Tropical wetlands provide ecosystem services worth billions of dollars annually through flood regulation, water purification, carbon storage, fisheries, and biodiversity support, while also emitting globally significant amounts of methane. Significant uncertainties remain in our understanding of the processes linking catchment-scale hydrodynamics, seasonal inundation, wetland vegetation, biogeochemistry, and atmospheric greenhouse gas fluxes across tropical wetland landscapes.

These uncertainties limit our ability to predict how a warmer and wetter climate may alter tropical wetland methane emissions. Improving process-level understanding of this coupled hydrological-ecological-biogeochemical system is essential for constraining a potentially important, yet poorly characterised, wetland-climate feedback in the Earth system.

We welcome contributions spanning field observations, laboratory experiments, remote sensing, data assimilation, modelling, and theory. Topics include wetland hydrology and inundation dynamics; vegetation structure, function, and environmental responses; methane production, oxidation, transport, and emissions; carbon cycling; land-atmosphere interactions; and the impacts of climate variability, extremes, and land-use change.

We particularly encourage interdisciplinary studies that link processes across scales, from microbial and plant dynamics to regional and global assessments. Contributions that improve the representation of tropical wetlands in Earth system models, develop novel observational capabilities, or integrate in situ, airborne, and satellite datasets are especially encouraged.

Ecosystem respiration is a fundamental flux in the global carbon cycle, yet its full interpretation remains constrained by the incomplete consideration of the counterflow of atmospheric oxygen (O₂) into soils—the so-called "forgotten half" of the respiratory process. The respiration quotient (RQ = CO₂ produced / O₂ consumed) offers a unique, integrative signal that reflects not only microbial metabolic activity but also the interplay of biotic processes, abiotic gas transport, and redox dynamics across scales—from microbial communities to entire ecosystems. RQ values deviate in many cases from the simple expectations of RQ ~1.0, indicating the influence of diverse processes such as fermentation, nitrification, mineral weathering, and incomplete mixing.
Despite its potential, RQ remains underutilized in many fields of research from the microscale to large-scale ecological and atmospheric studies due to the technical challenges of high-precision O₂ measurements— which is necessary especially given the high atmospheric background (20.95%). To overcome this, we want to bring together people and ideas of different fields who try to tackle this challenge and answer questions related to the CO₂ - O₂ exchange of the living but also non-living environment.
We invite atmospheric scientists, microbial ecologists, and biogeochemists to join this emerging frontier: where the subtle interplay of CO₂ and O₂ fluxes reveals the hidden logic of ecosystem respiration—from the microscale of microbial metabolism to the macroscale of global carbon budgets. This session lays the foundation for a new generation of integrated, process-based monitoring networks that connect the biosphere’s breath to the atmosphere’s pulse.

Aeolian processes operate across a myriad of spatial and temporal scales both on Earth and other planetary bodies. Interactions among geochemical, atmospheric, hydrologic, biological, cyrospheric, and soil processes shape aeolian dynamics and landforms, generating feedbacks that influence evolution across scales. Yet the controls governing aeolian transport, soil erosion, dust emission, and the resulting landforms are complex, interconnected, and remain incompletely understood. Bridging observations and understanding across spatial and temporal scales is therefore critical to advancing our understanding of aeolian systems and their evolution. This session brings together research traversing the spectrum of scale, from long term landscape evolution modelling to small-scale process studies. It will be of interest to researchers that study wind-driven processes and associated bedforms in a range of environments, including, coastal, arid and hyper arid regions, vegetated landscapes, icy beds, and planetary environments. Contributions employing novel instrumentation in field or laboratory studies, remote sensing, innovative numerical modelling, theoretical approaches, or combinations of these methods are encouraged.

Sitting under a tree, you feel the spark of an idea, and suddenly everything falls into place. The following days and tests confirm: you have made a magnificent discovery — so the classical story of scientific genius goes…

But science as a human activity is error-prone, and might be more adequately described as "trial and error". Handling mistakes and setbacks is therefore a key skill of scientists. Yet, we publish only those parts of our research that did work. That is also because a study may have better chances to be accepted for scientific publication if it confirms an accepted theory or reaches a positive result (publication bias). Conversely, the cases that fail in their test of a new method or idea often end up in a drawer (which is why publication bias is also sometimes called the "file drawer effect"). This is potentially a waste of time and resources within our community, as other scientists may set about testing the same idea or model setup without being aware of previous failed attempts.

Thus, we want to turn the story around, and ask you to share 1) those ideas that seemed magnificent but turned out not to be, and 2) the errors, bugs, and mistakes in your work that made the scientific road bumpy. In the spirit of open science and in an interdisciplinary setting, we want to bring the BUGS out of the drawers and into the spotlight. What ideas were torn down or did not work, and what concepts survived in the ashes or were robust despite errors?

