Perennial Firn Aquifers (PFA’s) facilitate meltwater storage within an ice sheet’s firn layer. They have been extensively mapped across the Greenland Ice Sheet, largely using Operation Ice Bridge and Sentinel-1 data. However, in Antarctica, observations of PFA’s are limited to the Antarctic Peninsula, where the combination of high accumulation and ablation aids in the formation and insulation of extensive sub-surface meltwater reservoirs. On ice shelves, PFA’s have the potential to drive ice-shelf damage via hydrofracture, and it is therefore crucial that we have a better understanding of their presence beyond the Antarctic Peninsula.

To begin to improve our understanding for PFA’s elsewhere in Antarctica, we conduct a study on the Nivlisen Ice Shelf, an ice-shelf often characterised by extensive surface meltwater networks in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. In addition to high rates of ablation, Nivlisen Ice Shelf also experiences high accumulation rates, making the ice-shelf a good candidate for the formation of PFAs. To investigate this theory, we utilise a method previously applied on the Greenland Ice Sheet, and exploit the low backscatter values returned in C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to detect potential PFA’s. C-band SAR data is obtained from Sentinel-1 and RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM), and is complemented with L-band SAR imagery. With both the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) and Copernicus ROSE-L satellites planned for future launches, we hope that our work will allow us to better understand the value of combined C- and L- band research for for studies of buried meltwater across both the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets.

How to cite: Dell, R., Scharien, R., and Dean, C.: Detection of a perennial firn aquifer within Nivlisen Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-21560, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-21560, 2025.

Antarctic ice shelves, which encircle approximately 75% of the continent, play a pivotal role in moderating global mean sea level rise as their buttressing properties restrict the flow of inland ice. Each ice shelf is subject to distinct glaciological and climatic conditions that influence its susceptibility to partial break-up or total disintegration. One factor compromising the stability of ice shelves is the presence of both surface and sub-surface meltwater, which may accelerate firn-air depletion and induce flexural stresses, possibly leading to fractures within the ice shelf.

While the occurrence of surface meltwater has been studied extensively in recent years – documenting widespread meltwater systems across several ice shelves during the austral summer – our understanding of meltwater storage below the surface remains limited. In some regions, liquid water may persist within the ice-shelf surface throughout the year, insulated by overlying snow, firn, or ice layers. This subsurface meltwater, particularly in the form of buried lakes, represents a potential mechanism for hydrofracture – even outside the melt season. However, buried lakes are typically difficult to detect using optical imagery, complicating efforts to understand their dynamics and their impact on ice-shelf stability.

Here, we aim to evaluate the feasibility of applying machine learning methods, previously employed on the Greenland Ice Sheet, to detect meltwater lakes buried beneath the surface of Antarctic ice shelves. Using a convolutional neural network in a deep learning approach, we seek to classify ice-shelf surface and subsurface features in Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery (SAR), enabling the identification of buried lakes. Preliminary qualitative analysis of Sentinel-1 SAR data has revealed several possible buried meltwater lakes near the grounding line of the western Wilkins Ice Shelf near Merger Island. These lake findings provide an opportunity to assess the applicability of machine learning models developed for Greenlandic application in an Antarctic context. Additionally, it allows us to test the use of airborne radar data for validating buried lake identification in SAR imagery.  

How to cite: Suchantke, P., Dell, R., Arnold, N., and Dunmire, D.: Investigating Buried Meltwater Lakes on an Antarctic Ice Shelf with Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery and Machine Learning Methods, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-9617, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-9617, 2025.

