AS5.13 | Emerging techniques for diverse air quality applications in Africa and South/Southeast Asia
EDI
Emerging techniques for diverse air quality applications in Africa and South/Southeast Asia
Convener: Shahzad Gani | Co-conveners: Aderiana Mbandi, V. Faye McNeill, Rebecca Garland, Sarath Guttikunda
Orals
| Wed, 26 Apr, 08:30–10:15 (CEST), 10:45–12:25 (CEST), 14:00–15:40 (CEST)
 
Room M2
Posters on site
| Attendance Wed, 26 Apr, 16:15–18:00 (CEST)
 
Hall X5
Posters virtual
| Attendance Wed, 26 Apr, 16:15–18:00 (CEST)
 
vHall AS
Orals |
Wed, 08:30
Wed, 16:15
Wed, 16:15
Air pollution is a leading environmental risk factor for people living in Africa and South/Southeast Asia. These regions have diverse sources of air pollution (e.g., industrial, domestic burning, biomass burning, traffic, etc.) and atmospheric processes that influence the pollution loadings (e.g., boundary layer dynamics, long-range transport, secondary air pollution, etc.). Air quality management in data scarce regions with high temporal and spatial diversity in air pollution sources and atmospheric processes poses complex challenges. While the air quality may vary greatly within and between Africa and South/Southeast Asia, the need for evidence-based approaches for improving air quality with limited data are common.

This session will bring together participants working on measurement- and/or modeling-based approaches for air quality applications in Africa and South/Southeast Asia. These applications can range from emission inventories, chemical transport modeling, chemical analysis, source apportionment, regulatory and hybrid monitoring, air quality forecasting, scenario analysis, health impacts, and other policy applications at urban, rural, national, and regional scales. We expect the participants to engage meaningfully and critically with at least one practical application of their analysis in the context of science, technology, policy, citizen engagement, capacity building, or institutional development. We also expect the participants to think about the interlinkages (or lack thereof) of their work in a broader context within and between Africa and South/Southeast Asia as they relate to aspects such as knowledge exchange/sharing, data sharing, data management, analytical techniques, or other evidence-based approaches to air quality management.

We can support up to 20 participants who are based in Africa or South/Southeast Asia with travel awards of 3000 Euros each to attend this session in Vienna. Please send a short cover letter (up to 200 words) to the convener after you have submitted your abstract to be considered for the travel award. Awardees will be selected by the (co-)conveners based on their abstract and cover letter. We acknowledge Open Philanthropy for this funding and the University of Helsinki for managing the travel awards.

Orals: Wed, 26 Apr | Room M2

Chairpersons: Shahzad Gani, Aderiana Mbandi, Sarath Guttikunda
08:30–08:35
08:35–08:55
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EGU23-8342
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solicited
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Baerbel Sinha, Haseeb Hakkim, Gaurav Sharma, Pooja Chaudhary, Ashish Kumar, Harshita Pawar, Praphulla B. Chandra, and Vinayak Sinha

India struggles with frequent exceedances of the ambient air quality standard for particulate matter, ozone and benzene. The situation in the Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) is particularly severe during post monsoon and winter season.

We show that despite strong governmental efforts to make clean energy accessible and affordable, residential solid fuel usage is still the largest source of particulate matter pollution and carcinogenic benzene in India. Particularly cow dung as a cooking and heating fuel contributes disproportionally to the residential sector emissions and India’s air quality challenge. In addition, crop residue burning, open burning of waste, solid fuel usage in industrial boilers, and power generation units also contribute significantly to the particulate matter and benzene emissions over the region. In urban agglomerations, transport sector emissions aggravate the already poor air quality further.

In this talk we present several recently updated gridded emission inventories with detailed VOC speciation for these air pollution sources. We also look at future projection under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) for several sources.

We focus on the most polluted part of the year, namely post-monsoon and winter season, to evaluate and compare these updated emission inventories against other available emission inventories and measurements studies. We find that that existing inventories tend to underestimate the magnitude of residential sector emissions and their strong seasonality. The use of solid fuels for heating purposes results in a strong temperature induced emission feedback that can aggravate the wintertime fog. Existing inventories also underestimate the magnitude of crop residue burning emissions and lack open waste burning as a source.

A combination of measurement-based assessments and emission inventories for different air quality intervention strategies are used to evaluate a number of possible air quality interventions for their potential impact. We specifically look at the sectoral coupling between the residential sector, waste management, crop residue management, and the transport sector to propose interventions that maximize air quality gains.

How to cite: Sinha, B., Hakkim, H., Sharma, G., Chaudhary, P., Kumar, A., Pawar, H., Chandra, P. B., and Sinha, V.: Can India leapfrog into a clean air future – perspectives from measurements, source-receptor modelling and emission inventories, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-8342, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8342, 2023.

08:55–09:05
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EGU23-11895
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Samuel Ogunjo, Babatunde Rabiu, Ibiyinka Fuwape, Gregory Jenkins, and Aderonke Obafaye

Pollution is a major problem in developing countries.  There has been much studies on water pollution and its relation to communicable diseases with little attention to air pollution.  Air quality problem in sub-Saharan Africa is pervasive due to lack of awareness and paucity of reliable data.  The lack of reliable data has limited our underestanding and quantification of its impact on the population.  To address this problem, the the Centre for Atmospheric Research, Nigeria, and the Alliance for Education, Science, Engineering and Design in Africa of the Penn State University collaborated to densify air quality monitoring networks in Nigeria.  The programme has succeeded in deploying over 70 monitoring networks across the country within the last two years. Using data from the network, the impact of air quality especially in relation to diseases have been assessed within Nigeria.   This approach has revealed significant association between air quality and COVID-19 infections.  Furthermore, the available data has helped in understanding the sources of air pollution in different regions of the country.  This is helping in formulating environmental policy, planning, and monitoring for reduction of air pollution.  In this presentation, the progress and challenges in the densification of air quality monitoring stations across the country will be presented.

How to cite: Ogunjo, S., Rabiu, B., Fuwape, I., Jenkins, G., and Obafaye, A.: Densification of air quality monitoring in Nigeria: Progress and challenges, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11895, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11895, 2023.

09:05–09:15
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EGU23-2495
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Highlight
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Virtual presentation
Sagnik Dey, Alok Kumar, Varun Katoch, Fahad Imam, Debajit Sarkar, and Kirtika Sharma

Exposure to ambient PM2.5 is the leading environmental health risk in India. An efficient air quality management plan requires a consistent and long-term database at high spatial and temporal scale. We have developed a satellite-based PM2.5 data for India by filling the gaps in satellite AOD to complement the paucity in ground monitoring. The average population-weighted exposure during 2017-2021 was estimated as 52.5 μg/m3, 18.1% lower than the estimates without adjusting for the sampling gaps. The annually averaged mortality burden attributable to ambient PM2.5 exposure during this period was estimated to be 0.45 million (95% UI: 0.36-0.55), 0.27 million (95% UI: 0.22-0.33) and 0.24 million (95% UI: 0.19-0.28) for low, medium and high sociodemographic index states, respectively. If the sampling gaps in satellite AOD is not filled, the health burden in India would be overestimated by 0.1 million (95% UI: 0.07-0.13).  We demonstrated  use of this satellite data in various air quality management practices. We have delineated 9 to 11 major seasonal air sheds in India using k-means clustering. We have found that the number of days daily PM2.5 exceeding the national standard have decreased during 2017 to 2021 in all air sheds. We have identified the potential sites for future expansion of the ground network under the National Clean Air Program. We examined the representativeness of the existing ground monitors in the non-attainment cities. These lessons learned in India could be valuable for other developing countries with limited or no ground monitoring.   

How to cite: Dey, S., Kumar, A., Katoch, V., Imam, F., Sarkar, D., and Sharma, K.: Application of satellite data in air quality management: Lessons learned in India, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-2495, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-2495, 2023.

09:15–09:25
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EGU23-1617
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Sohana Debbarma, Bajrang Lal, and Harish C. Phuleria

Rapid economic growth with ongoing urbanization trends has led to exponential growth in global transport demand, especially in Asia. The growing vehicle population in India is one of the major contributors to congestion and air pollution causing related health and climate risks in urban areas. In this study, we assessed the impact of motor vehicles on near-road air pollution using roadway tunnel and roadside measurements under real-world traffic conditions based on speed, type of roads, vehicle types (LDV: light duty vehicles, HDDV: heavy-duty diesel vehicles), and fuel composition (gasoline and diesel vehicles). Portable real-time and gravimetric instruments were used to measure emissions from high-speed urban traffic (at Freeway tunnel: all LDV fleet), low-speed creeping traffic (at LBS road: 5% HDDVs and rest LDV fleet), and idling traffic (at Mulund toll plaza: 8% HDDVs and rest LDV fleet) in Mumbai city, and high-speed inter-city traffic (at Kamshet-I tunnel on Mumbai-Pune expressway: 20% HDDV and 80% LDV), covering both peak and off-peak traffic hours. A very small fraction of electric vehicles was also observed in the fleet at LBS road and Toll plaza. Simultaneous measurements were also carried out at an urban background location in Powai, Mumbai. All measured gaseous (CO2, CO, NO2, and VOCs) and particulate (PM2.5 and BC) pollutants at the roadsides and the tunnels were 1.2 to 3.8 times higher than in the background. Total fine carbonaceous species, comprising of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) accounted for up to 47%(±5%) of total PM2.5, highest in the inter-city traffic which could be attributed to its high HDDV and super-emitter fraction followed by the urban idling traffic which had significant HDDV fraction. The OC/EC ratio was 1.8 (± 0.3), highest in the high-speed urban traffic with all light-duty vehicles (LDV) fleet, and the higher HDDV fraction in the inter-city traffic attributed to the low OC/EC ratio of 0.7 (±0.4).  The water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fraction that affects aerosol hygroscopicity accounted for up to 70% of the total OC. WSOC was found highest during the afternoon period at the roadsides as well as the background site indicating the contribution of other sources, including photochemical processes. Our study finds that while the near-road emission levels are inevitably higher due to the significant contribution from on-road vehicles, the emission profiles vary significantly depending on the vehicle and fuel composition. Higher HDDV fraction and super-emitters in the fleet contributed to 2.8 folds of higher EC concentrations.  These findings can help in making informed policy decisions towards urban vehicle emission control and monitoring by focusing on targeted vehicles that are polluting disproportionately more than the rest of the vehicles.

How to cite: Debbarma, S., Lal, B., and Phuleria, H. C.: Near road urban air pollution due to vehicular traffic: Effect of real-world driving conditions and vehicle composition, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-1617, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-1617, 2023.

09:25–09:35
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EGU23-2211
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On-site presentation
Cynthia Sitati

In urban set-ups, the use of charcoal as a source of energy is predominant among the urban poor (low-income earners). In the urban informal settlements such as the Korogocho slums in Nairobi, households rely on kerosene and charcoal for cooking. In some cases, it has been reported that some poorest households in these informal settlements use plastic waste, cloth rags, and other unconventional fuels due to unaffordability to access conventional sources of energy. As a result, the fuels generate high levels of harmful indoor air pollutants. This study was part of the wider project in which we assessed exposure to in-kitchen particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in 60 low-income homes across 12 cities, including Nairobi (Kenya). We aim to ensure cleaner air in homes and promote the development of equitable, inclusive, social, and environmental benefits in one of Nairobi’s informal settlements as indoor environments have become more important during the Covid-19 pandemic thereby necessitating the need to ensure less exposure of households to harmful pollutants. We assess indoor air pollution exposure by monitoring aerosol and carbon dioxide data in five different households in the informal settlement of Korogocho in Nairobi. We engaged stakeholders through co-designed webinars, outreach, and capacity-building activities. The study aimed at developing exposure strategies and assessing the feasibility of similar studies in other parts of the country. The results showed that fuel, kitchen volume, cooking type, and ventilation were the most prominent factors affecting in-kitchen exposure. There is an urgent need for increased awareness of improved cooking practices and minimizing passive occupancy in kitchens to mitigate harmful cooking emissions.

 

How to cite: Sitati, C.: In-kitchen aerosol exposure in Korogocho informal settlement in Nairobi, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-2211, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-2211, 2023.

09:35–09:45
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EGU23-3903
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Collins Gameli Hodoli, Anthony Amoah, Dominic Buer Boyetey, Iq Mead, Frederic Coulon, Pallavi Pant, Cesunica E. Ivey, Victoria Owusu Tawiah, James Nimoo, John-Terry Morladza, Garima Raheja, Mawuli Amedofu, Felix Allison Hughes, Nelson Kowu, Emmanuel Appoh, Benjamin Essien, Carl Malings, and Daniel M. Westervelt

Air pollution is one of the leading risk factors for poor health in Africa, resulting in millions of premature deaths and economic losses. Of particular interest is exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) which is the driver for a majority of deaths across the continent. However, PM monitoring, and by extension, ground-level data on PM2.5 is very limited; this limits our understanding of the widespread societal and health impacts linked to PM pollution. The robustness of low-cost PM sensors and their ability to report in situ data in tropical environments via internet-based platforms as well as relative affordability has created the opportunity to employ low-cost sensors (LCS) for air quality monitoring but calibration methodologies and the usefulness of the high-temporal resolution data for source identification remain a challenge. Increasingly, local governments in African countries are also turning to low-cost sensors to monitor air quality. In this study, two Airnote PM monitors were colocated with reference-grade Teledyne PM mass monitor T640 for ~4 weeks at the University of Ghana, Accra to establish their performance using a simplified data correction methodology - multiple linear regression (MLR) model. A split ratio of 80% and 20% was used to train and test the populated Airnote PM2.5 data respectively based on measurements from Teledyne T640 with temperature and relative humidity values from the Airnote monitor. Sectoral and calendar analysis with wind component data were used to triangulate the sources of PM2.5. We observed a high consistency between the two Airnote monitors. Hourly and 24-hour average PM2.5 values ranged from 25 to 95 μg/m3, and 29 to 54 μg/m3 respectively, and in most cases, were significantly higher than the WHO Air Quality Guideline. MLR using Pearson’s correlation analysis improved the out-of-the-box quality of low-cost Airnote PM2.5 data; the R2 improved from 0.69 to 0.84 and the mean absolute error from 11.75 to 4.20 μg/m3 respectively. Also, the MLR correction model was found to improve the Airnote PM2.5 data quality for higher relative humidity (between 50 and 90%) but not lower. PM2.5 pollution was local and from N, NE and SW winds for the raw, corrected and Teledyne PM mass monitor T640 measurements. Together, these results indicate that with appropriate corrections, low-cost PM sensors can generate the much needed data for air pollution research and mitigation in areas with limited air quality monitoring and data.