We explicitly solicit Blunders, Unexpected Glitches, and Surprises (BUGS) from modeling and field or lab experiments and from all disciplines of the Geosciences.

In a friendly atmosphere, we will learn from each other’s mistakes, understand the impact of errors and abandoned paths on our work, give each other ideas for shared problems, and generate new insights for our science or scientific practice.

Here are some ideas for contributions that we would love to see:
- Ideas that sounded good at first, but turned out to not work.
- Results that presented themselves as great in the first place but turned out to be caused by a bug or measurement error.
- Errors and slip-ups that resulted in insights.
- Failed experiments and negative results.
- Obstacles and dead ends you found and would like to warn others about.

For inspiration, see the collection of BUGS - ranging from clay bricks to atmospheric temperature extremes - at https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU25/session/52496

The current energy, climate, and geopolitical crises underscore the urgent need to develop carbon-free natural resources, with natural hydrogen as one of the most promising candidates. However, fundamental knowledge gaps persist regarding the complex, interconnected geological, geochemical, and microbiological processes that govern its generation, migration, accumulation, preservation, and seepage. This session aims to improve our understanding of the natural hydrogen cycle through the integrated interpretation of multi-scale (from laboratory to field scale) and multi-disciplinary observations. Contributions should present novel or established methods to: 1) reliably distinguish geological from non-geological (microbial and artificial) hydrogen sources; 2) link surface geochemical, microbiological and/or geophysical signatures to subsurface processes and migration pathways; 3) quantify the hydrogen generation and consumption/degradation rates to assess its potential as a sustainable energy resource; and 4) Improve current models of the natural hydrogen cycle. We invite contributions from researchers applying surface geochemical, microbiological, subsurface geophysical exploration techniques, as well as integrated multi-disciplinary approaches including modelling to reduce ambiguities in data interpretation and improve predictive capabilities for natural hydrogen systems.

This session focuses on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the biosphere-atmosphere interface, encompassing innovative analytical methods, laboratory and field studies, and emission modeling approaches. We invite contributions on plant and other biogenic VOC emission sources (e.g., from soil, litter, and freshwater) under environmental changes, methodological advances in sampling and analysis techniques, and modeling frameworks that bridge experimental observations with atmospheric processes.

New theoretical approaches, grounded in field observations and experimental manipulations, are increasingly providing improved understanding of the response of organisms to environmental changes, for processes operating at organ level, through whole organisms to ecosystems. This provides a basis for addressing functional biodiversity within communities, the different timescales of ecosystem response to changing environments, and the feedbacks between ecosystems and their environment. Since these changes and feedbacks regulate carbon, nutrient and energy flows, this in turn provides a basis for developing new and simpler models of the biosphere and its interactions in the earth system.

Addressing these complex issues requires an interdisciplinary perspective. This session will explore new approaches to understanding the two-way interactions between the biosphere and the environment across terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems – encompassing observational, theory and modelling perspectives. We invite contributions that examine shifts in traits and community composition across different ecosystems. We welcome contributions that address this through experiments, observations, empirical analysis and conceptual, eco-evolutionary or process-based modelling. By examining work on soil communities, terrestrial vegetation and freshwater and marine ecosystems, the session aims to foster a cross-system perspective on ecosystem functioning.

Tiny changes in tree stem radius, often only a few micrometres, contain a wealth of information about tree growth dynamics, water status and responses to environmental stress at hourly, daily or seasonal timescales. Dendrometers provide this data, in some cases with near-real time online access. A network of dendrometers over larger regions allows monitoring of biological dynamics of forests across ecosystems and species ranges, identifying trends, disentangling stressors, and more. To bring together dendrometer users, create synergies, and foster collaboration, we are in the process of establishing a global dendrometer network (https://globaldendro.org/), accompanied by a metadatabase with easy-to-access information about region, species coverage, number and type of dendrometers, and more. In this session, we invite contributions to share ideas, results and discuss implications from all areas of dendrometer-related research, including but not limited to
- Forest productivity
- Dendrometers and carbon sequestration
- Dendrometers and water regulation
- Comparison of dendrometer types
- Dendrometers to build drought stress indicators
- Dendrometers and remote sensing proxies
- Methodological developments for dendrometer data analysis