Over 3,300 ice-marginal lakes exist around the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), interacting with ~10% of its perimeter boundary. The number of ice-marginal lakes has increased over the last three decades, likely in response to enhanced meltwater runoff and glacier recession. We describe an ice-dammed, ice-marginal lake drainage event observed north of Isunnguata Sermia Glacier, south west Greenland in which ~1.6 million m³ of water drained from the 100 m deep lake over 4 days during the 2015 melt season. Using the Glacier Drainage System (GlaDS) model, fully-coupled to ice flow dynamics in the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM), we model this ice-marginal lake drainage as an instantaneous drop in water level at the boundary of our model domain. By modifying the subglacial hydrological inflow/outflow boundary conditions, and tracking the evolution of the system through time in terms of channelised discharge, sheet thickness, effective pressure, and ice velocity we show that ice-marginal lake-drainage of the scale observed in 2015 causes significant reorganisation of the channelised subglacial drainage, both in the short term with a sudden injection of water and channel development, and in the long term with changes in the outlet boundary conditions and basal friction. As the number of ice-marginal lakes and the frequency of their drainage increases going forward we expect these dynamic drainage reorganisations to become more common, with implications for future GrIS dynamics. 

How to cite: Hepburn, A. J. and the SLIDE Team: How do variations in ice-marginal lake water depth impact subglacial hydrology routing and ice dynamics? , EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-10780, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-10780, 2025.

Meltwater lakes on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet are forming at higher altitudes due to atmospheric warming. They can often drain suddenly (within hours) by evacuating water through crevasses in the ice. This water then spreads along the ice-bedrock interface, resulting in hydraulic jacking on the order of metres. The effect of such events on the wider subglacial drainage system is poorly understood, and current models of the large-scale subglacial drainage system are unable to resolve these high volumes of fluid being injected over short time scales.

We present a mathematical model for the radial expansion of a subglacial ‘blister’ both during and after injection from a supraglacial lake. The model incorporates both turbulent and laminar water flow, both of which are found to be significant over different time and length scales. We also include a novel formulation for the fluid ‘leak-off’ to represent the decay of the blister volume as the injected water drains into the wider subglacial drainage system. This model can be used as a buffer to regularise numerical formulations of the larger-scale subglacial network.

How to cite: Stuart, H. and Hewitt, I.: Subglacial blister evolution in the event of supraglacial lake drainage, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-10834, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-10834, 2025.

Surface melt runoff at the margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet has long been linked to seasonal surface velocity changes caused by water lubricating the base of the ice sheet and enhancing basal sliding. The relationship between seasonal runoff and velocity patterns has been studied and other behaviors besides increased sliding have been found. This suggests a link to different states of basal drainage systems and basal properties (Moon et al., 2014; Solgaard et al., 2022). We investigate the impact of surface melt runoff on the dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet margins by determining basal properties. Using the finite element ice flow model Úa (Gudmundsson et al., 2012) constrained by surface velocities from the PROMICE velocity product (Solgaard et al., 2021), we invert for the ice rate factor A and basal slipperiness C. This approach allows us to investigate the effect of surface melt water on ice velocities and is an important step towards improving the sensitivity of ice flow models to seasonal climate variations.

How to cite: Eckert, M. K., Solgaard, A., Gudmundsson, G. H., and Hvidberg, C. S.: Investigating seasonal basal properties in Greenland through ice velocity inversion, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-11107, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-11107, 2025.

The Greenland Ice Sheet is a major contributor to present-day sea-level rise, with ice dynamics playing a central role in its mass loss. Previous studies suggest that Greenland’s glaciers can be broadly classified into three distinct types based on seasonal velocity patterns near the ice front. The differences between patterns are primarily attributed to interactions of two critical processes: basal motion at the ice-bed interface and frontal ablation at the ice-ocean interface. Many glaciers exhibit behaviour that deviates from the idealised classifications, and even within the same glacier, the patterns may vary significantly from upstream to downstream. These observations underscore the complexity of the processes that drive ice motion.