How to cite: Hodoli, C. G., Amoah, A., Buer Boyetey, D., Mead, I., Coulon, F., Pant, P., Ivey, C. E., Owusu Tawiah, V., Nimoo, J., Morladza, J.-T., Raheja, G., Amedofu, M., Allison Hughes, F., Kowu, N., Appoh, E., Essien, B., Malings, C., and Westervelt, D. M.: Enhancing the spatial and temporal resolution of air quality monitoring in low – and middle-income countries using low-cost sensors, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-3903, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3903, 2023.

09:45–09:55
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EGU23-6686
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Highlight
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Virtual presentation
Puji Lestari, Maulana Khafid Arrohman, Seny Damayanti, and Zbigniew Klimont

Emission inventory is an important tool for air quality management. Jakarta as a capital city of Indonesia has a very high air pollution as a result of urban activities from various anthropogenic sources. This study aims to conduct emission inventory and emission spatial distribution of NOX, CO, PM2.5, PM10, NMVOC, BC, and SO2 from anthropogenic sources in Jakarta from 2015 to 2030, using 2015 as a baseline year. The results from this study can be very important to improve the emission data for Jakarta and contribute to the global emission model. This result can also be used for air quality management and lesson learnt cases for other regions in South East Asian countries.   Emissions of these pollutants were calculated using GAINS (Greenhouse gas Air pollution INteractions and Synergies) model, considering implementation of emission standards for transport and stationary combustion sources as well as policies stimulating accelerated electrification of vehicle fleets and vehicle scrapping programs. The impact of current policies to emission reduction was also evaluated in this study. The total 2015 emissions of NOX, CO, PM2.5, PM10, NMVOC, BC and SO2 were estimated at around 53 kt, 144 kt, 4.6 kt, 6 kt, 48.6 kt, 1.2 kt, and 20 kt, respectively. The biggest contribution for NOx, CO, BC and NMVOC emissions originated from road transportation sector which contributed about 57%, 93% and 75%, 96% respectively, while for SO2, industrial combustion contributed about 67%. Heavy duty vehicles contribute the most NOx and BC emissions in the transport sector, while motorcycles emit the most CO. Meanwhile PM2.5 and PM10 in Jakarta are mostly emitted from road transportation and industrial combustion sectors, which contributed around 43%-46% for each sector. Heavy duty vehicles were still the highest contributor of PM2.5 emission in the transport sector. In addition to air pollutants, GHG (CO2 eq) emission was also calculated in this study and the results indicating that the main contributor in 2015 were road transport  and power & heating plant which contributed 34% and 32 % respectively.  Based on emission spatial distribution, the highest concentration of all pollutants was found in the central of Jakarta, where traffic activities are very busy. Policy implementation could effectively reduce pollution levels in Jakarta. The accelerated implementation of electric vehicles, stringent emission standards, and transport management measures like electronic road pricing could significantly contribute to the reduction of PM2.5, PM10 as well as BC.

Keywords: Emission inventory, pollutants, power plant, industry, residential and commercial, PM2.5, NOx, SO2, NMVOC, GAINS.

 

How to cite: Lestari, P., Arrohman, M. K., Damayanti, S., and Klimont, Z.: Emissions Inventory of Air Pollutants from Anthropogenic Sources in Jakarta, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6686, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6686, 2023.

09:55–10:05
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EGU23-8285
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On-site presentation
Arnico Panday

Over the past decade the air pollution problem in the bowl-shaped Kathmandu Valley in Nepal – South Asia’s Mini-Mexico City – has become one of the most studied in the region.  Several international field campaigns resulted  50+ journal papers, while three separate networks now provide live air quality data to policymakers and the public.  They valley’s air pollution meteorology, emissions, ozone chemistry, aerosol chemical composition, health impacts, and the role of pollution transport have all been studied in detail.  At the same time, interdisciplinary task forces have laid out clear regulatory priorities and action plans for the Kathmandu Valley. 

Yet except for a decline in coarse dust (due to more roads getting paved), air quality has not improved in the Kathmandu Valley. Regulatory interventions have mostly been spontaneous, devoid of expert inputs, and short-lived.  There exists today sufficient scientific understanding to design a sophisticated regulatory framework that would respond to changing situations in real time to maintain the valley’s air quality.  But today that is just a dream.  

As a front-row participant in the design of the field campaigns in the Kathmandu Valley, in policy making, and most recently in alternative politics, the author has unique insights into challenges that need to be overcome for there to be serious government action to clean up the Kathmandu Valley’s air.  At EGU he will share his insights into which scientific results did or did not end up being useful in shaping the public policy narrative, and why.  He will conclude his presentation by taking the lessons from the Kathmandu Valley from the past decade to provide general principals for other cities with air pollution problems but little data.

How to cite: Panday, A.: The Kathmandu Valley as a science-policy laboratory: When science is insufficient to achieve clean air, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-8285, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8285, 2023.

10:05–10:15
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EGU23-11384
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Imran Shahid and Muhammad Imran Shahzad

Air quality over North Eastern region of Pakistan is rapidly worsening over the years, especially over Lahore and adjacent areas reporting world record levels of pollutant concentrations including highest particulate matter (PM) levels during the autumn and winter seasons. Meteorological parameter plays an important role in extreme pollution episodes. In order to study the impact of meteorological condition such as planetary boundary layer (PBL) an intensive PBL measurements were conducted over Lahore from October 2019 to March 2021 using LUFT CHM15K Ceilometer LIDAR. The impacts of PBL structure on heavy haze pollution and the relationship with PM2.5 concentrations were studied. The boundary layer height drops clearly during winter period (December 2019 and 2020, usually lower than 500m. The PM2.5 concentrations increases when the PBL drops and vice versa. Key finding in this study is that the dynamics of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) change significantly during heavily polluted days during intense autumn / winter smog periods, which indicates the role of aerosols in influencing meteorological conditions, besides having other impacts in the region of study.   

How to cite: Shahid, I. and Shahzad, M. I.: Impact of planetary boundary layer in dense haze /smog event over South Asian Mega City; Lahore Pakistan, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11384, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11384, 2023.

Coffee break
Chairpersons: Aderiana Mbandi, Eliani Ezani, Sohana Debbarma
10:45–10:55
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EGU23-16697
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Deo Okure, Daniel Ogenrwot, Noah Nsimbe, Lillian Muyama, Priscilla Adong, Richard Sserunjogi, Martin Bbaale, and Engineer Bainomugisha

Increasing awareness of air pollution requires access to timely and reliable air quality data and information, and yet many African cities lack effective air quality monitoring infrastructure, largely because of the resource constraints of establishing and managing a continuous monitoring network. Low-cost sensor platforms have the potential to close the air quality data gaps in resource-strained settings such as Africa, but the continued lack of accessible and reliable infrastructure for data management is a major hindrance to effective air quality management.

Moreso, managing a large Internet of Things (IoT)-based sensor network can be complex, and the demand for a case-specific and highly customizable platform, coupled with its conceptualization & implementation complexities, renders most existing IoT platforms ineffective. There is a need for a platform infrastructure for continuous support and management of air quality data with a high spatial and temporal resolution to facilitate sophisticated analysis; while taking care of the associated structural challenges of low-cost sensors.  The AirQo platform, a robust could-native software is a novel communityaware digital platform for managing large-scale air quality networks, applicable in resource-strained environments. This customisable and scalable platform attempts to address the data access challenges, with capabilities to become a ‘one-stop centre’ for management of other third party IoT sensor networks. Different interfaces through mobile application, web-based dashbord and platform cater for diverse data needs. The robust approach enables decision makers and other stakeholder communities have access to timely and quality assured air quality data. Using a set of metrics, user-experiece can be computed and compared with existing IoT management platforms. Software design considerations including (1) Multi-tenancy, (2) Data pipeline, (2) Sharded Database Cluster, (3) Microservices architecture, (4) Containerized deployment, and (5) Interoperability are recommended to support replication in other use-cases.

 

 

How to cite: Okure, D., Ogenrwot, D., Nsimbe, N., Muyama, L., Adong, P., Sserunjogi, R., Bbaale, M., and Bainomugisha, E.: Data management in resource-limited settings: Unpacking the role of robust digital solutions for air quality data management in African cities., EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-16697, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-16697, 2023.

10:55–11:05
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EGU23-5925
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Jaswant Rathore and Dilip Ganguly

In this study, Ceilometer measurements of attenuated backscatter coefficient over Delhi-NCR during monsoon (June-September) and post-monsoon (October-November) of 2022 are analyzed to determine cloud base height (CBH) and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height. The derived CBH and ABL height are used to assess the impact of low clouds (CBH < 2km) and ABL height on regional air quality. The Ceilometer measurements are augmented by ERA5 reanalysis dataset of hourly averaged CBH and ABL height and radiosonde measurements. The aerosol loading over Delhi-NCR is derived using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements and Dusttrack retrieved particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm (PM10) concentrations. We also used Ceilometer measurements for non-cloudy days to interpolate missing PM10 values during the study period. To evaluate the dilution and diffusion of pollutants, we calculated ventilation coefficient from ABL height and wind speed data.

The results reveal that out of the total measurements during monsoon season, 41% cloud occurrence was observed, out of which 24% of clouds were low-level clouds. In post-monsoon season, cloud occurrence was low (nearly 12%), out of which 40% of clouds were low-level clouds. The ABL results show that during monsoon season, average ABL height was 0.85±0.6 km and during post-monsoon, it was 0.53±0.45 km. The seasonal difference is not only noted in the average values but also in the growth of ABL with full growth of ABL happening 2 hours later in post-monsoon season than monsoon season. The MODIS derived AOD results show average AOD values of 0.72±0.29 and 0.97±0.54 in monsoon and post-monsoon season respectively.

The comparison of PM10 & AOD values indicate that during the cloudy days, both PM10 values and AOD values were higher suggesting the abundance of cloud nuclei which could facilitate low cloud formation. For cloudy days, the correlation of observed CBH of low clouds with PM10 and AOD shows a strong negative correlation (-0.78 and -0.83 respectively) suggesting that under same atmospheric thermodynamic conditions, CBH lowers under polluted conditions. The seasonal characteristics show that this tendency is predominant in post-monsoon than monsoon which might require further investigation. We observed strong negative correlation of ABL height with PM10 and AOD (-0.84 and -0.89 respectively) during the study period. The derived ventilation coefficient shows a strong negative correlation with PM10 and AOD values (-0.67 and -0.69 respectively). Both seasons showed similar characteristics indicating that the dissipation of pollutants depends more on ABL during both the seasons. However, substantiation of the diffusion and dilution processes over Delhi-NCR may require further investigation with different meteorological conditions. This will be added to this study along with the impact of clouds and ABL on different size distributions of aerosols. In conclusion, we used advanced instrumentation to study the interlinkages of atmospheric vertical structure with air quality. Our findings are relevant for the Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) having population more than 400 million and can be applied to other places in the global south experiencing high pollution episodes often linked to unfavourable meteorology.

How to cite: Rathore, J. and Ganguly, D.: Impact of low clouds and boundary layer height on regional air quality over Delhi-NCR, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-5925, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5925, 2023.

11:05–11:15
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EGU23-11184
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Abinaya Sekar, Muhammed Siddik Abdul Samad, and George K Varghese

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established in accordance with the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. NGT is the specialized judicial body, consisting of technical members and judicial members, constituted for adjudicating environmental cases and reducing the burden of litigation in other courts in the country. In matters involving air pollution, anyone seeking relief or compensation for environmental damage concerning issues included in the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 may approach the tribunal. Before the establishment of the NGT, the country’s apex court played a vital role in delivering land-mark decisions concerning air pollution. The objective of the current study is to assess if the involvement of technical experts in the tribunal has improved the redressal mechanism. The judgments were reviewed in SCC online’s case finder and NGT official portal. The methodology involved analyzing cases decided by the NGT for five indicators that signal the use of technical expertise in decision-making. These indicators are (i) scientific/ technical content of the ratio decidendi, (ii) technical investigation of the case directly by NGT, including site visits by its technical experts, (iii) Assessment of technical reports directly by NGT, without the help of external experts (iv) insistence by NGT on studies using latest techniques as part of the investigation (v) Evaluating reversal of NGT verdict following the Supreme Court appeal on technical grounds. In general, this study assesses the role of the scientific experts as decision-makers in the environmental redress process. Reported cases, supported by existing literature show that scientific experts had a significant policy impact, which is crucial in air quality management. A guideline document, similar to the Environmental crime investigation manual of INTERPOL can improve the situation further by helping the investigator choose the suitable approach for a given scenario. 

 

How to cite: Sekar, A., Samad, M. S. A., and Varghese, G. K.: Has the redressal mechanism for air pollution-related cases in India evolved since the inception of the National Green Tribunal?, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11184, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11184, 2023.