Organic molecules preserved in sediments and other environmental archives record the organisms, environment, and process-specific dynamics from which they originated. Interpreting their signals, however, requires disentangling biological, physical, and chemical overprints from the original signal. Lipid biomarkers from diverse source organisms spanning archaea, bacteria, algae and higher plants to animals, together with their stable isotopic composition, remain one of the most powerful tools for this work. Analyses often integrate various compound classes such as n-alkanes, fatty acids, alkenones, sterols, hopanoids, HBIs (Highly Branched Isoprenoids), HGs (Heterocyst Glycolipids), GDGTs (Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers), and intact polar lipids, applied across settings ranging from modern process studies to deep-time reconstructions.
This session draws together biomarker-based research across terrestrial, lacustrine, marine and anthropogenically influenced environments. We encourage submissions of studies using new biomarker tools, proxy development, compound-specific isotope analyses (e.g., δ¹³C, δ²H, δ18O, Δ¹⁴C), lipid biosynthesis and phylogeny of source organisms, and transport and diagenetic processes.
We also invite studies applying biomarker and isotopic evidence to reconstruct environmental variables such as temperature, hydroclimate, vegetation change, human impact, and biogeochemical cycling across modern and past environments. We particularly encourage contributions from early-career scientists.

The quadrupole mass spectrometer, originally developed as a mass filter in the 1950s, has since evolved into an adaptable tool across research and industry. Its unique ability to monitor gaseous compounds over an exceptionally wide concentration range—from ppb to percent levels (to 100%)—sets it apart from gas-specific sensors, enabling comprehensive, real-time analysis of complex gas mixtures. Modern quadrupoles offer improved response times and detection limits, making in-situ measurements feasible even in dynamic experimental environments.
In this session, we invite contributions that highlight the expanding applications of quadrupole mass spectrometry. Specifically, in the areas of:
• Stable isotope analysis,
• Real-time monitoring of analytes,
• Respiration analysis with bio reactors, or
• Innovative uses of the technology for analyzing both gaseous and aqueous components

The research presented should underscore the ongoing evolution of quadrupole mass spectrometry as a key analytical technique, opening new avenues for research and industrial applications.

The terrestrial water cycle is usually studied one compartment at a time: precipitation by meteorologists, runoff and recharge by hydrologists, aquifers by hydrogeologists, and evapotranspiration by land-surface scientists. Yet climate change, land-use change and human water use act mainly on the links between these compartments. They change how rainfall is partitioned at the surface, how much reaches aquifers and how long it is stored there, and how much returns to the atmosphere to fall again as rain.

This session invites studies that cross at least one of these boundaries. Relevant topics include precipitation extremes, monsoons and atmospheric rivers and their imprint on runoff and recharge; soil moisture, infiltration, and snow and glacier melt; groundwater recharge, surface water–groundwater exchange, and storage change from GRACE and in-situ networks; evapotranspiration, moisture recycling and irrigation feedbacks; and the carbon, solutes and pollutants that water carries along its flow paths, including greenhouse-gas emissions from reservoirs. We also welcome interventions that deliberately reconnect the loop, such as managed aquifer recharge and nature-based solutions. Methods that link compartments are equally welcome: isotopes and tracers, remote sensing, coupled and hybrid models, and explainable machine learning.

We particularly encourage work on water-balance closure across scales, studies from data-scarce and monsoon-dominated regions, and research that turns whole-cycle understanding into water-security decisions. Early-career scientists are strongly encouraged to submit.

Phenological changes induced by ongoing climate change are affecting species, ecosystems, and even the global climate by altering species performance, species interactions (potential mismatches and new opportunities in the food web), and water and carbon cycles. Observations of plant and animal phenology as well as remote sensing and modeling studies document complex interactions and raise many open questions about the future sustainability of species and ecosystems. In this session we invite all contributions that address seasonality changes based on plant and animal phenological observations, pollen monitoring, historical documentary sources, or seasonality measurements using climate data, remote sensing, flux measurements, modeling studies or experiments. We also welcome contributions addressing cross-disciplinary perspectives and international collaborations and program-building initiatives including citizen science networks and data analyses from these networks.
This session is organized by a consortium representing the International Society of Biometeorology (Phenology Commission), the Pan-European Phenology Network - PEP725, the Swiss Academy of Science SCNAT, the TEMPO French Phenology Network and the USA National Phenology Network.

Drylands cover 41% of Earth’s land surface, are home to over a third of the world’s population, store a third of global soil organic carbon and significantly contribute to the trend and interannual variability of the net land carbon sink. At the same time, drylands are vulnerable to climate and land-use change, and projected intensifying climate extremes, and disturbances pose potential threats to future ecosystem services and livelihoods. Yet, much about dryland ecosystem dynamics remains poorly understood, in part because of the importance of rapid-onset and highly localized events, emphasizing the need for improved understanding of dryland processes and their response to global change.
This session welcomes studies that advance our understanding of ecosystem dynamics in drylands, their role in carbon, water, and nutrient cycling, and the implications for ecosystem resilience under current and future global change. We specifically encourage submissions that (i) focus on interactions among dryland ecology, hydrology, and climatology; (ii) present the development or application of novel approaches to quantify and characterize carbon-water-ecosystem interactions across space and time; and (iii) address challenges such as temporal and spatial variability and heterogeneity, pulse-driven dynamics, and measurement and modeling needs specific to drylands.