In this study, we aim to separate the influences of basal motion and frontal ablation on the seasonal flow variations of 33 marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Northwestern and Central-West Greenland. Using surface velocity observations derived from the ITS_LIVE offset-tracking dataset, we compare these with modelled results from the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model, which incorporates monthly ice-front positions and surface mass balance inputs but neglects explicit subglacial hydrology. By incorporating modelled velocities, we move from correlation to causation, quantifying the contributions of frontal dynamics and basal conditions to the seasonal flow signal. This allows us to explore the extent to which each driver affects specific locations in a crucial step toward a greater understanding of the spatial and temporal variability in glacier behaviour.

How to cite: Oniszk, K., Badgeley, J., Cheng, G., Colgan, W., and Khan, S. A.: Bridging Observations and Models: Isolating Frictional and Frontal Controls on Glacier Dynamics in Northwestern and Central-West Greenland, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-14465, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-14465, 2025.

Subglacial and englacial hydrology is a key driver of ice dynamics in glaciers and ice sheets. Observations of subglacial and englacial water storage, especially in moulins, are extremely challenging, and long-term datasets are consequently limited. The transition from the summer melt season to the winter drainage system shutdown is rarely observed.

We studied a glacial moulin on Isunnguata Sermia, West Greenland between July and December 2024 using Cryoegg instruments. Cryoegg is a spherical, wireless device which monitors conditions within the englacial and subglacial environment of glaciers and ice sheets. It provides hourly temperature, pressure, and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements[JH1]  of englacial and subglacial water. 

Three Cryoeggs were deployed, two at different depths in one moulin and the third in another moulin nearby. We observe the changing hydrology of these moulins, including the transition from summer to winter. In summer, warm sunny days produce diurnal cycles in the pressure and EC measurements, with high pressure and low-EC water being present during the local afternoon and evening. The transition to winter includes evidence of the release of stored (high-EC) water into the drainage system and a gradual transition to a high-pressure, high-EC state as midwinter approaches.  

How to cite: Mann, S., Prior-Jones, M., Jonathan, H., and Lisa, C. and the SLIDE Team: Summer-to-winter record of Greenland moulin water pressure and electrical conductivity revealed by Cryoegg wireless instruments, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-11691, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-11691, 2025.

The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has been losing mass at an accelerating rate, primarily due to meltwater runoff to the ocean. Firn, a porous transition layer between snow and ice, has the potential to buffer the GrIS’s contribution to sea level rise by retaining this meltwater. In regions with low surface accumulation, such as the K-transect in Southwest Greenland, high surface melt leads to the formation of thick, near-impermeable ice slabs which decrease the capacity of firn to retain meltwater. In contrast, in regions with high surface accumulation, such as the Helheim glacier in Southeast Greenland, high surface melt causes the formation of firn aquifers.

In this research, we simulate ice slabs and firn aquifers with a one-dimensional firn model, called Timm’s Firn Model (TFM), along glacier flowlines in different climate forcing scenarios. Instead of the commonly-used, more computationally efficient bucket scheme, the TFM solves the Richards’ equation, which simulates the vertical water transport more physically. We investigate whether the TFM simulates an earlier onset, greater extent, and expansion of ice slabs and firn aquifers towards the interior of the GrIS. In addition, we offer a new detection method for ice slabs based on hydraulic conductivity and volumetric liquid water content, enabled by the modeling of liquid water movement with the Richards’ equation.

The results show that firn aquifers were already forming in the Helheim glacier region before the GrIS started rapidly losing mass. Furthermore, the TFM results indicate that, with warming, firn aquifers form earlier along the flowline, expanding towards the interior of the ice sheet. Firn aquifer formation is highly dependent on surface accumulation, with higher accumulation rates favouring formation.

We further find that ice slabs, though less extensive than firn aquifers, were present along the K-transect in Southwest Greenland before the GrIS’ rapid mass loss. With warming, ice slabs form earlier along the flowline and expand towards the interior, consistent with available observations. Three consecutive years of extensive melt lead to ice slab formation. However, decade-old ice in the subsurface firn leads to ice slab formation as well, by merging with newly refrozen layers.