11:15–11:25
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EGU23-12426
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Sachchida Tripathi, Vaishali Jain, Avideep Mukherjee, Soumya Banerjee, Piyush Rai, and Sandeep Madhwal

Presently, 17 out of 30 Indian cities are ranked worst in air quality around the globe due to high emissions of fine particulate matter, PM2.5 (particles less than 2.5 µm diameter). These particles can reach deeper into the lungs and cause serious health problems, including cardiovascular obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, stroke, and asthma. To take prompt actions towards mitigating and controlling the adverse effects of air pollution, it is important to monitor the ambient air quality regularly and at the neighbourhood level. However, the distribution of the regulatory central ambient air quality monitoring stations (CAAQMS) in India is sparse, and many states and cities lack any regulatory stationary monitors (RSMs). Conventional air quality monitoring techniques are inefficient and incapable of mapping PM2.5 at a sub-Km level. The heterogeneity of PM2.5 concentrations at large-scale and high spatial resolution has numerous applications in epidemiological studies, detecting hotspots within neighbourhoods and implementing policy interventions at local, regional and city levels. Therefore, an integrated monitoring framework is needed to fill gaps in the existing air quality measurements. This study proposes a tribrid approach of using the low-cost sensor (LCS) network to supplement the RSMs in generating more ground-truth PM2.5 concentrations along with high-resolution micro-satellite imageries (PlanetScope, ~3m/pixel) to estimate and generate the PM2.5 concentration maps at the sub-Km level (~500m by 500m). In the present study, an extensive LCS network of 70 nodes deployed at optimally selected locations within and around the boundaries of Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh, India, along with six existing RSMs for one year (December 2021 onwards). It has increased monitoring ten folds at a moderate cost, covering remote urban and rural areas. The locations of these LCS and RSMs (76 nodes) have been used to precisely extract the daily (every day Dec 2021-2022) high-resolution satellite imageries by forming the area of interest (AOI) of size 224 by 224-pixel around the node while keeping the node in the middle of AOI. These imageries have been labelled with the ground truth PM2.5  values from the nodes with geographical location and meteorological parameters such as relative humidity, atmospheric temperature, and barometric pressure. These labelled data are then fed into a deep learning CNN-RT-RF (Convolutional neural network- random trees-random forest) joint model to predict PM2.5 at sub-Km level, which provides RMSE~ 2.74 and 7.50 for training and test data, respectively. The study further compares model performance with existing datasets of Delhi and Beijing. The results show that the predicted PM2.5 using satellite imagery shows a strong co-relation with LCS and RSMs network and thus can be used as a soft sensor for large-scale monitoring. This study is the first study to integrate LCS sensor data with microsatellite imagery, leveraging over costly, conventional methods using machine learning approaches.

 

How to cite: Tripathi, S., Jain, V., Mukherjee, A., Banerjee, S., Rai, P., and Madhwal, S.: Predicting PM2.5 based on micro-satellite imagery and low-cost sensor network using CNN-RT-RF Joint Model, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-12426, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-12426, 2023.

11:25–11:35
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EGU23-9929
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Philip Croteau, Benjamin Nault, Manjula Canagaratna, Edward Fortner, Andrew Lambe, Harald Stark, Donna Sueper, Benjamin Werden, Anandi Williams, Leah Williams, Douglas Worsnop, and John Jayne

Long-term measurements of the composition and mass concentration of particulate matter (PM) are essential for source apportionment, epidemiological studies, and air quality trends. Over the past ten years, the Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) has been widely used for long-term, in situ, high time resolution measurements. However, to date there are limited measurements with these instruments in Africa and South/Southeast Asia. The measurements that have been made in these regions suggest the presence of varied and complex sources. Current ACSMs have unit mass resolution (UMR), which impacts detection limits and separation and identification of ions, limiting source apportionment. Here, we present a new instrument, the Time-of-Flight ACSM with eXtended resolution (TOF-ACSM-X) with updated analysis software (Tofware) to allow for high-resolution peak fitting. The TOF-ACSM-X has a mass resolution of ~2000 m/Δm, which is approximately an order of magnitude higher than the other versions of the ACSM. This enhanced resolution improves ammonium detection limits by approximately 2-orders of magnitude, from ~0.200 μg m-3 to ~0.008 μg m-3 (TOF-ACSM versus TOF-ACSM-X, respectively), for 15-minute integration times. Intercomparisons of the TOF-ACSM-X with other measurements show improved performance in source apportionment and elemental analysis.

How to cite: Croteau, P., Nault, B., Canagaratna, M., Fortner, E., Lambe, A., Stark, H., Sueper, D., Werden, B., Williams, A., Williams, L., Worsnop, D., and Jayne, J.: Enhanced Quantification and Source Apportionment Capabilities of a New Higher-Resolution Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor for Long-Term Measurements of Non-Refractory Aerosol, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-9929, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9929, 2023.

11:35–11:45
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EGU23-15034
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On-site presentation
Mahendar Rajwar, Manish Naja, Shyam Lal, Sethuraman Venkataramani, Prajjwal Rawat, and Rakesh K. Tiwari

Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are important precursors of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). The air quality in South Asia is rapidly deteriorating due to increasing pollution levels, and transporting these pollutants to pristine regions in the Himalayas also exacerbates the problem. Despite this, air quality studies are very limited in South Asia, particularly in remote Himalayan regions. This study presents first time, a comprehensive analysis of light NMHCs (C2-C5) at the central Himalayas mountain site (Nainital; 29.37°N, 79.45°E, 1958 m a.m.s.l.) and an Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) site (Haldwani; 29.22°N 79.51°E, 554 m a.m.s.l.). Observations were made from January 2017 to December 2020 using a Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatograph equipped with Flame Ionization Detectors (TD-GC-FID). The continuous online observations showed diurnal variation in light-NMHCs with higher values in the daytime throughout the year except for the summer/monsoon months. The mixing levels of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes vary from the lowest level of 1.96±0.77 ppbv, 0.29±0.06 ppbv, and 0.22±0.20ppbv respectively, to the highest levels of 4.43±0.84 ppbv, 1.03±0.39 ppbv, and 0.75±0.40ppbv in November, respectively. However, an IGP site showed much higher levels at nighttime than in the daytime, where alkanes, alkenes and alkyne showed 19.24±0.24 ppbv, 2.88±1.76 ppbv, 1.41±1.21 ppbv levels during winter and 13.41±9.33 ppbv,1.88±1.65 ppbv, 0.67±0.59 ppbv. Among eight light-NMHCs, the observed levels of ethane, ethylene, propane, n-butane and acetylene were highest during winter and spring and minimum in summer/monsoon at both sites. Ethane is most dominant at the Himalayan site, while propane is at the IGP site. The investigation of the natural logarithmic ratio between two different pairs (ln([n-butane]/[ethane]) to ln([i-butane]/[ethane]) and ln([Propane]/[ethane]) to ln([n-butane]/[ethane]) suggested the role of oxidation of OH mechanism for light-NMHCs removal in the atmosphere at both the sites and globally compared results showed a heterogeneous nature of these light NMHCs in the atmosphere. There is a strong inter-correlation among ethane, i-butane, propane, and n-butane acetylene, which supports the influence of natural gas, LPG leakage and biomass burning. Additionally, a good correlation of combustion tracer carbon monoxide (CO) with ethane, propane, and acetylene reconfirmed that biomass burning is the source of these light-NMHCs at the central Himalayas site, especially during spring. The OH reactivity, ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) is also studied. The OH-reactivity is minimal at a mountain site compared to an IGP site. Propylene (25%-30) and ethylene (10-25%) strongly contributed to OH-reactivity. Both sites have maximum OFP during the winter and a minimum. The OFP during the summer/monsoon for all the seasons. Propylene (23%-35%) and ethylene (18- 22%) are species dominated by OFP throughout the year at both sites. SOAP showed wintertime maxima and springtime minima with the dominance of propylene (35%-45%) and i-butane (15%-38%) at the Himalayan site, whereas propylene (%) and n-butane (%) dominance at the IGP site. Further, these datasets can be used to develop emission inventories and validate various chemical transport models. The results from these studies are also useful for policymakers in formulating and implementing effective emission reduction strategies. 

How to cite: Rajwar, M., Naja, M., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Rawat, P., and Tiwari, R. K.: Light-NMHCs in the Central Himalayas and associated IGP Region: Role in Ozone and Secondary Organic Aerosols-Formation, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-15034, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-15034, 2023.

11:45–11:55
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EGU23-17038
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Eliani Ezani, Nur Izah Ab Razak, Josfirin Uding Rangga, Hasni Idayu Saidi, and Sairam Dhandaphani

Air pollutants are a major by-product of urbanisation and motorisation of society. In lower and upper middle-income Asian countries, in cities with rapid population growth such as Malaysia, traffic emissions are responsible for almost 90% of urban air pollution, so cycling or walking outdoor can be a major route of exposure for active commuters. Our study aims to examine the association between traffic-related air pollution and cardiorespiratory health symptoms among pedestrian and cyclists in a university campus located in Selangor, Malaysia.  PM2.5 concentrations were monitored using SidePak Personal Aerosol Monitor AM510 on weekday morning cycling and walking commutes into designated high and low-traffic areas nearby campus roadsides. Volunteers cycled (n=21) and walked (n=30) for about 60-minutes in high and low-traffic cycling and walking routes respectively. The cardiorespiratory health status of blood pressure and lung function were measured before, immediately after, after 15 minutes and after 1 hour of volunteers’ commutes. The average commute exposure to PM2.5 was determined, and the inhaled dosage was estimated. Results showed that pedestrian are exposed to higher PM2.5 levels than cyclists traveling in the same high-traffic areas. However, the inhalation dose per kilometre travelled, DL (µg/km) for cyclist was observed higher compared to the pedestrian due to the ventilation rate of physical activity. We also observed that there were increase in the systolic blood pressure and lung function (force-vital capacity-FVC) of pedestrians after the exposure to high PM2.5 concentrations at high traffic walking routes (61.6 ± 14.6 µg/m³). PM2.5 concentrations while walking in the university campus were approximately three times higher compared to cities in Europe (26 μg m−3). Our observation techniques can be applied in resource-constrained countries with heavy traffic emissions that may have an impact on the health of active commuters. To characterise the exposure patterns of other traffic-related air pollutant surrogates (such as soot/black carbon and nitrogen dioxide) and their influence on acute and chronic health outcomes in different Asian traffic microenvironments, further research based on the results of our study is needed.

How to cite: Ezani, E., Ab Razak, N. I., Uding Rangga, J., Saidi, H. I., and Dhandaphani, S.: Traffic-related Air Pollution (TRAP) and Its Exposure to Cardiorespiratory Outcomes to Active Commuters in a University Outdoor Environment, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-17038, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-17038, 2023.

11:55–12:05
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EGU23-17127
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Public health risk assessment of ambient PM2.5-bound toxic heavy metals
(withdrawn)
Gazala Habib, Ashish Sharma, Dinesh Chahal, Sayantee Roy, Baerbel Sinha, Pooja Chaudhary, Arshid Jahangir, and Ramya Sunder Raman
12:05–12:15
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EGU23-10385
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Pieternel Levelt, Deborah Stein, Sara-Eva Martinez, Wenfu Tang, Helen Worden, Louisa Emmons, Benjamin Gaubert, Henk Eskes, Ronald van der A, and Pepijn Veefkind

In the coming decades, a large increase in population is expected to occur on the African continent, leading to a doubling of the current population, which will reach 2.5 billion by 2050. At the same time, the African continent is experiencing substantial economic growth. As a result, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions will increase considerably with expected health impacts on the African population. The impact of wildfires also needs to be carefully assessed. Will the frequency of fire episodes increase? And how will this perturbation compare with anthropogenic emissions in urban areas? In the decades ahead, Africa’s contribution to climate change and air pollution will become increasingly important.  

Time has come to address the changing role of Africa in understanding and quantifying global environmental change.  What can we learn from the new TROPOMI satellite data for Africa, in combination with emerging modelling efforts including the MUSICA development at NCAR and the development of inverse modelling techniques? How can we deal with the lack of surface observations in many areas of Africa?

We will show several recent achievements related to Africa, using space observations and modeling approaches as a contribution towards the development of an integrated community effort to better characterize air quality and climate-related processes in this continent.  This presentation will mainly focus on the potential of the use of TROPOMI data for Africa Research.

How to cite: Levelt, P., Stein, D., Martinez, S.-E., Tang, W., Worden, H., Emmons, L., Gaubert, B., Eskes, H., van der A, R., and Veefkind, P.: Investigating expanding air pollution and climate change on the African continent using TROPOMI data, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-10385, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10385, 2023.

12:15–12:25
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EGU23-10366
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ECS
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Highlight
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Virtual presentation
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Colleen Marciel Rosales, Viraj Sawant, Margaret Isied, Russ Biggs, and Chris Hagerbaumer

Reliable data on air pollution are fundamental to understanding and taking corrective action to improve air quality. In addition, where data are shared with the public, everyone across private, public and civil society can innovate, collaborate, and apply effective solutions towards clean air. However, air quality (AQ) monitoring, as well as AQ data sharing, are both limited in many low- and middle-income countries. While a few reviews of air quality in Africa and South/Southeast Asia exist, a review focused on monitoring capabilities and data sharing is necessary, especially with growth in non-traditional, non-reference monitoring technologies. We conducted a scoping review based on the Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework along with updates proposed in literature consistent with the PRISMA-ScR (Scoping Review Extension). We implemented a search strategy that was iteratively refined to review diverse sources including scientific and gray literature, air quality data aggregators, and publicly internet-available documents of national governments. We complemented our findings by consulting with experts. We found that AQ monitoring in Africa and South/Southeast Asia is lacking, with very few countries having reference-grade monitoring programs and few sharing the data they collect publicly. We recommend leveraging emerging lower-cost alternatives along with traditional (“reference”) technologies. This is supported by our review of emerging approaches and highlighted case studies of countries like Uganda and Cambodia that have adopted such approaches. 

How to cite: Rosales, C. M., Sawant, V., Isied, M., Biggs, R., and Hagerbaumer, C.: Air Quality Monitoring & Data Sharing in Africa and South/Southeast Asia: A Scoping Review, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-10366, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10366, 2023.

Lunch break
Chairpersons: Aderiana Mbandi, Pratima Singh, Nyasha Milanzi
14:00–14:10
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EGU23-8742
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On-site presentation
Ville Vakkari, Kerneels Jaars, Miroslav Josipovic, Markku Kulmala, Lauri Laakso, Tuukka Petäjä, and Pieter G. van Zyl

Quality-controlled long-term measurements of atmospheric composition are central in identifying the sources and processes that are most important for air quality in a particular environment. In South Africa, continuous measurements of various atmospheric constituents have been carried out at the Welgegund measurement station since May 2010 in close collaboration between North-West University, Finnish Meteorological Institute and University of Helsinki. Welgegund is a regionally representative continental site approx. 100 km west of Johannesburg with no local sources. Before Welgegund, measurements were operated at Marikana village, which is an urban location with large industrial point sources in the vicinity. At both sites measurements included particulate matter smaller than 10 µm in diameter (PM10), black carbon (BC) and trace gases (SO2, NO, NOx, O3, CO) among others.

Numerous industrial point sources surrounding Johannesburg result in elevated NOx and SO2 levels in the region, but these concentrations remain below air quality standards. On the other hand, PM10 does exceed 50 µg m3 rather frequently and more often at Marikana than at Welgegund. However, strong correlation with CO suggests that the periods of elevated PM10 are related to incomplete combustion rather than the industrial emissions at both locations. At Marikana the major source appears to be domestic heating during winter time, while at Welgegund landscape fires seem more important. Also, O3 exceeds air quality standards frequently at both sites and the highest O3 cases appear to be linked with landscape fires. Furthermore, our observations suggest that O3 formation is not NOx-limited but rather VOC-limited.

