installed four continuously operating GPS stations in or near the geothermal areas in North Iceland: one in Theistareykir, two stations in Krafla and one in Bjarnarflag (operated by University of Iceland). In addition, GPS-measurement campaigns have been performed every year in the last decade covering the Krafla area (http://www.icelandsupersite.hi.is/gps/ts/NVZ.html). Borehole logs will be accessible, such as formation temperature and pressure. Also lithological logs (x,y,z) such as resistivity, neutron-neutron and gamma-ray. Interpretation reports of televiewer logs from selected wells will be available. Drill cuttings have been collected during drilling at over 70 deep wells at every two meters interval and lithology figures and cross sections will be available. All chemical data from high-temperature wells, groundwater wells, hot-springs and fumaroles will be available, either by request or through an on-line viewer access directly to Landsvirkjun chemical management system.

How to cite: Gudmundsson, A., Markusson, S., Sigmundsson, F., Hersir, G. P., and Agustsson, K.: Volcanology and Geothermal Resources: Participation of Landsvirkjun in the EUROVOLC project, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-20518, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20518, 2020.

We present preliminary results and progress updates of ongoing work at the Icelandic Meteorological Office carried out within the EUROVOLC work package on Volcano pre-eruptive unrest detection schemes. Our main goal is improved understanding of volcanic systems and fracture zones in South Iceland. This requires enhanced detection and mapping capabilities of seismic events from volcanoes in the Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) and faults in the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ), including continuous real-time analysis of seismic signals associated with magma movement in volcanoes and activity on faults in South Iceland. The chosen measures to achieve these tasks are the deployment of a seismic array at the intersection between the EVZ and the SISZ, the implementation of appropriate real-time array data processing and the investigation of spatiotemporal seismic source characteristics such as tracking of magma movements and intrusions from deep to shallow levels in the crust to image the volcanoes’ plumbing systems, shallow caldera seismicity, and earthquake rupture propagation and microseismicity on nearby tectonic faults. Through funding from an Icelandic infrastructure grant and cooperation between IMO and DIAS, the HEKSISZ small-aperture seismic array is being installed about 6 km south of Hekla. The array, which will consist of 12 stations (7 broadband seismometers and at least 5 additional Raspberry PI seismometers and some co-located accelerometers), builds upon experience gained from temporary array operations in the FUTUREVOLC project and will be the first permanent seismic array in Iceland. The array is surrounded by four different volcanic systems and a prominent fracture zone, providing an abundance of seismicity for analysis. The detection of volcanic and local earthquake events depends on signal coherency and the algorithms used. The signal coherency is mainly affected by array geometry and the site and noise conditions. To analyze the wavefield we will use algorithms such as beamforming, signal-to-noise triggers, FK analysis, and cross-correlation on both vertical and horizontal channels. The implementation is through free open-source software, based mainly on Python obspy and further extensions. While the array is still in the process of coming online, we use data from its existing central permanent network station, MJO to analyze signals from the volcanoes and faults in preparation for the future array data analysis. Relevant single-station observations are first arrival polarization and search for existence and timing of secondary phases, such as surface and Moho reflections from different distances and depths. These observed peculiarities will guide the focus of the array data analysis, specifically as one of the main interests is the depth determination of magma movements and intrusions below Hekla. The volcanic region may have strong lateral crustal heterogeneities, so if significant azimuthal deviations are estimated from the single-station analysis, correction parameters for the array will need to be constrained as well. To further test how a future array might perform in this location, we invert synthetic sources at various depths and distances and also use observed source arrays to search for additional phases from possible conversions and reflections and measure their phase velocities.

How to cite: Sonneman, T., Vogfjörd, K., Bean, C., Halldórsson, B., and Schweitzer, J.: Implementation of array analysis on seismic signals from volcanoes in Iceland recorded on the small-aperture HEKSISZ array, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-20877, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20877, 2020.

The resuspension of volcanic ash deposits by wind is a well-known source of hazard following explosive eruptions. Besides the mail control exerted by the local wind field, ash resuspension is also influenced by: 1) atmospheric humidity; 2) features of the deposit (grain size distribution, sedimentary structures, etc.), and 3) features of the substrate (i.e. moisture, roughness). Ash resuspension is modeled using numerical simulations, which however require physical characterization and identification of the critical parameters controlling ash resuspension. Wind tunnel studies on volcanic particles are very limited and restricted to laboratory parameterizations, with in-situ effects not been parameterized. We tested field experiments of volcanic ash resuspension developing a portable wind tunnel and deploying on proximal (3 km) ash deposits from the semi-sustained activity of Sakurajima volcano (Japan) and from distal (250 km ca.) ash deposits from the 2011 Cordon Caulle eruption (Chile). The wind tunnel is calibrated with both LDA and pitot tubes measurements. The device allows generating a controlled wind profile within a 110x12x12 cm test section, which is placed directly on an untouched test bed of naturally deposited ash. Two types of experiments were performed: 1) ramp up speed experiments, where the wind speed is increased until reaching the threshold friction speed on four different substrates; 2) constant speed experiments, where three wind speed values where kept for 20 minutes using the same substrate. The threshold friction speed is measured with a hot wire anemometer, and the movement of resuspended ash is detected by means of multiple high speed and high definition digital camcorders. In-situ measured threshold friction speeds are compared to 1) in situ observed episodes of resuspension driven by local winds and 2) laboratory determination of threshold friction speed in controlled environmental conditions, and using the same ash deposited homogeneously.

How to cite: Taddeucci, J., del Bello, E., Merrison, J. P., Rasmussen, K. R., Iversen, J. J., Scarlato, P., Ricci, T., and Andronico, D.: In situ study of volcanic ash resuspension using a portable wind tunnel. , EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-21556, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-21556, 2020.

Understanding the interplay between pressure evolution in magma bodies in volcano roots and caldera collapses is important to for the general understanding of volcanoes and how calderas form. We use lessons-learned regarding caldera collapse dynamics and inferred 2014-2015 pressure evolution in a magma body under the Bardarbunga caldera, Iceland, to revisit the dynamics of the 2007 caldera collapse at Piton de La Fournaise volcano, La Reunion, in a project supported by EUROVOLC trans-national access. At Piton de la Fournaise, (rising to 2632 m above sea leve) a shallow and small magma body (close to sea-level; volume less than one cubic kilometer) played a central role. The overpressure compared to lithostatic prior to collapse is inferred to have been small (< 5 MPa), based on models of driving pressure for minor eruptions that occurred on 18-19 February and 30 March prior to the caldera forming lateral flank eruption that occurred 2 April – 1 May, 2007. The site of the lateral flank eruption occurred at an elevation of 500 m, much lower than the summit.  This elevation difference is inferred to a key factor for creating high driving pressure for magma flow. We infer that rapid flow of magma led to fast drop in pressure in a shallow magma body under the caldera, triggering inflow of magma from a deeper magma body under Piton de la Fournaise, that was in important element of the 2007 eruptive activity.  This deep inflow did, however, not sustain enough the pressure in the shallow magma body during the eruption, causing development of significant under-pressure leading to the collapse.

How to cite: Sigmundsson, F., Peltier, A., Li, S., Ferrazzini, V., and Di Muro, A.: Pressure conditions in coupled magma bodies and their evolution during eruptions and caldera collapse: Piton de la Fournaise 2007, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-19454, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19454, 2020.