How to cite: Jovanovic, N., Schultz, T., and Humbert, A.: Simulating Greenland Ice Slabs and Firn Aquifers with a 1D Firn Model, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-6766, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-6766, 2025.

Subglacial hydrology plays a key role in many glaciological processes. The amount of water at the glacier base and the properties of the hydraulic system modulate the basal sliding and, thus, ice discharge. The subglacial discharge of fresh water impacts the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the adjacent fjords or ice shelf cavities. It is a main driver of submarine melting and glacier terminus retreat for Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers.

We apply the MPI-parallel implementation of the Confined-Unconfined Aquifer System model (CUAS-MPI) to the entire Greenland Ice Sheet. The model is forced with water input from ice sheet basal melt and additional runoff (daily) from the regional climate model RACMO. CUAS-MPI is based on an effective porous media approach (single-layer, Darcy-type flow) in which the hydraulic transmissivity is spatially and temporally varying. The transmissivity evolves due to channel wall melt, creep-closure, and cavity opening. This makes it possible to simulate inefficient and efficient water transport without resolving individual channels.

Based on daily model output data, we analyse the evolution of Greenland’s subglacial system and the water discharge into selected fjords and compare the results for a normal year (2018) with a particularly warm year (2019).

How to cite: Kleiner, T., Fischler, Y., Bischof, C., Petersen, D., and Humbert, A.: Modelling Greenland’s subglacial hydrology using CUAS-MPI, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-16505, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-16505, 2025.

Ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is currently the most significant single global contributor to barystatic sea level rise. The discharge of ice directly into the ocean from marine terminating glaciers is the cause of approximately 40% of this sea level rise. Understanding the processes that control how ice slides over the bed is fundamental to improving predictions of future GrIS mass loss.

Ice flow through major outlet glaciers dominates discharge of ice to the ocean, and this often involves flow through complexly overdeepened glacially eroded troughs. The adverse slopes of overdeepenings have the potential to modulate subglacial water pressure both by reducing hydraulic gradient, and via supercooling processes.

Here, we explore the control exerted on ice dynamics by the prominent overdeepening near the terminus of Upernavik Isstrøm II, an outlet glacier on the west coast of Greenland. We observe a ‘marine-isolating’ effect on the flow of inland ice, with ice dynamics dominated by marine processes downstream of the riegel and by melt processes inland of the riegel. Further, intriguing patterns of seasonal velocity variation were observed within the overdeepening under high melt conditions that support the possibility that adverse slopes of overdeepenings suppress the seasonal development of efficient channelised subglacial drainage, which is a key mediator of rates of sliding.   

How to cite: Jones, A., Swift, D., and Livingstone, S.: Control of seasonal ice dynamics by overdeepenings., EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-18456, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-18456, 2025.

The hydrofracture-driven drainage of supraglacial lakes rapidly introduces large volumes of meltwater to the ice-sheet bed, influencing ice-sheet dynamics on multiple timescales. Immediate ice deformation mainly arises from three sources: the opening of the hydrofracture crack, separation of the ice from the bed, and additional slip at the bed. An understanding of the ice response to drainage requires knowledge of these spatially and temporally varying sources, ideally constrained by observations obtained both on the ice surface and within the ice column. Previous work examining ice dynamics during supraglacial lake drainage relies on ice-surface observations only: aerial and satellite imagery, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data, and pressure-sensor records from draining lakes. We deployed three autonomous phase-sensitive radio echo sounders (ApRES) near a set of three supraglacial lakes at ~950 m elevation, in the mid-ablation zone of the western Greenland Ice Sheet, to record englacial deformation during lake drainage. The ApRES stations were embedded within a geophysical network including GNSS stations, air-temperature sensors, and a lake pressure logger, and were configured to make repeat measurements every 15 minutes from May 2022 to September 2023. In 2022, two of the lakes adjacent to the ApRES stations drained abruptly via hydrofracture, exhibiting characteristics of inter-lake static-stress triggering; in 2023, all three lakes drained in a similar manner. We demonstrate the capability of the ApRES system to provide estimates of the time-varying change in englacial vertical strain rate that accompanies hydrofracture-driven lake drainage, despite the short durations of the drainages and the wet and variable ice surface that is inevitable during the melt season. At station locations ~1 km away from the hydrofracture cracks, we observe vertical strain rates of magnitude up to ~1 yr^-1 during lake drainages, averaged over the top 500 m of ice and over 15 minutes; background vertical strain rates have magnitudes of ~10^-3 yr^-1 at these locations. As a first step towards incorporating these englacial observations of deformation as constraints on an inverse problem to obtain the spatial and temporal history of the deformation source, we compare the englacial observations to predictions from a source model constructed using only GNSS data. Following previous work, we use an elastic dislocation model and invert the GNSS data to obtain time- and space-varying estimates of the opening of the hydrofracture crack, opening at the ice-bed interface, and excess slip at the bed during lake drainage. We then use this model to predict changes in strain in the ice under the ApRES stations, and compare the resulting timeseries with our observations. We evaluate the additional sensitivity provided by our englacial observations to the deformation source.