How to cite: Vakkari, V., Jaars, K., Josipovic, M., Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Petäjä, T., and van Zyl, P. G.: Air quality studies using long-term observations at Welgegund, South Africa, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-8742, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8742, 2023.

14:10–14:20
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EGU23-8038
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Muhammed Shabin, Ashish Kumar, Haseeb Hakkim, Yinon Rudich, and Vinayak Sinha

Night-time oxidation significantly affects concentrations of both primary and secondary air pollutants but is poorly constrained over South Asia. Here, we investigate the chemistry, formation and abundance of Stabilized Criegee Intermediates (SCI) in the summertime air of the Indo-Gangetic Plain using measurements of its precursors and sinks. This includes ethene, propene, 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, 1-pentene, cis-2-pentene, trans-2-pentene, and 1-hexene for which this work also reports the first summertime dataset from the IGP. Ethene, propene, and 1-butene were the highest ambient alkenes in both summer and winter. Morning and noon-time concentrations in summer were ~5.6 and ~3.3 times higher relative to winter, suggesting stronger alkene emission sources in summer. Applying chemical steady-state to the measured precursors, the average calculated SCI concentrations were 4.5 (± 3.8) × 103 molecules cm-3, with Z-CH3CHOO (55 %) as the major SCI. SCI production rates drove ambient SCI with Z-RCHOO (35 %) and α-pinene derived PINOO (34 %) as the largest contributors to the SCI production rate of 7.8 × 105 molecules cm-3 s-1. Peak SCI occurred during evenings. All SCI loss was dominated (>70 %) by unimolecular decomposition or reactions with water vapour. Pollution events influenced by crop biomass fires resulted in significantly elevated SCI production (2.1 times higher relative to non-polluted periods) reaching as high as (7.4 ± 2.5) × 105 molecules cm-3 s-1. Among individual SCI species, Z-CH3CHOO was highest in all the plume events with a contribution of at least ~41 % and among alkenes, trans-2-butene was the highest contributor to P(SCI) in plume events with values ranging from 22-32 %. SCIs dominated the night-time oxidation of sulphur dioxide with rates as high as 1.5 (± 1.3) × 104 molecules cm-3 s-1at midnight, suggesting this pathway could be a significant source of fine mode sulphate aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, especially during summertime pollution episodes.

How to cite: Shabin, M., Kumar, A., Hakkim, H., Rudich, Y., and Sinha, V.: Stabilized Criegee Intermediates are important nocturnal oxidants in the summertime air of the Indo-Gangetic Plain., EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-8038, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8038, 2023.

14:20–14:30
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EGU23-17264
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Kelly Perry, Weenarin Lulitanonda, Tharinya Supasa, Siripha Junlakarn, and Bhushan Tuladhar

In Thailand—the fourth most polluted nation in Southeast Asia—air pollution is estimated to take an average three years off people’s lives. While all of Thailand’s 68 million people live in areas that exceed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) guidelines for airborne fine particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), Bangkok and Chiang Mai in particular (the focus of this study) are among the provinces carrying the highest health burden.

Currently, while the science behind air pollution is unequivocal, its public representation is, with official accounts perpetuating existing inequities by narrowly determining how crises are defined and selectively narrating who is impacted by them—pushing civil society voices to the fringes of public conversations on air pollution. To decenter this inequity, this study uses innovative participatory futures methods to gather civil society perspectives on the plausible, possible, and probable future solutions to air pollution and its impact on people’s health as well as social and economic implications on wellbeing. This is to ensure that civil society perspectives on solutions inform future advocacy, policy, and programmatic recommendations for addressing air pollution.

This research proposes to use modelling and air quality forecasting (the Stockholm Environment Institute’s Low Emissions Analysis Platform, Integrated Benefits Calculator) to create four sets of projections for air pollution 30 years from now (in 2053) that will then form the basis for four futures scenarios to be presented to civil society study participants as a direct form of citizen engagement.

Based on modelling results, scientists, subject matter experts, and civil society stakeholders will be engaged in online scenario-building workshops to create four futures scenarios. For instance, health, economic, political, and social implications will be generated from workshop dialogue, informed by model projections, and used to construct imaginary narratives within each of the four futures scenarios (that will then serve as the basis for the futures visioning interviews with civil society participants). Final scenarios will include depictions of social, economic, and health standards for Thai people in 2053. Once the four scenarios have been developed and stress tested, online individual participatory futures interviews will be conducted with civil society participants based in Bangkok and Chiang Mai (n=20 per city to reach an inductive thematic saturation point for primary data collection), using a blend of purposive (selective) sampling and snowball sampling methods. The University of Hawaii’s Manoa Futures Visioning Process and Krishnan’s decolonial futures/foresight framework will be employed to ensure an equitable and participant-centered approach.

Data collection and analysis will be completed by the start of the EGU General Assembly in April 2023; the AS5.13 session will be used to share experiences and lessons learned through integrating climate modelling with citizen science within this study to inform potential regional futures work within South and Southeast Asia (and beyond). Results from the study will inform the work that the Thailand Clean Air Network is doing regarding air quality policy advocacy in Thailand, among other avenues.

How to cite: Perry, K., Lulitanonda, W., Supasa, T., Junlakarn, S., and Tuladhar, B.: Climate modelling and futures scenarios: Civil society perceptions of and proposed solutions for air pollution’s effects on health and wellbeing in two Thai cities, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-17264, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-17264, 2023.

14:30–14:40
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EGU23-6113
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ECS
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Virtual presentation
Diksha Haswani, Ramya Sunder Raman, Kajal Yadav, Abisheg Dhandapani, Iqbal Jawed, R Naresh Kumar, Laxmi Prasad Sanyasihally Vasanth Kumar, Adi Yogesh, Sadashiva Murthy, and Kaggere Shivananjaiah Lokesh

A small fraction (5-10 %) of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter, with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm) mass constitutes trace elements (TEs) and plays an important role in controlling human health, ecological systems and air quality. TE/groups of TE are used as tracers to identify specific PM sources, predominantly due to their persistence and stability in the atmosphere. As a part of the COALESCE network ambient aerosol measurement campaign, 24-h integrated collocated PM2.5 filter sampling was carried out for 2019 in all the three distinctly different geographical locations in India, viz., Bhopal, Mesra and Mysuru, and 15 TE concentrations were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. For all sites, annual mean sulfur contributed highest (~7 %) to PM2.5 mass among all analyzed elements followed by silicon (~3 %). Elements from multiple sources exhibited differentiable seasonal variations like crustal origin elements peaked during the pre-monsoon season, while other anthropogenic activities driven elements increased during the winter and post- monsoon seasons. Spatial heterogeneity of elements between the sites was examined using statistical tools like coefficient of divergence and spearman correlation coefficient (SCC), and revealed that they had different sources/source regions or were processed differently in the atmosphere. Further, SCC coupled with hierarchical clustering analysis categorized the data set into three common groups to yield likely sources of TEs that included crustal and mineral dust; biomass burning; non-exhaust traffic emissions and industrial sources, for all three locations. The computed dry deposition flux of both crustal (3377.41 ± 3224.65 µg m-2 d-1 to 27.83 ± 21.91 µg m-2 d-1) and non-crustal elements (53.47 ± 78.57 µg m-2 d-1 to 0.72 ± 0.59 µg m-2 d-1) was in compliance with modeled deposition flux for the entire Northern Indian Ocean and were similar to the fluxes over different regions across the globe. The United States Environment Protection Agency health risk assessment method in all sites revealed that the route of exposure of metals was highest via inhalation pathway for both adults and children, followed by dermal contact and ingestion. Total potential non-carcinogenic health risk for all pathways were below safe level (Hazard Quotient < 1) for Bhopal and Mysuru, and above safe level (Hazard Quotient > 1) for Mesra. These findings suggest that the non-carcinogenic adverse effects from multi-elemental exposure to PM2.5 was greater in Mesra, than other two sites and might be due to influence of elemental pollutants from more dominant sources of agricultural burning and industrial activities in this region (1). On the other hand, the carcinogenic risk of all metal exposure was within acceptable limits (1×10-6 – 1×10-4), through all three pathways in all the sites. Overall, the multiple site analysis presented in this study provides information on spatiotemporal patterns, dry deposition fluxes of elements in ambient PM, in addition to potential human health risks upon exposure to these species.

 

1.Maheshwarkar, Prem, et al. "Understanding the influence of meteorology and emission sources on PM2. 5 mass concentrations across India: first results from the COALESCE network." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 127.4 (2022): e2021JD035663.

How to cite: Haswani, D., Raman, R. S., Yadav, K., Dhandapani, A., Jawed, I., Kumar, R. N., Sanyasihally Vasanth Kumar, L. P., Yogesh, A., Murthy, S., and Lokesh, K. S.: Study of aerosol trace elements over three COALESCE network locations in India: Spatio-temporal variability, dry deposition and health risks, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6113, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6113, 2023.

14:40–14:50
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EGU23-6701
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Pratima Singh, Anirban Banerjee, Udhaya Kumar, Amishi Tiwari, Hrishikesh Gautam, and Sameer Mishra

Understanding polluting sources, for improving Air Quality (AQ) levels at the city/airshed level is required to solve the air pollution challenge. Scientific evidence like Emission Inventory (EI); identification of efficient technologies; implementation roadmap; and cost and resources required, are needed to develop clean air strategies.

This study considered 76 Non-Attainment (NA) cities in India, for developing EI at an airshed level. Various polluting sectors and activities were identified. Data from various sources and ground surveys were used to generate evidence. The EI was developed for the base year 2019 for 4 pollutants– Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), and oxides of Nitrogen (NOX). Based on the city EI, sector-specific technologies and control measures were identified and prioritized using Techno-Economic Assessment (TEA) and the emission reduction potential. Gap Analysis was conducted to identify sectoral targets for reducing emissions.

The Emission load varied for types of cities (tier I, II, or III) based on landscape, and anthropogenic activities. It was observed that city-level PM2.5 emissions from three sectors - transportation (tailpipe: 30%-50%; road dust: 8%-17%); domestic (14%-30%); and Industries (6%-29%) were high for all the cities. In a few cities, heavy industries within the city boundary dominated the industrial share in the city’s total PM2.5 emission load (34%-88%). Hence, heavy industries were excluded from the analysis to better understand the city's emission level. The study helped to understand the city vs airshed emission load. In 46% of the cities, it was found that the airshed emission load (excluding city emission) was high due to the presence of heavy industries.

Using TEA, the study estimated the associated cost of the identified control measures feasible for implementation at the city level. The required cost was based on the existing gaps in the current infrastructure needs of the city. In tier 2 cities, the transportation sector required heavy infrastructure. Capital investment, for transportation, was estimated between INR 300 – 800 Cr on measures such as a) improving public transportation, b) LNG for freight transport, and c) replacing older vehicles. However, in tier 3 cities increasing LPG connections and strategies to reduce solid fuel usage (advanced chullah’s) were found to be critical interventions, which required investment of less than 50cr. The study also carried out emission reduction scenarios till 2030. In comparison to the business-as-usual scenario, under a high emission reduction scenario, PM2.5 emission reduction for tier 2 cities were up to 45%, and for tier 3 cities up to 54%. The study found that developing clean air strategies need to adopt an airshed approach.

How to cite: Singh, P., Banerjee, A., Kumar, U., Tiwari, A., Gautam, H., and Mishra, S.: Emission Inventories for 76 Cities In India for Clean Air Strategies, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6701, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6701, 2023.

14:50–15:00
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EGU23-16373
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On-site presentation
Adeel Khan, Sairam Dhandapan, Saurabh Mendiratta, Mohammad Rafiuddin, Priyanka Singh, Nimisha Biswas, Shreya Chadha, Tanushree Ganguly, and Karthik Ganeshan

Limited actionable data is one of the main constraints for urban local bodies and regulatory agencies to improve air quality. Emission inventories and source apportionment are important components of air quality management. However, they provide limited information about the location of pollution sources and how the sources are changing dynamically. To overcome these limitations, a field reconnaissance survey and hyperlocal monitoring through low-cost sensors were conducted for one of the hotspots in Delhi. Field reconnaissance survey helps identify and geolocate dispersed pollution sources (unpaved roads, road dust, biomass and waste burning, construction activities, etc.). The operation of the survey includes route planning, training of field surveyors, field survey, data quality control and analysis. Through the survey, 786 dispersed sources of 14 distinct types were identified. Construction and Demolition waste, potholes, road dust and garbage dumps constitute 40 % of the sources. The concerned agencies and sub-departments were mapped through consultation with stakeholders, and sources were prioritised based on factors like population density, predominant wind direction, etc. A network of low-cost sensors is also being deployed, taking the different land use categories within the hotspot into consideration to study the impact of tackling these dispersed sources. The present approach was found to be both cost as well time effective and has the potential to scale and can be used for other scientific applications like spatial bias correction in air quality models. The approach can also be used to develop targeted strategies for improving air quality and mitigating the negative impacts of air pollution on human health and the environment.

How to cite: Khan, A., Dhandapan, S., Mendiratta, S., Rafiuddin, M., Singh, P., Biswas, N., Chadha, S., Ganguly, T., and Ganeshan, K.: An Integrated approach of dispersed source mapping and hyperlocal monitoring for air quality management: A case study of hotspots in Delhi, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-16373, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-16373, 2023.

15:00–15:10
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EGU23-4512
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On-site presentation
Francis Pope and Vitalis Nwokorie

Nigeria is the largest country in Africa by population. Currently, the population is estimated to be 219 million making it the 7th largest country worldwide. Demographic trends suggest that rapid population growth will lead to a population of approximately 400 million by 2050, which would make it the 3rd largest country worldwide. 

Air quality in Nigeria is routinely reported to be poor due to both natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution.  There are a limited number of air monitoring stations within Nigeria, and a corresponding lack of long-term air quality data, with which to assess its long-term trends. With the advent of low-cost monitoring, there has been a recent upsurge in measurements in Nigeria, but these measurement campaigns tend to short term and difficult to discern long term trends from. Nonetheless, these measurements show clearly that particulate matter (PM) air pollution regularly exceeds the WHO guidelines for both PM10 and PM2.5 size fractions, and hence PM places a high health burden upon the population.