Droughts, characterized by precipitation deficits and high evaporative demand, are becoming increasingly frequent, prolonged, and intense under global environmental change. Climatic drivers (such as altered precipitation regimes and rising temperatures) and land surface modifications (including vegetation greening, deforestation, land-use transitions, and wildfires) interact in complex ways to shape ecohydrological responses to droughts across spatial and temporal scales.
This session invites contributions that explore how ecosystems and hydrological processes respond to droughts, aiming to uncover both underlying mechanisms and broader consequences. We welcome studies based on observational, modeling, and conceptual approaches. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
1. New insights into drought responses based on emerging in-situ and satellite observations of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and vegetation dynamics.
2. Process-based understanding of ecohydrological responses to droughts of varying severity under changing climate and land surface conditions.
3. Long-term trends and resilience of ecohydrological systems under recurrent droughts, with a focus on resistance, recovery, and key environmental drivers.
4. Advances in modeling frameworks (process-based or AI-based) and observation-constrained approaches for improving the representation of drought responses.
5. Social and ecological impacts of evolving droughts, including implications for ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, and human well-being.
By integrating hydrology, ecology, and remote sensing, this session seeks to advance our understanding of ecohydrological drought responses and to inform sustainable adaptation strategies in a changing environment.

Catchments are spatially heterogeneous because of topography, soils, vegetation covers, and climate. These features shape the redistribution of water, energy, carbon, and nutrients in the landscape, influence hydrological connectivity, and create biogeochemical hotspots. This session explores how the spatial organization of landscapes, soil, and vegetation cover shapes coupled water, energy, carbon, and nutrient processes in heterogenous landscapes. We welcome observational, experimental, process-based modelling, and AI/ML-driven studies that identify the mechanisms organizing the spatial patterns of ecohydrological processes and feedbacks. Relevant topics include simulated and observed spatial patterns of water, carbon, and water quality and underlying mechanisms; hydrological connectivity and lateral transfers; the emergence of biogeochemical hotspots; propagation of local dynamics to catchment-scale carbon, nutrient, sediment, and pollution export; and spatially heterogeneous responses to climate change. We also encourage cross-catchments studies that compare contrasting landscapes, explicitly consider spatial heterogeneity, and larger-scale study that develop approaches for representing sub-catchment and sub-grid heterogeneity at regional and continental scales. This session potentially brings together hydrologists, biogeochemists, and modelers that improved the process understanding and modelling ability of coupled water, energy and elements in spatially heterogeneous catchments.

Land-atmosphere coupling modulates the exchange of water, heat and carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere. Therefore, it can dampen or exacerbate climate extremes (e.g., heat waves and droughts) and affect ecosystem processes (e.g., the land carbon sink). However, there are several key aspects related to uncertainties that hinder the accurate quantification of land-atmosphere coupling. Firstly, different metrics/indices can be used to describe (aspects of) land-atmosphere coupling, introducing uncertainties between the respective estimates. Secondly, an increasing amount of data describing land-atmosphere coupling is available, together with increasingly powerful methods for analysing them. In response to this, a more thorough consideration of uncertainty stemming from data and methods is critical in interpreting the robustness of emerging patterns. Lastly, physical processes underlying land-atmosphere coupling occur on different spatiotemporal scales ranging from in-situ to the regional scale and from seconds to months, which may or may not be reflected in the data we use to study them, in turn further inducing uncertainties.
Only by considering these aspects it is possible to determine accurately where available information is (not) sufficient to draw robust conclusions. Addressing the uncertainty challenge aims at a more precise identification of e.g. accurate observational constraints for process-based modelling or a more accurate determination of the role of land-atmosphere interactions for changes in (surface) weather and climate.
We invite abstracts that quantify uncertainties of various origins relevant for studying land-atmosphere interactions, including but not limited to inter- and intracomparisons of observations and model output, evaluations across spatiotemporal scales, and assessments of variables capturing surface carbon or water fluxes and indices/metrics.
We are especially interested in abstracts that move beyond solely quantifying the uncertainties, but motivate us to address and reconcile them and abstracts focusing on the implications of uncertainties related to land-atmosphere interactions on the evolution and location of extremes, carbon processes or the location of land-atmosphere coupling hot spots, among others.