How to cite: Lu, G., Nettles, M., Stevens, L., and Larochelle, S.: Observations and models of englacial deformation during supraglacial lake drainage, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-6941, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-6941, 2025.

Shortwave radiation can penetrate a few metres below the surface of an ice sheet, causing subsurface melting which results in the formation of a surface layer of porous ice, called the weathering crust. The weathering crust evolves in response to changing weather conditions, affecting the albedo, the surface and near-surface melting, and the transport of meltwater across the ice-sheet surface. Here, we extend our existing one-dimensional mathematical model for the vertical structure and temperature of the weathering crust to also account for lateral flow of meltwater through the porous crust. This is done using Darcy’s law and a parametrisation for lateral drainage. Our model successfully reproduces observed temperature, porosity and surface lowering on the south-western Greenland Ice Sheet over several years. This enables our model to be used as a tool for predicting future mass loss and weathering crust evolution in a changing climate. We also explore how two key parameters in our model – representing the partitioning of shortwave radiation between surface and subsurface absorption, and the strength of lateral meltwater drainage – affect the ice structure, temperature and mass loss. From this, we demonstrate the importance of accounting for the weathering crust, particularly subsurface radiation, for correctly reproducing observed surface mass loss.

How to cite: Woods, T. and Hewitt, I.: Modelling surface mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet in response to radiation and lateral meltwater drainage, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-10272, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-10272, 2025.

Surface melting and consequent runoff/refreezing play an increasingly crucial role in the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) Surface Mass Balance (SMB) and its contribution to the global sea-level rise. Space-based L-band radiometry offers a promising tool for quantifying the total surface-to-subsurface liquid water amount (LWA) in the firn, in addition to providing the areal extent and duration of seasonal surface snow melt. Here, we evaluate the performance of commonly used microwave dielectric mixing models in determining the total LWA using a snow microwave emission and radiative transfer model in conjunction with L-band (1.4 GHz) brightness temperature (TB) observations from Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) missions. The L-band TB responds to the real and imaginary parts of the firn dielectric constant, which increases markedly with liquid water content (LWC) in the firn. The measured dielectric constant is translated into LWA using a model between snow LWC and the dielectric constant. The formulation of the effective dielectric constant of the ice, air, and water mixture is key to accurately quantifying LWA; as it is independent of the radiometer measurement, it adds an uncertainty component to the LWA retrieval that is solely depending on the accuracy of this dielectric mixing model. We apply different dielectric mixing formulations in the forward model to estimate LWA, which we compare to the corresponding LWA from a locally calibrated ice sheet Energy and Mass Balance (EMB) model and the Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB) model within NASA’s Icesheet and Sea-Level System Model (ISSM). The EMB model was driven by in situ measurements from automatic weather stations (AWS) of the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) and Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) located in the percolation zone of the GrIS, and the GEMB model was forced with the ERA-5 reanalysis products. Both models were initialized with relevant in situ profiles of density, snow and firn stratigraphy, and the sub-surface temperature measured at the AWS locations. The agreements and discrepancies between the LWA estimates from the mixing models and their comparison with the LWA from firn models will be presented. The analysis assesses the impact of the dielectric mixing model choice on the LWA retrieval algorithm to create an observational dataset of seasonal LWA across GrIS.