This study uses visibility readings in Nigeria, measured since the 1950s, to study and understand historical and contemporary levels of air pollution. Visibility is related to the atmospheric extinction coefficient that is largely determined by the amount of PM in the atmosphere. New machine learning calibration techniques allow for PM2.5 mass concentrations to be estimated directed from visibility and other meteorological measurements.  This presentation will discuss the visibility derived PM findings for the different regions of Nigeria. It will highlight trends in both regional scale and more localized sources of PM.  The implications of population growth and other socio-economic factors upon potential air quality scenarios for Nigeria will also be discussed.

How to cite: Pope, F. and Nwokorie, V.: Visibility as a proxy for air quality in Nigeria from 1950 to 2020, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-4512, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-4512, 2023.

15:10–15:20
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EGU23-9753
|
Virtual presentation
Bertrand Tchanche and Ibrahima Fall

Anthropogenic activities emit particulate matter (PM) and gaseous substances that are harmful. PM has adverse effects on different parts of the body. Atmospheric pollution is a global threat with an increasing social and economic costs. Poor air quality is a concern in African cities, but governments have been too slow to react, one of the reasons being the scarcity of data on different air pollutants. Instruments based on low-cost sensors and Internet of Things are being considered as solution to evaluate the concentration of different pollutants. Increasing number of manufacturers are proposing sensing devices with good accuracy. Low-cost sensors are an alternative to expensive high graded equipment. They are cheap and can be easily deployed. Here we present the IoT4AQ project. It is funded by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The main objective is to organize training sessions for researchers and students on the design and implementation of low-cost sensors for air quality monitoring. The project will use astronomy instrumentation knowledge and skills. Participants will be trained in IoT techniques showing how to build low-cost sensors-based instruments and deploy them. The project starts on February 2023, will last for two years and trainers will be invited on various aspects of the trainings. Two hands-on trainings and two online seminars will be organized each year. The project will be implemented in Senegal and the first year will see the participation of local trainees and in the second phase it will open to participants from other African countries. Specific objectives are: (1) organize hands-on trainings and online seminars on IoT and air quality monitoring, (2) train researchers, teachers, and students on various aspects of air quality monitoring and (3) improve Physics education in Africa through low-cost sensors and IoT. Expected outcome are as follows: (1) train a minimum of 100 participants on IoT and air quality monitoring; (2) improve the experimental skills of participants; and (3) increase awareness of the threat that represents atmospheric pollution.

How to cite: Tchanche, B. and Fall, I.: Internet of Things Lab for Air Quality Monitoring, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-9753, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9753, 2023.

15:20–15:30
|
EGU23-3805
|
ECS
|
On-site presentation
Josephine Kanyeria Ndiang'ui, Paul Njogu, and Daniel Westervelt

Air pollution is a major environmental concern that affects human health worldwide. Despite recent studies indicating ambient air pollution is a growing global concern strongly linked to rapid global urbanization, little has been done to monitor the air quality levels in Africa. Traditionally, air quality monitoring has relied on environmental monitoring stations, that are expensive to build and maintain. In Kenya, for example there is no publicly available national air quality monitoring data. Thus, low-cost sensors offer a practical and cost-effective means of monitoring air quality. We carried out a study in Juja town, located in central Kenya within the outskirts of Nairobi. Juja is one of the largest growing towns and is located along the busy Thika Superhighway. The purpose of this study was to assess the diurnal and seasonal variations of Ambient Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Juja, Kenya. The data was collected as from November 2019 to April 2021 at JKUAT Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IEET) department, a residential area within Toll and Kibariti and an additional site along the busy Thika Superhighway. The PM level was measured using the Purple Air Monitoring Sensor – PA-II-SD in μg/m3 on a 24hour cycle. The PM2.5 level from the low-cost Purple Air Sensors were later calibrated against a reference BAM-1022 to yield corrected PM values. The results revealed that the overall PM2.5 concentration was higher during the dry season (June - August 2020) compared to March - May 2020 (wet season) where it dropped by 5-10μg/m3 on average. The average daily PM2.5 levels were recorded at 44μg/m3 (Pine Breeze), 20μg/m3 (Toll) and 16μg/m3 (Kibariti) all exceeding the WHO guideline of 15μg/m3. JKUAT had an annual mean concentration of 15μg/m3, also exceeding the WHO guidelines of 5μg/m3. The study also found that PM2.5 levels were highly correlated with vehicle emissions, as the site closest to the highway had the highest PM2.5 levels. The levels also peaked twice a day at 5am and 5pm, possibly due to morning and evening traffic. It is thus evident that traffic related emissions are a great concern within the town and effective mitigation measures are needed to protect the residents. In addition, comparing the month of April 2021 to the previous year, the daily mean dropped by 5-10μg/m3 – the period of the new Covid -19 lockdown. These results can then be used to model and predict urban air quality within the town. Overall, low-cost sensors have provided an increased availability of data that can be used to identify patterns and trends in air quality over time. Their use can also facilitate greater community engagement, as individuals and organizations can participate in data collection, monitoring and analysis. To conclude, this research provides an important tool for informing urban planning and environmental policies. By understanding the sources, patterns and impacts of air pollution, decision makers can develop strategies to address these issues and improve the health and well-being of urban residents.

How to cite: Kanyeria Ndiang'ui, J., Njogu, P., and Westervelt, D.: Monitoring the Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Ambient of Ambient Particulate Matter (PM2.5) using Low-Cost Sensors in Juja, Kenya, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-3805, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3805, 2023.

15:30–15:40
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EGU23-5586
|
ECS
|
Virtual presentation
Adithi Upadhya, Padmavati Kulkarni, Mahesh Kalshetty, Srishti Srishti, Meenakshi Kushwaha, Pratyush Agrawal, and Sreekanth Vakacherla

High-resolution spatial maps of air pollution can be useful for air quality management. In low- and middle-income countries, regulatory measurements of criteria pollutants are typically insufficient to generate spatial maps, due to the sparsely located monitoring stations. Alternatively, high-resolution spatial maps of air pollution can be achieved by dispersion (physics-based) and statistical regression (training-based) modelling. Resolutions of up to ~25 meters can be achieved by Land Use Regression (LUR) modelling based spatial predictions. In this study, we leveraged the high density of regulatory monitors located in New Delhi, India, and developed LUR models for all the major criteria pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and Ozone). New Delhi is one of the most heavily polluted cities in the world. We used data from 40 continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations’ (CAAQMS) for the year 2019 to develop seasonal and annual LUR models, following the ESCAPE (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) stepwise supervised regression method. Model predictors included land use parameters, road lengths, rail track lengths, population, satellite pollution, and NDVI data, along with air pollution point source location data and reanalysis meteorology. The models were validated using leave one station out (LOSO) and 10-fold cross validations (CV). The model adjusted R2 values varied between 0.08 and 0.64. Particle pollutant models (PM2.5 and PM10) performed better than those of gaseous pollutants. Further, ozone models performed the least. Across seasons, summer models performed the best (least) for PM (gaseous pollutants). Models with adjusted R2 were used for spatial predictions at 50-m resolution for the Delhi National Capital Territory region. Spatio-seasonal characteristics of air pollution were studied using the generated high-resolution maps.

How to cite: Upadhya, A., Kulkarni, P., Kalshetty, M., Srishti, S., Kushwaha, M., Agrawal, P., and Vakacherla, S.: Development of land use regression (LUR) models for criteria air pollutants in Delhi: Use of regulatory monitoring data, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-5586, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5586, 2023.

Posters on site: Wed, 26 Apr, 16:15–18:00 | Hall X5

Chairpersons: Sarath Guttikunda, Samuel Ogunjo, Saadia Hina
X5.209
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EGU23-9708
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ECS
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Highlight
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Nyasha Milanzi, Stewart Isaacs, and Heather Beem

The International Energy Agency estimates that 970 million Africans use biomass for cooking [1], emissions from which expose them to pollutants like particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC). Due to its small size (range: 135 - 145 nm) [2], BC is easily inhalable and presents worse health impacts than many other PM species [3]. A considerable challenge is accessing affordable standard BC sensors; most cost US$3,000 to US$20,000 and are thus too expensive to deploy in large numbers [3] to provide high spatial resolution. Therefore, in recent low-cost air pollution sensor networks, there has been a noticeable gap in the absence of a BC emissions inventory [3]. In this research, we have designed a BC sensor that costs less than US$200 and incorporates a rechargeable battery & LoRa communication to enable long-term, remote operation. Leveraging Pugh Charts, we chose materials and components available in Ghana. Drawing from recent studies in developing low-cost BC sensors, the sensor uses an optical measurement technique to measure the absorption coefficient from the degree of weakened light intensity of 880 nm wavelength to invert the BC aerosol concentration. We chose absorption measurement at 880 nm to define BC concentration because, at this wavelength, BC is the predominant PM species to absorb light [3]. We developed a low-fidelity prototype using a flame sensor to test the optical measurement concept. The flame sensor detected light wavelengths between 760 nm – 1100 nm with high sensitivity and a resolution of 0.98 mV using a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). In the next prototype stage, we aim to achieve a resolution of less than 0.1 mV leveraging a 16-bit ADC. Additionally, components will be integrated to enable the measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations as well, leveraging the MiCS-4514 sensor module. Simultaneous detection of high BC & CO and BC & NO2 concentrations can aid in indicating nearby biomass combustion and diesel engine emissions, respectively [4], thus painting a complete picture of major BC pollution drivers. These emissions data will aid policymakers to devise data-driven solutions to BC-associated human health impacts.

References 

[1] IEA (2022), Africa Energy Outlook 2022, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2022, License: CC BY 4.

[2] Y. Cheng, S.-M. Li, M. Gordon, and P. Liu, "Size distribution and coating thickness of black carbon from the Canadian oil sands operations," Atmospheric Chem. Phys., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 2653–2667, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.5194/acp-18-2653-2018.

[3] J. J. Caubel, T. E. Cados, and T. W. Kirchstetter, “A New Black Carbon Sensor for Dense Air Quality Monitoring Networks,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 3, Art. no. 3, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.3390/s18030738.

[4] B. Alfoldy, A. Gregorič, M. Ivančič, I. Ježek, and M. Rigler, "Source apportionment of black carbon and combustion-related CO2 for the determination of source-specific emission factors," Aerosols/In Situ Measurement/Instruments and Platforms, preprint, Apr. 2022. doi: 10.5194/amt-2022-53.



 

How to cite: Milanzi, N., Isaacs, S., and Beem, H.: Development of a low-cost black carbon sensor for air quality monitoring in Ghana              , EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-9708, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9708, 2023.

X5.210
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EGU23-3307
Rabia Salihu Sa'id, Najib Yusuf Galadanci, Murtala Muhammad Badamasi, A. Babatunde Rabiu, and Gregory S. Jenkins

Breathing is life and the quality of air we breathe is important for good quality of living. At the Bayero University in Kano, Nigeria, the Space Weather and Atmospheric Physics Laboratory has collaborated with the Center for Atmospheric Research to establish a network of air quality monitoring and data gathering techniques through setthing up monitoring stations and recently collaborating with the Alliance for education, Science, Engineering and Design in Africa (AESEDA), using low cost air quality monitoring devices and combining the ground-based data with sattelite data to give meaningful and useful data for safety. Data of air pollutants measured and how they correlate with increasein respiratory tract infections during the pandemic were studied. We present the activities of air quality monitoring during the period of 2020; the hieght of the pandemic and the period thereafter. Findings show that there is a need to be concerned as readings of impact of air pollutants are high and most times hiher than the minimum EPA standards.

How to cite: Sa'id, R. S., Galadanci, N. Y., Badamasi, M. M., Rabiu, A. B., and Jenkins, G. S.: Sharing Air Quality Monitoring Activities at a University in Nigeria, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-3307, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3307, 2023.

X5.211
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EGU23-4958
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ECS
Kajal Yadav and Ramya Sunder Raman

Phthalate esters (PEs) are a group of synthetic organic compounds that are frequently employed as plasticizers, additives in the production of plastic products, as well as in cosmetics, personal care items, medical products, and insecticides. Since PEs are not chemically linked to polymers, they can easily be released into the environment both during production and use, as well as following the disposal of plastic items. These compounds  also belong to the class of endocrine disrupting species and have gained research attention due to their widespread environmental occurrence and associations with respiratory system diseases, and higher incidence of allergies. However, very little is known regarding the inhalation exposure to endocrine disrupting PEs. In this study an analytical approach- thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) was optimized for the measurement of particle-bound PEs. We report monthly (Jan, Feb, Mar, and Apr, 2019) concentrations of 6 PEs, viz., Dimethyl Phthalate (DMP), Diethyl Phthalate (DEP), Di-N-Butyl Phthalate (DnBP), Butyl Benzyl Phthalate (BBZP), Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP), Di-N-Octyl Phthalate (DNOP) measured every other day in ambient PM2.5 over Bhopal – one of the regionally representative sites of the COALESCE network (Lekinwala et al., 2020).

Two endocrine disrupting compounds – DEHP and DBP exhibited high concentrations during  the months of Jan (23.6 ± 7.1 ng m-3 and 12.3 ± 4.2 ng m-3) and Feb (21.3 ± 10 ng m-3 and 11.0 ± 3.5 ng m-3). The average daily intake of Σ6 PEs and DEHP via inhalation were 0.11-0.21 μg/Kg day and 0.01-0.1 μg/Kg day, respectively, for adults in Bhopal. The inhalation cancer risk metric revealed that the estimated exposure to DEHP (3.9 × 10-5) exceeded the acceptable risk threshold. These results provide critical information that suggests that PEs from ambient and indoor sources should be considered when exploring the inhalation health risks to PM exposure.

How to cite: Yadav, K. and Sunder Raman, R.: Phthalate esters in atmospheric PM2.5 in Bhopal, central India: Identification, Concentrations, and Health Risk Assessment, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-4958, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-4958, 2023.