Vegetation change in mountainous regions is often treated as an outcome of changing hydro-meteorological regimes, yet its feedback to those regimes remains poorly resolved. While it is known that vegetation has significant effects on water partitioning, and shifts in species distributions may actively alter the distribution and temporal availability of water in the regions, these latter dynamics remain poorly represented in the scientific discussion and existing Earth-System-Models. A consolidated understanding of the effects has been hampered by their apparent global heterogeneity: While the European Alps have experienced intensive greening rates, other systems like the North American Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada face widespread forest degradation and disturbance driven mortality with varying hydroclimatic impacts.
This session focuses on the underlying and resulting snow-water-vegetation interactions in seasonally and perennially snow-dominated mountain regions across the globe, where runoff generation heavily depends on the seasonality of snow and glacier melt and its interaction with vegetation, surface- and groundwater bodies. We invite contributions addressing the process interactions between snow and glacier melt, surface- and groundwater, evapotranspiration, primary production, soil moisture distribution and runoff generation, welcoming field work as well as modelling studies. We especially look forward to the integration of novel monitoring techniques into modelling frameworks, inviting case studies as well as comparative and scenario studies across space and time.
We want to connect scientists across disciplines to advance ecohydrological understanding of mountain systems and investigate the role of vegetation in these diverse and complex landscapes.

How do soil-plant-atmosphere interactions shape hydrological and vegetation responses to climate extremes? How do antecedent soil-water and vegetation conditions influence the pathways through which droughts, heatwaves and floods affect agricultural and natural systems? Which approaches can explain contrasting responses and improve predictions?
This session explores soil-plant-atmosphere processes and hydrological pathways during the onset and development of climate extremes and subsequent recovery. We examine links between meteorological forcing, antecedent system states, plant water use, land-atmosphere exchanges and hydrological responses, from field to catchment scales. We welcome studies of contrasting responses under dry and wet conditions, drought-heat interactions and transitions between extremes.
Topics of interest:
1. Soil-plant-atmosphere responses and feedbacks. Root water uptake, plant water regulation, evapotranspiration, canopy energy balance and vegetation stress during droughts, heatwaves and excess water, including soil-water supply and atmospheric demand interactions.
2. Antecedent conditions and hydrological pathways. How soil moisture, root-zone water storage, vegetation condition and groundwater connectivity shape responses to extremes; how water storage and partitioning among evapotranspiration, drainage, recharge and runoff link plant water availability to broader hydrological behaviour.
3. Contrasting extremes, event sequences and recovery. Contrasting responses under different initial conditions; drought-to-flood transitions; compound hot-dry conditions; and hydrological and vegetation recovery: timing, thresholds and legacy effects.
4. Observation-informed process understanding and prediction. Combining observations and models to identify response pathways, test process explanations, link spatial scales and assess predictive performance across events and environmental conditions.
We welcome research using satellite and uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) remote sensing, field experiments, process-based models, data assimilation and interpretable or hybrid machine learning, especially integrating soil-water, vegetation, surface-flux and hydrological observations.
Studies may examine single extremes or processes or compare events and systems. We link soil-plant-atmosphere and hydrological extremes research to explain how initial conditions and interacting processes shape responses and recovery.

This session invites contributions that advance the observation, understanding, and modelling of ecohydrological processes across spatial and temporal scales. We particularly welcome studies of vegetation–water interactions, including root water uptake, evaporation and transpiration, canopy interception, soil moisture–plant feedbacks, and ecosystem responses to climatic and environmental changes. Contributions combining experiments, in-situ observations, remote sensing, data-driven approaches, and process-based modelling are encouraged, with particular emphasis on identifying mechanisms, understanding their variability across scales, and improving the representation and prediction of ecohydrological processes.

A particular focus is placed on scaling, data-model integration, and transferability: how can observations and process understanding obtained at fine spatial and temporal scales be translated into reliable predictions across heterogeneous landscapes and under climatic, ecological, and land-use change? Contributions addressing model evaluation, uncertainty, parameterization, scaling, and transferability across contrasting environments are especially encouraged. We also welcome work that connects improved predictive capability to challenges in ecosystem, water resources, and land management.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to: (1) ecohydrological mechanisms and feedbacks among hydrological, ecological, and biogeochemical processes; (2) multi-scale observation and modelling of ecohydrological processes; and (3) scaling, model evaluation, uncertainty, and transferability across heterogeneous landscapes and changing climatic, ecological, and land-use conditions.

The session aims to bring together approaches that advance fundamental process understanding and the predictive capability of ecohydrological models, fostering new perspectives on how ecohydrological knowledge can be translated across scales and environmental conditions.

Interactions between plants and their environment shape terrestrial fluxes, biochemical cycles, and agro-ecosystem productivity. However, we still lack detailed knowledge of how these interactions impact plant access to soil resources and, hence, plant growth, particularly under deficit conditions. The main challenge arises from the complexity inherent to biophysical and biochemical processes in soil and plants across multiple scales. To address these knowledge gaps, an improved understanding of soil-plant-related transfer processes is needed.