How to cite: Hossan, A., Colliander, A., Harper, J., Schlegel, N.-J., Vandecrux, B., Miller, J., and Marshall, S.: Assessment of Dielectric Mixing Models for L-Band Radiometric Measurement of Liquid Water Content in Greenland Ice Sheet, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-13962, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-13962, 2025.

The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) accelerating mass loss is dominated by ice dynamics [1]. The most up-to-date research reveals a widespread increase in discharge from glaciers on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula since 2018 [2]. The western AP is roughly divided by Brabant and Anvers islands of the Palmer Archipelago between the cooler waters of the Bransfield Strait to the north and the warmer Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) to the south. The warm ocean water is widely accepted to be the main driver for acceleration of marine-terminating ice streams by a reduction of the resistive force due to ocean-driven ice shelf thinning, ice shelf disintegration, terminus retreat and increasing ice damage [3, 4].

In addition to the long-term ice dynamics for decades, short-term seasonal speed variability on the grounded ice sheet of AP have been reported that an average summer speed-up of 12.4% for tidewater glaciers in western AP [5] and 15% for glaciers feeding into the George VI Ice Shelf [6]. Current research links these speed fluctuations with seasonal ocean warming and surface melt [5], however the seasonality of speed varies between years and regions. Changes in subglacial hydrology can have large effects on glacier dynamics, including reductions in basal friction and short-term accelerations of ice flow, but until now these changes have remained challenging to detect.

In our study, we focused on the dynamics and driving mechanisms of outlet glaciers that flow into Wordie Bay on western AP. After the Wordie Ice Shelf break-up, these former tributary glaciers have significantly increased their flow speed and dynamically thinned. The mainstream Fleming Glacier is currently one of the fastest outlet glaciers on western AP. We use high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data from the TanDEM-X mission and Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA), and the radar depth sounder (RDS) data from the Center for Remote Sensing and Integrated Systems (CReSIS) mission to detect new subglacial lakes. We also use time-series DEMs to estimate subglacial lake height anomalies and analyze how subglacial lake filling and drainage processes affect glacier surface velocities. To further explore the basal conditions of sliding, we invert for time-series basal drag distribution with the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM) using high resolution geometry and velocity data from remote sensing.

Reference:

• Otosaka, I.N., et al., Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2023. 15(4): p. 1597-1616.
• Davison, B.J., et al., Widespread increase in discharge from west Antarctic Peninsula glaciers since 2018. The Cryosphere, 2024. 18(7): p. 3237-3251.
• Cook, A.J., et al., Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula. Science, 2016. 353(6296): p. 283-286.
• Wallis, B.J., et al., Ocean warming drives rapid dynamic activation of marine-terminating glacier on the west Antarctic Peninsula. Nature Communications, 2023. 14(1): p. 7535.
• Wallis, B.J., et al., Widespread seasonal speed-up of west Antarctic Peninsula glaciers from 2014 to 2021. Nature Geoscience, 2023. 16(3): p. 231-237.
• Boxall, K., et al., Seasonal land-ice-flow variability in the Antarctic Peninsula. The Cryosphere, 2022. 16(10): p. 3907-3932.

How to cite: Dong, Y., Zhao, J., Wolovick, M., Franke, S., Humbert, A., Krieger, L., Floricioiu, D., Jansen, D., Helm, V., Kleiner, T., and Höyns, L.-S.: Speed variability of Wordie Bay outlet glaciers driven by subglacial hydrology, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-18788, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-18788, 2025.