X5.212
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EGU23-6046
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ECS
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Mohd Faisal, Umar Ali, Vikram Singh, and Mayank Kumar

Fireworks activities worldwide seem to play a significant role in air quality degradation, especially during different events that lead to worsening air quality in the form of ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution. The fireworks activity in Delhi is one of the primary cause for the considerable increase in the particulate concentration during Diwali in Delhi. The substantial increase due to extensive firework activity results in enhanced metal concentration in the atmosphere. Therefore a comprehensive understanding of fireworks induced into the atmosphere is crucial to develop an enhanced mitigation strategy. Thus this study focuses on the comparative analysis of fireworks used in Diwali for the years 2019, 2020 and 2021. The current analysis studies the impact of Diwali for three consecutive years on the concentration, composition, and sources of ambient PM2.5. The measurement of elements in PM2.5 was performed with half-hourly time resolution using the Xact 625 Ambient Metals Monitor. The 12-hour average concentration of metals during Diwali night for 2019, 2020 and 2021 are 181 ug/m3, 117 ug/m3, and 151 ug/m3, respectively. Concentration levels of species like K, Al, Sr, Ba, and S displayed distinct peaks during the firework event and were identified as tracers for the same. We conducted source apportionment by positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the elemental mass measurable by the Xact. The source apportionment study indicated that more than 85% of elemental mass had been apportioned to firecrackers during Diwali. The reported enhancement in the mass concentration of elemental metals like Al, Ba, Cl, Pb, and Mn poses a severe threat to the health of the exposed population as the average mass concentration of these species exceeded the standard EPA risk-based levels by orders of magnitude during the Diwali phase. Moreover, possible carcinogens like As also exceeded the risk-based concentration significantly.

How to cite: Faisal, M., Ali, U., Singh, V., and Kumar, M.: Fireworks: A Major source of elemental aerosols during Diwali in Delhi-NCR, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6046, 2023.

X5.213
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EGU23-12994
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ECS
Mufaddal Moni and Manoranjan Sahu

According to WHO, air pollution is associated with 7 million premature deaths annually. Lack of air pollution monitoring systems is one of the major challenges in developing regulations and policies for air pollution control as well as health risk assessments in majority of the developing nations. Ground based monitoring stations are sparsely distributed in major cities only. The major reason for lack of monitoring stations is the heavy cost associated with their establishment and operations, whereas low-cost sensors come with different variety of challenges related to the calibration, accuracy and reliability. This problem could be solved by combining remote sensing data with machine learning to estimate particulate matter concentrations. Modern satellite sensors hold the potential to provide high-quality aerosol optical depth (AOD) data at a resolution of 10m × 10m. Current approaches for estimating particle (PM2.5) concentrations rely on AOD with meteorological data such as relative humidity, ambient temperature, wind speed, etc. However, the prediction accuracy decreases dramatically if these results are extrapolated over a wider timeline and a broader region. This is owing to the fact that traditional methods take many assumptions based on the training data set. We implemented and validated the conventional method of predicting particle concentration to evaluate prediction accuracy using five distinct machine learning models. The light gradient boosting regression model generated the highest prediction accuracy, i.e., 92.46% for a training data set of one year (January 2019 – December 2019) for the city of Mumbai, with a resolution of 0.5° × 0.625° (latitude × longitude). This work presents a hybrid approach combining the physics-based relations and statistical methods, to predict surface level concentration. It uses the vertical distribution of aerosols along with the optical properties like single scattering albedo and angstrom exponent for determining particle characteristics and meteorological parameters for a greater prediction accuracy over a wider timeline and a broader region. Since AOD provides a measure of total particles above a location, we employed data from multi-angular satellite sensor (CALIOPS) to generate vertical distribution profiles and ultimately surface-level concentration. Also, the physics based empirical relations are considered while determining the input parameters for model training, which significantly increases the prediction accuracy of model. When the particle size distribution curve was combined with the surface level concentration from vertical distribution profile, a more accurate surface level PM2.5 concentration was obtained. Unlike previous approaches that make several assumptions based on the location of training data, this method, by removing those assumptions, is valid over a broader area and a wider timescale.

 

How to cite: Moni, M. and Sahu, M.: Development of high-resolution particle concentration prediction model - an application of remote sensing and machine learning, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-12994, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-12994, 2023.

X5.214
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EGU23-12713
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ECS
Evaluation of GEOS-CF V1.0 against Surface Observation in Accra: Fine Particulate Matter Concentration
(withdrawn)
Victoria Owusu-Tawiah, Benjamin Yang, Annor Thompson, George Mwaniki, Allison Felix Hughes, Emmanuel Appoh, and Daniel Westervelt
X5.215
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EGU23-12530
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ECS
Arindam Roy, Athanasios Nenes, and Satoshi Takahama

As a part of the National Clean Air Program (NCAP) in India, non-attainment cities have begun implementing city-wide action plans for air quality monitoring and management. Air quality action plan implementation is supported by a collaboration of academic institutions, non-governmental organizations, and governmental bodies,  but each of these stakeholder groups perceives different challenges in this effort. Here, we report on the results of a stakeholder consultation study conducted through semi-structured anonymous interviews to identify varying perspectives on the key challenges. Three types of stakeholders were selected for the interview; a) academic researchers (10 participants); b) experts from non-governmental agencies (10 participants), and, c) group leads from government implementation bodies (8 participants). The governmental stakeholders are from state agencies and municipalities that are actually responsible for the ground implementation of air quality control. The questionnaire was broadly divided into three categories; a) the role and sufficiency of current air quality monitoring operations and NCAP; b) how information is shared or used by different agencies, and, c) how the research data is being used in implementation (“data to action”).

 

The majority of stakeholders (~95%) identify NCAP and its resource support as the driving force for the recent implementation on air quality. They also raise concerns regarding the post-funding sustainability of implementation strategies beyond the five-year lifetime of NCAP. According to implementation agency leads, there are three types of data required for action: 1) the proportion of transported and local pollutants; 2) what implementation will improve the air quality at the neighborhood scale for a particular city; and 3) how to evaluate the effectiveness of an ongoing implementation project. Receptor modeling studies currently conducted to identify major source classes in the study area often do not answer these questions; most participants (irrespective of stakeholder types) state that receptor modeling is costly and often unaffordable. We found that only a fraction of non-attainment cities is interested to use allocated funds for air quality management toward receptor modeling. Instead, building emission inventories followed by numerical modeling are perceived to be a good starting point for actionable information such as identifying prioritized sectors for air pollution management, particularly for Indian cities that lack resources. Regarding monitoring and evaluation strategies, academics and governmental implementation agencies raise concerns about the deployment of low cost sensors (LCS) and satellite data for regulatory purposes, while NGOs are advocating for mainstreaming the LCS measurement. Governmental implementation agencies are neutral about the number of stations or methods of monitoring as they believe measurement is not directly helping in implementation and evaluation.

 

Our study suggests that there is a gap between knowledge generated by academic air pollution research and knowledge required for decision-making by implementation agencies in Indian municipalities. Therefore, we identify a necessity for establishing a fourth type of entity, independent of the three preexisting ones, that transfers actionable information from research institutes to governmental agencies and devise locale-specific strategies for air pollution management. Cooperating among government departments, such entities can further provide unified action plans on air quality, climate change adaptation, and development.

How to cite: Roy, A., Nenes, A., and Takahama, S.: Current gaps in air quality management over India: A study on stakeholder consultation, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-12530, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-12530, 2023.

X5.216
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EGU23-17291
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ECS
Real World Emissions of Aerosol And Its Climate Relevant Properties from Light and Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles Operated On Road
(withdrawn)
Mohd Shahzar Khan, Gazala Habib, Jyoti Kumari, Niraj Kumar, and Rahul Kumar
X5.217
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EGU23-13497
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ECS
Aiswarya Kumar and Manoranajan Sahu

Design, development and application of a particulate matter control technology with special consideration for indoor air quality management

Aiswarya Kumar1, Manoranjan Sahu1*

1Environmental science and engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), India

*Corresponding email: mrsahu@iitb.ac.in

ABSTRACT

Indoor air quality is a major concern in the modern environment since people especially those in urban areas spend 80-90% of their time in living, workspaces as well as in different means of transportation and also due to construction of tightly sealed buildings because of space constraints in developing and populated countries like Indian subcontinent. Among different indoor pollutants, particles are major concern for health due to their smaller size and easy attachment to different species. Particle exposure indoors depends on the characteristics of indoor sources, activities causing resuspension of particles and infiltration from an outdoor polluted environment. Conventional particle cleaning technologies such as filtration and ionisers have lot of draw backs such as high energy consumption, maintenance difficulties and reduced efficiency with time. Electrostatic precipitation (ESP) is a promising emerging technology in indoor environments due to benefits like high efficiency removal, minimal pressure drop, flexibility of keeping as standalone/induct, lesser energy consumption and low maintenance requirements. Therefore current study designed and developed a miniature wire-plate ESP for capture of indoor particles. Designed ESP was operated at a voltage of 6 kV considering voltage-current characteristics, different empirical formulas, visualization of corona and based on number of ions generated. Flow rate was kept at 8 LPM considering migration-residence times as well as uniform velocity distribution obtained from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling. Characteristics of discharge wire were selected such as keeping by-product emission and power consumption minimal which are required optimal conditions for an indoor application. Designed ESP provided high capture efficiency for standard laboratory aerosols such as sodium chloride, ammonium chloride and magnesium chloride achieving promising results with a total removal efficiency of 95-99% for wide particles sizes from 10 nm to 10 µm as measured by sophisticated instruments like scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and optical particle sizer (OPS). To simulate performance in a real scenario experiments were also carried out with major indoor particle sources like incense sticks, burning candles, mosquito coils and bio-aerosols such as Mycobacterium smegmatis as well as  Escherichia coli having varied particle number distributions and obtained total particle capture efficiency 99.99, 99.97, 99.98 and 95% respectively. Designed ESP also removed particles from ambient as well as infiltrated particles at a total capture efficiency of 99.8%. Nonthermal plasma (NTP) ionisation process happening inside the ESP has provided bioaerosol deactivation efficiency and volatile organic compound (VOC) degradation efficiency of 70 and 85% respectively. Additionally, this multipollutant removal technology  has an  lower energy consumption/Clean air delivery rate (CADR) (0.32 W/m³/hr) and emission of by-products like ozone and ultrafine particles compared to best commercial purifiers thereby suggesting its possible applicability as a product for air quality management

How to cite: Kumar, A. and Sahu, M.: Design, development and application of a particulate matter control technology with special consideration for indoor air quality management, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13497, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13497, 2023.

X5.219
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EGU23-16860
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ECS
Real-time source apportionment of submicron particle number size distribution in Delhi NCR.
(withdrawn)
Umer Ali, Mohd Faisal, Vikram Singh, and Mayank Kumar
X5.220
|
EGU23-6516
Muhammad Ibrahim, Afifa Aslam, Abid Mahmood, Muhammad Alvi, Fariha Jabeen, and Umara Tabassum

Many factors cause air pollution in Pakistan, which poses a significant threat to human health. Diesel fuel and gasoline motor vehicles, as well as industrial companies, pollute the air in Pakistan's cities. The study's goal is to determine the level of air pollution in a Pakistani industrial city and to establish risk levels for the health of the population. We measured the intensity of air pollution by chemical characterization and examination of air samples collected at stationary remark sites. The PM10 levels observed at all sampling sites including residential, commercial, high traffic and industrial areas were well above the limits imposed by Pakistan EPA, United States EPA, and WHO. We assessed the health risk via chemical factors using methodology approved for risk assessment. All Igeo index values greater than one were considered moderately contaminated or moderately to severely contaminated. Heavy metals have a substantial risk of acute adverse effects. In Faisalabad, Pakistan, there was an enormously high risk of chronic effects producing of heavy metal acquaintance. Concerning specified toxic metals, intolerable levels of carcinogenic risks have been determined for the entire population. As a result, in most of the investigated areas of Faisalabad, the indices and hazard quotients for chronic and acute exposure exceeded the permissible level of 1.0. In the current study, re-suspended roadside mineral dust, anthropogenic exhaust emissions from traffic and industry and industrial dust were identified as major emission sources of elemental particulate contents. Because of the unacceptable levels of risk in the research area, it is strongly suggested that a comprehensive study of the population's health status as a result of air pollution should be conducted for policies to be developed against these risks.

How to cite: Ibrahim, M., Aslam, A., Mahmood, A., Alvi, M., Jabeen, F., and Tabassum, U.: Health Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Elemental Particulate Contents from a South Asian Future Megacity, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6516, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6516, 2023.

X5.221
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EGU23-13204
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ECS
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Vasudev Malyan, Vikas Kumar, and Manoranjan Sahu

Low-cost sensors (LCS) are gathering the interest of researchers and monitoring agencies worldwide due to their compact size and economic feasibility. However, the data recorded by LCS is often of low quality owing to its calibration dependencies and biases. An intensive field sampling campaign was conducted at five sites inside the IIT Bombay campus to understand the fundamental issues associated with LCS. PA-II and OPC-N2 LCS were collocated with BAM-1020 and OPS- 3330 at the sampling locations for inter-comparison. LCS shows a good correlation with BAM-1020 at sites where the contributing sources produce more particles in the 1–2.5 μm size range than particles in below 1 μm (PM1) and 2.5–10 μm size range. The performance decreased with an increase in mass fractions of PM1 and PM10. The overall performance of both PA-II (R2 = 0.72) and OPC-N2 (R2 = 0.73) are comparable. Both PA-II and OPC-N2 have substandard performance with R2 in the range of 0.30–0.39 and 0.42–0.53 at the construction and main gate site respectively. Comparing the two calibration approaches used in this study indicates the importance of including size distribution parameters in the calibration of LCS. The calibration models were developed for each site and were compared with the general model developed for PA-II and OPC-N2. Results indicate that the site-specific models are in better agreement with the reference instrument than the general calibration model. The number concentration recorded by PA-II was poorly correlated with OPS-3330, especially for particles >1 μm and vice versa for OPC-N2. The particle count for PM > 2.5 μm recorded by PA-II is predominantly zero, which is inconsistent with the mass concentration data recorded by the sensor. The size distribution results indicate that LCS assumes a universal monotonically decreasing function of number concentration with respect to the particle diameter. It is one of the critical problems with LCS measurements as any error in the number measurement is increased 3-fold in the mass conversion. This study shows the need for site-specific robust calibration of LCS based on the particle size distribution and provides a direction in their development.

How to cite: Malyan, V., Kumar, V., and Sahu, M.: Significance of sources and size distribution on calibration of low-cost particle sensors: Evidence from a field sampling campaign, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13204, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13204, 2023.