Quantitative approaches that integrate across disciplines and scales constitute stepping-stones to foster our understanding of fundamental biophysical processes at the interface between soil and plants. This session targets research investigating soil-plant-related resource transfer processes across different scales (from the rhizosphere to the global scale) and welcomes scientists from multiple disciplines encompassing soil and plant sciences across natural as well as agricultural systems. We are specifically inviting contributions on the following topics:

- Hot topics 2027: Heat and drought interactions, hybrid process-based and data-driven models
- Bridging the gap between biologically and physically oriented research in soil and plant sciences
- Measuring and modeling of soil-plant hydraulics and gas exchange, water, solute, and carbon fluxes through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum across scales
- Identification of plant strategies to better access and use resources from the soil, including under abiotic stress(es)
- Experimental techniques such as non-invasive imaging and three-dimensional root system modeling tools
- Novel experimental and modeling techniques assessing belowground processes such as root growth, root water, and nutrient uptake, root exudation, microbial interactions, and soil aggregation
- Mechanistic understanding of plant water use and gas exchange regulation under drought and their implementation across scales (from cell to organ to single plant to agro- ecosystems, Earth system)

The continuum approach is a classical framework to describe and understand the soil--water dynamics and the soil effective--stress state in unsaturated soils. This approach is robustly rooted in the definition of the soil--water constitutive laws (soil--water retention curve, soil hydraulic conductivity, Kirchhoff potential, etc.). They link the real soil and its model. Advancements along their development and the comprehension of their role stand at the intersection of experimental measurements, mathematical representation and modelling, numerical solutions, theoretical understandings and practical applications.

This session aims at stimulating an interdisciplinary discussion about the state of the art and recent advances about soil--water constitutive laws and soil physical and hydrological properties, in the framework of a continuum approach and contributing to define its limits.

Experimental, theoretical and numerical contributions are encouraged about, but not limited to, (1) scaling of soil--water constitutive laws and their changes in time and space as a consequence of seasonality, climatic changes, anthropogenic changes and pedogenesis; (2) physics of water--repellent soils, and of swelling, dispersive and collapsible soils; (3) constitutive laws for extremely dry conditions and for nearly saturated soils; (4) nonequilibrium and hysteretic behaviours; (5) limits of the Darcian approach in the presence of macroporosity; (6) heat transfer and dispersion; (7) freezing and thawing processes in permafrost; (8) mechanisms of incipient erosion; (9) mathematical functions of constitutive laws and their physical implications; (10) pedotransfer functions and database analysis.

Advancements along those lines will have major implications in many fields, ranging from hydrology, to soil science and soil physics, agriculture and geotechnics.

Climate change-induced drought and extreme events are exerting increasing pressure on forest persistence and resilience. This pressure manifests across biological, spatial and temporal scales, from trees adjusting physiological processes and resource allocation under limiting water conditions to changes in interactions among individuals, species and their environment. These responses can translate into altered growth and functioning, increased mortality, and shifts in population dynamics and community structure.
A major challenge is to understand how processes and responses observed at one organizational scale relate to those emerging at others. This requires integrating complementary perspectives.
This session welcomes research connecting two or more scales of tree-to-forest responses, from biochemical and ecophysiological processes to, populations, communities and landscapes. We invite contributions using stable isotopes, tree rings, ecophysiological measurements, experiments, long-term forest observations, remote sensing, demographic approaches aimed at understanding the processes of forest resilience in a rapidly changing climate.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the key water flux at the interface of soil, vegetation and atmosphere. Methods to derive this flux or its individual components from in-situ measurements have been developed in various research disciplines, covering different scales from e.g. point scale sap flow or soil heat pulse measurements, via pedon-scale of lysimeters, ecosystem scale of eddy covariance footprints to the landscape scale via drones or scintillometers. In-situ-measurements are necessary for calibration, validation and comparisons with larger scale estimates from remote sensing and modelling, but scaling procedures and uncertainty estimations are required for meaningful comparisons. Additionally, the support of these processes by AI methods holds much promise, but usually depends on large well-described data sets.

This session will mainly focus on the variety of in-situ ET estimates such as from sap flow or soil heat pulse sensors, lysimeters, eddy covariance stations, scintillometers and other (possibly new) methods. We would also like to address the challenges in comparing the different in-situ estimates while dealing with scale-dependency, uncertainty and representativity. We welcome contributions that (1) assess and compare established and new in-situ measurements, (2) address error sources and uncertainty considerations of the respective methods, (3) bridge scales between different in-situ measurements and modelled and remotely sensed ET, (4) demonstrate the value of in situ ET measurements to improve modelling of ET or characterizing large scale ET in combination with remote sensing; (5) evaluate challenges and opportunities of using AI for in-situ scaling and comparisons.