X5.222
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EGU23-1112
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ECS
Saadia Hina, Farhan Saleem, and Muhammad Ibrahim

The COVID-19 pandemic has received enormous attention worldwide due to its environmental, and societal impacts. The present study highlights the spatio-temporal variations in air quality parameters (AOD, SO2, NO2, and O3) due to lockdown over the IGP, one of the world's most populated regions. The satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and Ozone (O3) were used to estimate the spatial-temporal extent of major air pollutants in the region during lock down period (March-May, 2020) in comparison to the pre-lockdown period (March-May 2015-2019) and post-lockdown (March-May, 2021) across the IGP. To provide more insight into the changes in air pollutants status, country and city scale percentage increase/decrease have also been calculated. Following strict lockdown implementation, reduction in anthropogenic activities led to a significant decline in AOD, SO2 and NO2, whereas a considerable increase in tropospheric O3 concentration has been noticed that in turns significantly improved the regional air quality. But these trends reversed as soon as the lockdown was relieved and human activities normalized.  Moreover, the comparative analysis among meteorological parameters and ambient air pollutants presented that meteorological factors were not the main reason for the dramatic reductions of pollutants in the atmosphere. The outcome of this study can be a reference to introduce new public policies for promoting adaptive socio-ecological models to understand the synergies and trade-offs between the reduced human interventions and the environmental health of cities systematically.

How to cite: Hina, S., Saleem, F., and Ibrahim, M.: COVID-19 Pandemic Hopeful Prospect: Air Quality Improvements over Indo-Gigantic Plain, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-1112, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-1112, 2023.

X5.223
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EGU23-3110
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ECS
Pratyush Agrawal, Srishti Srishti, Padmavati Kulkarni, Hrishikesh Gautam, Meenakshi Kushwaha, Sreekanth Vakacherla, and Pratima Singh

Low-cost sensors (LCSs) used for measuring air quality have become popular because of their portability, affordability, and ease of operation. However, LCS data often have accuracy and bias issues that need to be addressed before using them for research. LCSs are, therefore, collocated with reference-grade instruments, and various statistical and machine learning (ML) approaches are used to correct the observed bias in data. In this study, collocation experiments were conducted in Bengaluru, India, for about nine months (December 2021 to August 2022). We used nine PM2.5 LCSs that were collocated with a beta attenuation monitor (BAM), which is certified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Hourly averaged data from LCSs and BAM were used to train various ML correction models. The LCSs included in the study—Airveda, Atmos, Prana Air, BlueSky, Aurassure, Aerogram, PurpleAir, and Prkruti—are widely available in the Indian market. The ML models include support vector regression (SVR), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). For the LCSs used in the study, a total of 170 ML models were built to identify the best-performing correction model for each sensor. Model performances were evaluated based on the following metrics: mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and normalised RMSE (NRMSE). During the study period, the average hourly BAM concentration was ~32 µg/m3. Hourly averaged PM2.5 from LCSs and BAM exhibited a linear relationship. The NRMSE values of the raw (uncorrected) LCSs PM2.5 with respect to BAM PM2.5 varied between 0.26 and 0.89 across various sensors. The Plantower-based LCSs (Atmos I, PurpleAir, and Aerogram) performed better, characterised by the lowest RMSE/NRMSE values. SVR was found to be the best-performing model for most of the sensors in correcting raw LCSs PM2.5 data. The NRMSE of the ML models’ corrected LCSs PM2.5 was reduced by 46% to 74% across various sensors compared to the uncorrected LCSs PM2.5. As a case study, we also added black carbon (BC) data to our ML models, but no significant change (improvement by 6% RMSE) in performance was observed.

How to cite: Agrawal, P., Srishti, S., Kulkarni, P., Gautam, H., Kushwaha, M., Vakacherla, S., and Singh, P.: Correcting PM2.5 data from low-cost sensors using machine learning techniques, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-3110, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3110, 2023.

X5.224
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EGU23-638
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ECS
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Apoorva Yadav, Santosh Kumar Sasanapuri, Hitesh Upreti, and Sailesh N. Behera

Open biomass burning is the major cause for air pollution in north India, particularly in the months around the harvest of the major crops viz. rice and wheat. Crop residue burning, in the two agricultural powerhouse states of Punjab and Haryana, is major contributor for emissions from open biomass burning in the region. A district-wise emission inventory is needed to quantify the variations of crop residue burning emissions within various districts of Punjab and Haryana. In this study, bottom-up approach is used to determine the spatial variation of these emissions. In this approach, burned area is detected by using two MODIS satellite data products i.e., MODIS burned area product (MCD64A1) having resolution of 500m and MODIS active fire product (MOD14A1) having spatial resolution of 1km which can detect fires up to 1/20 of a pixel. Combining these two products the small fires data can also be detected and the accuracy in detection of burned area is improved. After detecting the burned area, the emissions of major pollutants were estimated in grids of (3×3) km2 during 2008-2017 in order to analyze their spatial and temporal variability. Also, the emissions for the study region are estimated using top-down approach where the crop residue burned is determined using IPCC guidelines and the comparison is done using both the approaches.

In Punjab, the average emissions of PM2.5, PM10, CO2 & CO are 153.3 Gg, 173.6 Gg, 21185.7 Gg, 1791.6 Gg, respectively during 2008-17 using top-down approach. During 2008-2017, the average emissions of PM2.5, PM10, CO2 & CO are 117.2 Gg, 120.7 Gg, 18859.9 Gg, 1133.7 Gg, respectively using bottom-up approach. The major contribution of emissions in Punjab is from Sangrur district followed by Patiala and Ludhiana district.  In Haryana, the average emissions of PM2.5, PM10, CO2 & CO are 68.9 Gg, 78.0 Gg, 9518.4 Gg, 804.9 Gg, respectively during 2008-17 using top-down approach. During 2008-2017, the average emissions of PM2.5, PM10, CO2 & CO are 28.2 Gg, 26.4 Gg, 5214.0 Gg, 214.0 Gg, respectively using bottom-up approach. The major contribution of emissions in Haryana is from Fatehabad district followed by Karnal and Kaithal district. For Haryana, the peak emissions during 2008-17 are in the month of May and November and for Punjab the peak emissions are in the month of October and November. From the results, it is observed that the top-down approach overestimates the emissions when compared to the bottom-up approach. For example, the CO2 emissions calculated using top-down approach is 1.1 and 1.8 times higher than the bottom-up approach for Punjab and Haryana, respectively. This is because a fixed value of fraction of biomass burnt is taken to estimate the amount of crop residue burned from the crop production values instead of accounting for area which are actually burned.

The development of the longer term emission inventory from crop residue burning may provide useful information for policy making on air pollution control in the region.

How to cite: Yadav, A., Sasanapuri, S. K., Upreti, H., and Behera, S. N.: Assessing the variability in emissions from crop residue burning in north India using remote sensing data, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-638, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-638, 2023.

X5.225
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EGU23-1096
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ECS
Pascoal Campos, José Pires, and Anabela Leitão

The use of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) has been proven as an alternative to the traditional ground-level monitoring of air quality in many countries across the world. Therefore, this study based on MERRA-2 data aims: (i) to characterize the spatiotemporal and component variations of aerosols in the atmosphere over the capital cities (Luanda, Sumbe, Benguela, Huambo and Lubango) of the five most densely populated provinces of Angola from 2010 to 2020; (ii) to analyze the relationship between the monthly mean variation of the total AOD and the meteorological parameters (precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) in those five cities; and (iii) to assess the influence of emissions from the Nyamuragira volcano, located in the Democratic Republic of Congo, on the air quality at the five cities. The most significant contribution to the total AOD was derived from organic carbon, in all the cities, whereby the highest values (0.19 - 0.23) were in Luanda. Ranges of sulphates across the coastal cities were higher when compared to the interior cities caused by the emissions inventory data. The value of AOD in all the cities increased and reached the peak during the dry season. The HYSPLIT model showed that air masses from Nyamuragira at various heights in November 2011 reached Luanda and Sumbe, and CALIPSO could confirm the existence of volcanic aerosols in this same period. This study allowed to conclude that the variability of AOD loading depends on seasons and regions, thus providing a little more information about the matter.

How to cite: Campos, P., Pires, J., and Leitão, A.: Assessment of aerosols over five cities of Angola based on MERRA-2 reanalysis data, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-1096, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-1096, 2023.

X5.226
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EGU23-10764
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ECS
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Vikas Kumar, Vasudev Malyan, and Manoranjan Sahu

Particle exposure affects more humans globally than any other air pollutant. However, due to expensive instruments and infrastructural deficiency, a high spatiotemporal network of monitoring stations is not possible, leading to data-scarce regions. Satellite and reanalysis datasets can be implemented to estimate particulate matter, but they do not provide surface concentration and needs to be reconstructed from the components. In this study, a machine learning (ML) framework is implemented to reconstruct PM2.5 from MERRA-2 data components, namely black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), dust (DUST), sea salt (SS), and sulfate (SO4). The ground level and respective MERRA-2 data were collected from India's 335 continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations (CAAQMS) for 2017-2021 at hourly resolution. Random forest (RF) performs better with train and test scores (R2) of 0.86 and 0.74, respectively, while the empirical equation provides an R2 of only 0.27 on test data. The estimated PM2.5 for Indian states from 1980-2021 indicates a significant increase in most cases. However, states in the Indo-Gangetic plain such as Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh are the most polluted regions of India. The major shift in concentration is from 2000 onwards, which can be seen as a direct result of the economic liberalization policies implemented in 1991. The results provide evidence for the limitations of the broad application of the empirical equation and the feasibility of ML algorithms as a potential reconstruction technique for developing robust and accurate region-specific models from MERRA-2 data.

How to cite: Kumar, V., Malyan, V., and Sahu, M.: PM2.5 Reconstruction using MERRA-2 using Ensemble Machine Learning Approach and Long-term Analysis for India (1980-2021), EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-10764, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10764, 2023.

X5.227
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EGU23-13453
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ECS
Anurag Kumar Gupta, Taveen Singh Kapoor, Navinya Chimurkar, Chandra Venkatraman, and Harish C. Phuleria

Fired clay brick kiln (FCBK) industry is one of the unorganized and often overlooked sectors in terms of its regional air quality and health impacts. Approximately 87% of the 1.5 trillion clay bricks produced worldwide annually are made in Asia. These bricks are typically fired in small-scale traditional kilns that burn coal or biomass without air pollution controls. Clamp kiln is the most traditional technology of brick manufacturing. It is a batch-style kiln that produces 10,000-200,000 bricks per batch in a time period of two to four weeks. It uses coal as primary and firewood and rice husk as supplementary fuel. There is no chimney, and hence the smoke escapes from the cracks at the top and from the sides of the kiln. Very little information is available on aerosols emitted from these kilns. Therefore, it’s important to accurately estimate aerosol emissions and their chemical properties from FCBK to understand their impact on regional air quality and climate. This study examines the chemical and optical properties of emitted aerosols during different stages of combustion in clamp kilns. The National Carbonaceous aerosol programme- Carbonaceous aerosol emissions, source apportionment and climate impacts (NCAP-COALESCE) network source emission measurement system was used to measure absorption and scattering properties using the Aethalometer and Integrating Nephelometer, respectively. Measurements were done for clamp kilns of different firing stages, namely ignition, propagation, and end. The combustion efficiency was >97% during the end, propagation and ignition stages. The average BC (SO2) concentration measured during the ignition, propagation and end stage was 12.5 (10) 18.5 (9), and 13.3 μg-m-3(19 ppm), respectively against background of 2 μg-m-3 (0 ppm) . The corresponding values of average AAE370/660 (AAE660/880) during the three combustion phases were 3.6 (1.3), 2.6 (1.1) and 1.8 (1.2), respectively. The relatively high AAEs indicate a strong contribution by brown carbon aerosol, likely emitted from fuelwood and rice husk combustion during the ignition and propagation stages, respectively. This study would help characterise the combustion stage specific emissions. Further analysis is ongoing to understand the potential impacts on regional air quality and climate. 

Figure 1: Emission measurement setup and different position of the multi-arm during measurement based on incoming plume

How to cite: Gupta, A. K., Kapoor, T. S., Chimurkar, N., Venkatraman, C., and Phuleria, H. C.: Characterizing aerosol emissions from traditional clay fired clamp kilns in South Asia, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13453, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13453, 2023.

Posters virtual: Wed, 26 Apr, 16:15–18:00 | vHall AS

Chairpersons: Sarath Guttikunda, Rebecca Garland, Vikram Singh
vAS.25
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EGU23-10315
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ECS
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Highlight
Ezekiel Waiguru Nyaga, Matthias Beekmann, Subramanian R., Mike R. Giordano, Savannah Ward, Daniel Westervelt, Michael Gatari, Moses Njeru, John Mungai, Godwin Opinde, Tedy Mwendwa, Albert Presto, Emilia Tjernstrom, and Faye v. McNeill

Anthropogenic activities in cities can be major sources of fine particulate matter which contribute significantly to increased mortality and disease. In rapidly developing cities of eastern Africa, lack of routine air pollution measurements have hampered formulation of actionable air quality policies. This study integrates ground-based observations of low-cost sensors (LCS) and regional chemical transport modelling (CHIMERE, https://www.lmd.polytechnique.fr/chimere/) to quantify spatial-temporal variability of PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations, primary/secondary aerosol loading, local versus regional pollution share, and  contribution of key economic sectors. Prior to deployment, LCS PM2.5 mass concentrations were calibrated with a reference instrument (BAM-1020), while LCS NO2 measurements could only be normalized internally. Between June-December 2021 period, sensors were deployed at urban background site (IPA, and UoN), urban traffic sites (KUCC, BuruBuru, and Marurui), and a peri-urban site (Ngong). BuruBuru and Marurui are in addition exposed to nearby residential emissions. Daily average PM2.5 varied from 26.3 to 27.6 µg/𝑚3 at traffic sites, 17.8 to 21.7 µg/𝑚3 at urban background sites,  while it was 20.3 µg/𝑚3 at peri-urban site. PM2.5 and NO2 diurnal patterns mimicked daily traffic cycle with constantly higher evening peaks compared to morning peaks indicating residential emissions. A link of  “large pollution” events with PM2.5 concentrations above 50 µg/m3 and low wind speeds (<4 m/s) was made evident and points to local sources. Preliminary modelling results of a nested CHIMERE run over Eastern Africa down to 2 km horizontal resolution show satisfying results when compared to measurements. They point to a strong urban source of fine particle pollution, with the strongest mass contribution of primary organic aerosol. Analysis of final model output will help to better understand air quality dynamics in Nairobi and ultimately help evaluation of possible future emission mitigation scenarios.

How to cite: Nyaga, E. W., Beekmann, M., R., S., Giordano, M. R., Ward, S., Westervelt, D., Gatari, M., Njeru, M., Mungai, J., Opinde, G., Mwendwa, T., Presto, A., Tjernstrom, E., and v. McNeill, F.: Air Quality Study to Analyze PM2.5 Sources and their Possible Mitigation pathways in Nairobi, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-10315, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10315, 2023.

vAS.27
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EGU23-11237
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ECS
James Nimo, Azoda Koffi, Alabi Omowumi, Benjamin Essien, Emmanuel K.-E Appoh, Ramachandran Subramanian, Nana Ama Browne Klutse, and Allison Felix Hughes

High concentration of pollutants is known to have adverse implication on climate and public health. Every year, poor air quality is responsible for about 7 million deaths globally as it is estimated by the WHO. In sub- Saharan Africa with increasing population growth and urban emissions, the situation is no different since poor air quality is increasing at an alarming rate. Therefore, regular monitoring is required to assess the levels of pollutant in both local and regional scale. However, this is scarce in sub-Saharan Africa as it is expensive to acquire, install and maintain large number of high-grade air quality monitoring sensors. And thus, has limited studies to investigate associations between particulates with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) and gas pollutants like nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) for a long time in sub-Saharan African cities. Hence, this study sort to bridge this gap by utilizing 5 Clarity Node-S sensors PM2.5 data, total column particulates or Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), NO2 and O3 data from satellites over 5 different Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (GEPA) air quality  traffic stations in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Assembly (GAMA). AOD, NO2 and O3 were retrieved from NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MODIS) Terra and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Long-term trends over the 5 stations on (25 x 25) km resolution for OMI and (50 x 50) km resolution for MODIS Terra AOD from 2012 to 2021 were assessed using Mann-Kendall test to ascertain the impact of population growth coupled with increasing traffic, biomass burning and climate change on air quality for the past decade in the GAMA. Further, characterization of PM2.5, AOD, NO2, and O3 levels in the GAMA was also assessed while the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to find correlations between the pollutants. Overall, there was an increasing trend in NO2 (p < 0.05), no trend in O3 (p > 0.05) and a decreasing trend in AOD (p < 0.01). Pearson correlation coefficients between PM2.5 data and MODIS Terra AOD on (50 x 50) km resolution across the stations were (R2 = 0.72, 0.72, 0.67, 0.58 and 0.57) respectively. Correlation coefficient between column NO2 and O3 was (R2 = -0.83 ± 0.030, p < 0.01), AODand O3 (R2 = -0.43 ± 0.003, p < 0.01) and NO2 and AOD(R2 = 0.21 ± 0.010, p > 0.01). PM2.5, AOD and NO2 levels were generally high during the dry season while high concentrations of O3 were observed in the wet season across the stations. Also, PM2.5 daily mean level of 32.8 μgm-3 for 25 months between 2018 and 2021 was more than twice WHO recommended daily mean level of 15 μgm-3. Again, an increasing and decreasing trends in NO2 and AOD levels shows that sources of poor air quality may be shifting from the usual biomass burning to traffic emissions. High population growth with increasing traffic and climate change in growing sub-Saharan African cities requires urgent policy measures and regulations as ground air quality monitoring sensors are limited.

How to cite: Nimo, J., Koffi, A., Omowumi, A., Essien, B., K.-E Appoh, E., Subramanian, R., Klutse, N. A. B., and Hughes, A. F.: Statistical Trends and Characterization of Atmospheric Pollutants Levels Using Low-Cost and Satellite Total Column Data in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Assembly (GAMA), Ghana, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11237, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11237, 2023.

vAS.28
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EGU23-8701
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ECS
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Saurabh Sonwani, Pallavi Saxena, and Anuradha Shukla

The present study has been carried out focusing on the characterization of carbonaceous aerosol near an industrial region in New Delhi, India. It also determines the variation of carbonaceous species during the summer monsoon (SM) and winter monsoon (WM), interprets the morphological description of aerosol particles, identifies the major sources of carbonaceous aerosol, and recognizes the role of meteorological parameters in terms of OC-EC variability. PM10 samples were collected and atmospheric organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were determined during SM and WM seasons in 2016–2017. Owing to high combustion and emission activities in the industrial area, the OC concentration was 70.3±53.7 and 94.3 ± 40.3 μgC/m3 during the SM and WM, respectively, with an overall average of 79.9±44.9 μgC/m3, and the EC concentration was 50.8 ± 53 and 62.6±49.8 μgC/m3, respectively, with an overall average of 58.3±46.7 μgC/m3. The morphological observations of collected particles were studied and the char/soot particles, iron-rich particles, and aggregates of calcium sulfate particles were observed during both seasons. The OC/EC ratio suggested the presence of mixed sources at the industrial location, predominated by industry and motor vehicle emissions. The relationship of carbonaceous aerosol with meteorological variables was also studied, and it was found that temperature, atmospheric stability, wind direction, and rain intensity significantly affect the levels of OC as compared to that of EC during both seasons. Furthermore, it was also noticed that high-intensity rain decreases the carbonaceous aerosol significantly and vice versa.

How to cite: Sonwani, S., Saxena, P., and Shukla, A.: Carbonaceous Aerosol Characterization and their Association with Meteorological Parameters at an Industrial Region in Delhi, India, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-8701, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8701, 2023.

vAS.29
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EGU23-4018
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ECS
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Durga Prasad Patnana, Boggarapu Praphulla Chandra, Pooja Chaudhary, Baerbel Sinha, and Vinayak Sinha

 

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are classified as priority pollutants by United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA). Some of the PAEs and PAHs are considered as human carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In the present study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadruple mass spectrometry (LC-MS QQQ) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of PAEs and PAHs bound to ambient particulate matter. After the method validation, it was deployed for the quantification of PAEs and PAHs bound to PM2.5 collected at a sub urban site in the Northwest Indo-Gangetic Plain. The targeted PAEs in this study are dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di butyl phthalate (DBP), bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) and PAHs are benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A), benzo[b]fluorenthene (B[b]F), benzo[k]fluorenthene (B[k]F), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), dibenzo[ah]anthracene (D[ah]A), benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IND). The measured concentrations of PAEs and PAHs are seasonally varied and the higher concentrations of PAEs were observed in summer and PAHs in winter. DEHP (17.94 ng m-3) and B[b]F (36.13 ng m-3) are the most abundant PAE and PAH measured at the sampling site. The concentrations of B[a]P (4.66 ng m-3; Group 1 carcinogen) exceeded the threshold limits (1 ng m-3) set by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of India (NAAQS). Further, the incremental lifetime cancer risk due to inhalation exposure to DEHP and B[a]P were estimated for adults (0.3678 × 10-6 and 1.40 × 10-5 respectively) and children (0.8792 × 10-6 and 3.272 × 10-5 respectively). Also, the cancer risk associated with the inhalation exposure to B[a]P has exceeded the limits (1 ×10-3) set by USEPA at the measurement site.

How to cite: Patnana, D. P., Praphulla Chandra, B., Chaudhary, P., Sinha, B., and Sinha, V.: Investigation of Endocrine disruptor - PAEs and Carcinogenic - PAHs bound to ambient fine particulate matter over Northwest Indo-Gangetic Plain, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-4018, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-4018, 2023.

vAS.30
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EGU23-4750
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ECS
Rubal Rubal, Anirudha Ambekar, and Thaseem Thajudeen

Air pollution is one of the major causes of early death worldwide and is especially widespread in many low-and middle-income nations (LMICs). Preliminary monitoring networks, satellite retrievals of air-quality-relevant species, and air quality models show that in Asian countries, ambient fine particulate matter (PM) concentrations exceed World Health Organization guidelines, despite the fact that many areas generally remain unmonitored and understudied. The size of PM in the air and the ratio of fine to coarse PM determine the ability to affect the environment and health. Although better monitoring of the air quality levels is of prime importance, the costs involved in setting up monitoring stations are often a big hurdle. This study investigates the distribution and proportion of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 at multiple locations in an educational institute in Goa. In addition to continuous monitoring using low-cost sensors (LCS), including PMS5003, PMS A003, PMS 7003, Winsen ZH 06, SPS 30, Novafitness SDS 011, and Honeywell HPMA, we have also attempted to compare the performance of these sensors with Alphasense OPC N3 at Indian Institute of Technology Goa. The performance of LCS was examined in a variety of environmental settings throughout the research period. The factors such as reference bias, temporal drift, particle composition effect, Pearson correlation, sensor repeatability, and climatic influence on sensor data have been analyzed to assess their significance in the analytical results. Pearson correlations (r = 0.64 - 0.83) between the investigated devices demonstrated the efficacy of low-cost Plantower PM sensors in monitoring PM10 and PM 2.5 in the field. The correlation between the low-cost sensor and OPC was lower in sites with a more significant concentration of coarse particles. As expected, the measurements are also influenced by atmospheric conditions, particularly temperature and relative humidity. The time-series results also clearly show the increased concentration levels during the winter (greater than the national standards) but less in summer and winter. This study also attempts to analyze the air quality at different locations in Goa with LCS, and the PM concentration is compared with gravimetric samplers at those locations.

How to cite: Rubal, R., Ambekar, A., and Thajudeen, T.: Performance of Low-Cost Sensors in Measuring Particulate Matter Concentrations in Indoor and Outdoor Environments, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-4750, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-4750, 2023.

vAS.32
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EGU23-3027
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ECS
Akash Biswal, Vikas Singh, Leeza Malik, Geetam Tiwari, Khaiwal Ravindra, and Suman Mor

Road traffic emission is considered to be the major source of pollution exposure in megacities around the globe. Traffic emission makes urban air pollution to be highly spatially heterogeneous with sharp concentration gradients that can vary substantially within a few meters near the road. The spatially heterogeneous and temporally varying emissions are required to account for  concentration gradients that have a direct impact on the population exposure to outdoor air pollution. However, estimating such a detailed emission is very complex as it requires multi-category emission factors and a huge amount of georeferenced detailed traffic activity data such as traffic volume and speed, distance traveled, vehicle category share, fuel share, engine share, technology share etc. In the absence of detailed data, emission estimations have been limited to coarser resolution which may not be suitable for high resolution air quality modeling, exposure assessment and management..

Here we present an emission model to estimate multi-pollutant hourly gridded on-road traffic emission over Delhi. The model uses the globally adopted COPERT (Computer Programme to Calculate Emissions from Road Transport) emission functions to calculate the emission as a function of speed for 127 vehicle categories. For traffic activity, the emission model uses advanced traffic volume and speed data for Delhi obtained from TRIPP (Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme, IIT Delhi). Further the model considers the congestion (travel time delay based on TOMTOM) and speed-volume relation for different road categories to estimate hourly traffic volume and speed for each road link in Delhi that is used to calculate the hourly emissions using the COPERT emission functions Further, the emissions are gridded at 100 m × 100 m resolution to generate high-resolution spatio-temporal emission maps for Delhi and shown in Fig. 1 for four different hours of the day.

We analyzed the modeled emissions to identify peak emission hours, pollution hotspots and most polluting vehicles. The hourly variation of emissions show distinct bimodal distribution with morning and dominant evening peaks for almost all pollutants linked with congestion and peak traffic.

Figure 1. Estimated gridded NOx emission at 100m × 100m spatial resolution at different time of the day; the time is displayed in the upper-right corner of each subplot.

The emissions are high near the busy roads and traffic junctions. The emission flux in the central areas of Delhi (Fig. 1) is 40-50% higher than mean emission flux due to the higher road and traffic density and lower average speed. Diesel vehicles have been found to be the dominant contributor to PM, BC and NOx emission. Our results suggest that the top 5 polluting vehicle categories account for more than half (55% - 91%) of the emissions. This study provides very detailed spatio-temporal emission maps for megacity Delhi, which can be used in air quality models for developing suitable strategies to reduce the traffic related pollution. The developed model can be applied for developing emission inventory and real-time emission with the growing availability of real-time traffic data.

How to cite: Biswal, A., Singh, V., Malik, L., Tiwari, G., Ravindra, K., and Mor, S.: An emission model to predict hourly street level traffic emission for air quality management in megacity Delhi, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-3027, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3027, 2023.

vAS.33
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EGU23-16203
Soyol-Erdene Tseren-Ochir, Iderkhangai Erdenebat, Urangoo Tumurbat, Ji Yi Lee, Amgalan Natsagdorj, and Youngpyu Kim

Nitrogen and oxygen containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are the most dangerous substances for public health and are of increasing interest due to their high toxicity and oxidative properties. Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, has occasionally been considered the most polluted city in the world. The high emissions from various anthropogenic sources of pollutants coupled with unique weather and geographical conditions lead to the formation of haze over the city in winter. The main purpose of this study is to determine the concentration, main sources and seasonal changes of nitrogen and oxygen containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (Oxygenated PAHs and Nitro-PAHs) in atmospheric fine inhalable particulate matter (PM2.5) in Ulaanbaatar city and to compare it with other big cities in East Asia in order to define their risk to human health. Samples were taken in winter (December 2020 and January 2021) and summer (June 2021) and the concentration of 12 types of OPAHs and 8 types of NPAHs were analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS).  As a result, the mean concentration of OPAHs in atmospheric PM2.5 particles in Ulaanbaatar is 21.5 and 35.3 times higher than that in Seoul, Korea in winter and summer, respectively. While the concentration of NPAHs was 5.1 times higher in winter and 11.2 times higher in summer than that in Seoul. Major sources and their contributions of NPAHs and OPAHs in atmospheric PM2.5 in Ulaanbaatar were identified based on correlation analysis and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling.

How to cite: Tseren-Ochir, S.-E., Erdenebat, I., Tumurbat, U., Lee, J. Y., Natsagdorj, A., and Kim, Y.: Seasonal variation and source apportionment of Oxygenated (OPAHs) and Nitrated (NPAHs) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in PM2.5 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-16203, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-16203, 2023.