Peatland restoration for conservation purposes has been implemented for decades now, but recently the focus has been shifting towards a reconciliation of the production of biomass with ecological goals, especially the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while peatland management in conservation-focusses projects increasingly has to be adapted to climate change. Management measures include, but are not limited to, productive use of wet peatlands (paludiculture), improved water management in conventional agriculture and forestry, photovoltaic on wet peatlands, solutions for peat originating from infrastructure projects and innovative approaches in conservation-focused rewetting projects. We invite studies addressing all types of peatland management and their impacts on GHG exchange, ecosystem services and biodiversity. Work on all spatial scales from laboratory to global level addressing biogeochemical and biological aspects as well as experimental and modelling studies are welcome. Furthermore, we invite contributions addressing policy coherence e.g., in the context of the EU Nature Restoration Law and evaluating policy instruments for initiating and implementing new management practices on organic soils. Implementation and efficiency of management practices depends not only on hydrogeology and climate but also on other regional factors. Therefore, we hope to host contributions from different geographical regions where peatlands are important including boreal, temperate and tropical peatlands.

Climate change is increasing the frequency, extent, and severity of forest disturbances, including drought, heatwaves, fires, windthrow, pathogens, insect outbreaks, and their compound effects. These disturbances can cause rapid carbon losses through reduced productivity, increased mortality, and reshape forest structure and composition. At the same time, forests face diversifying management pressures: growing wood demand is driving more intensive harvesting, while climate and biodiversity goals are expanding restoration and conservation efforts. Therefore, climate-driven disturbances and management interventions increasingly co-occur and interact, making it critical to understand how forests will reconcile or trade off carbon sequestration, wood provision, and biodiversity conservation.
This session focuses on detecting and attributing forest disturbances, quantifying their ecological and carbon consequences, and evaluating management responses across spatial and temporal scales. We invite studies that combine remote sensing, forest inventories, eddy-covariance observations, atmospheric inversions, experiments, machine learning, and process-based models to monitor disturbance occurrence and severity; distinguish natural disturbances from anthropogenic interventions; quantify impacts on productivity, biomass, mortality, regeneration, and carbon fluxes; and track post-disturbance changes in forest structure, composition, and function. We particularly welcome data-driven and AI-enabled approaches that integrate complementary observations across spatial and temporal scales, constrain model representations of mortality and recovery, and evaluate management pathways and their synergies and trade-offs across carbon sequestration, wood provision, biodiversity conservation, and forest resilience.
The session will connect advances in forest disturbance monitoring, impact attribution, and management-relevant modelling to identify pathways that reconcile carbon sequestration, sustainable wood provision, biodiversity conservation, and forest resilience, providing an evidence base for forest management and policy decisions under intensifying climate and societal pressures.

After carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are among the most potent greenhouse gases (GHGs), exacerbating global warming. Their rapidly rising concentrations in the atmosphere require urgent action. Forest ecosystems play an important role in the exchange of GHGs with the atmosphere; however, their global role is still far from being understood. It has been shown that not only soils but also trees can emit and/or consume CH4 and N2O in forests. Trees contribute to ecosystem exchanges in various ways. They can uptake and transport soil-produced CH4 and N2O to the atmosphere; produce and consume both gases in situ in tree tissues; and modify carbon and nitrogen turnover in adjacent soils. However, the individual processes involved beyond net ecosystem GHG exchange remain unclear and seem to depend on various factors, including tree characteristics, tree species traits, forest ecosystem type, environmental variables, and seasons. Moreover, there are also other, but still rarely studied co-players in the forest GHG exchange, such as ground vegetation, cryptogamic covers, or water bodies in case of forested wetlands. Interactions between soil, plants, and the atmosphere play a crucial role in controlling the global budget of these gases.

Our session will link scientists studying the CH4 and N2O cycles in forest ecosystems under different climatic, hydrological and scale conditions. This is crucial for improving our understanding of CH4 and N2O exchange in these ecosystems. We welcome contributions on production and consumption processes and mechanisms in soils and plant/tree tissues, as well as gas transport processes within the soil-tree-atmosphere continuum. We highly encourage gas flux measurements from forest soils, cryptogams, ground vegetation, water bodies (in forested wetlands), tree stems, leaves, and canopies using chamber systems or integrated ecosystem approaches (e.g., flux towers with eddy covariance, satellites, or modelling). We also encourage methodological studies investigating CH₄ and N₂O exchange in forest ecosystems.

Solicited author:
Dr. Josep Barba (CREAF, Spain)

The ocean’s Biological Carbon Pump (BCP) plays a pivotal role in the oceanic carbon cycle by transporting organic carbon from the surface to the deep ocean, thereby regulating atmospheric CO₂ levels and long-term climate. A critical, yet poorly constrained component of the BCP is the velocity at which marine snow particles sink in the ocean. Various observations, imaging, laboratory experiments, and modeling have revealed significant variability in marine snow sinking velocities, influenced by factors such as particle composition, size, density, ballast minerals, but also hydrodynamic conditions such as vertical currents. The oceanic vertical currents are extremely difficult to assess since very variable and up to several orders of magnitude smaller than their horizontal counterparts. Nonetheless vertical velocities about 1 mm/s (~100 m/day) can have strong influences on sinking velocities.
This session invites contributions, , based on models or observations, exploring the physical, chemical and biological controls on marine snow sinking velocities as well as their biogeochemical feedback and parameterization. We welcome studies assessing sinking velocities using novel methodologies and biogeochemical models investigating the role of particle composition on sinking rates, examining the impact of environmental drivers (e.g., temperature, currents, internal tides, turbulence) on particle sinking rates and studies integrating observational, experimental, and modeling approaches to improve parameterizations of sinking velocities in global biogeochemical models.
By bringing together interdisciplinary research, this session aims to advance our understanding of the BCP’s efficiency and its representation in Earth system models, ultimately contributing to more accurate projections of ocean long term carbon sequestration.

Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are major, long-lived greenhouse gases (GHG), which foster global warming and significantly impact atmospheric chemistry dynamics. As a vast component of the Earth System, the aquatic realm is key for the balance between sources and sinks of these gases and largely determines their contribution to the global radiative balance. Hence, understanding the mechanisms of production, consumption, and emissions of these aquatic GHG is crucial for improving predictions of their future changes with ongoing climate change.

While the overall distribution of CH4 and N2O across the water column and sediments in marine, estuarine, and lacustrine systems is well documented, understanding of GHG cycling and emissions in the aquatic realm remains a major scientific challenge. This is largely due to the complex interactions between geological, oceanographic/limnological, biological, and anthropogenic processes. Furthermore, although it is well established that CH4 and N2O emissions offset natural CO2 uptake by aquatic systems, the magnitude of this counteracting effect, as well as their temporal and spatial variability, is still highly uncertain.

This session invites contributions addressing recent advances in understanding the biogeochemical cycling, microbial pathways, and fluxes of CH4 and N2O in aquatic environments. We welcome studies based on laboratory and mesocosm experiments, field observations, remote sensing and modelling approaches. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

• CH4 and N2O cycling in estuaries, bays, fjords, coastal lagoons and other transitional water bodies across all latitudes, as well as fluxes across the sediment-water(ice)-air interfaces.

• The role of current and projected environmental perturbations such as eutrophication, deoxygenation and warming as drivers of CH4 and N2O cycling at the land-ocean continuum (e.g. through riverine input and submarine groundwater discharge).

• The impact of extreme events (e.g. heat waves, storms, floods) on CH4 and N2O cycling and emissions.

• CH4 and N2O formation, transport, and consumption, including specific microbial processes involved.

• Microbe-mineral and microbe-animal interactions (including symbioses) and how these affect CH4 and N2O turnover.

• Quantification of the contribution of CH4 and N2O emissions to overall radiative balance of aquatic systems.

Hydrological extremes, water abstraction and reservoir operations are driving many lakes and reservoirs through low water, fragmented, dry and reflooded states. These transitions alter more than surface area and storage: they change residence time and connectivity, expose sediments to oxidation and desiccation, and reorganize exchanges among catchments, sediments, water and the atmosphere. Their sequence and duration can therefore generate thresholds, delayed recovery and persistent legacies in water quality and ecosystem function.
During contraction, solutes and contaminants may concentrate while littoral and bottom sediments become exposed. Drying changes redox conditions, microbial activity and organic matter processing. Reflooding can remobilize nutrients, salts, metals, suspended sediment and organic contaminants, trigger oxygen demand and greenhouse gas pulses, and reshape habitats and food web interactions. In managed reservoirs, the timing and rate of drawdown and refilling may amplify or reduce these effects.
The session will bring together hydrology, limnology, aquatic biogeochemistry, water quality, ecology, Earth observation and reservoir management. We invite field and experimental studies, in situ observations, water and sediment analyses, remote sensing, process based and data driven modelling, and regional or global assessments. Relevant topics include detection and attribution of state transitions; thresholds, hysteresis and recovery; sediment exposure and rewetting; carbon, nutrient and contaminant dynamics; ecological resistance and resilience; and monitoring, restoration and adaptive reservoir operation. By treating contraction, drying and reflooding as a connected trajectory, the session will examine when responses are reversible, when legacies persist, and how observations and management can reduce risks to water quality and ecosystem function.

Lakes are sentinels of climate change and human pressure, yet harmful algal blooms, loss of aquatic vegetation and water-quality deterioration are intensifying worldwide. Recent progress in satellite and UAV remote sensing, high-frequency sensor networks and artificial intelligence opens new opportunities for "smart" lake monitoring and operational early warning. This session invites contributions on: (1) retrieval algorithms for water-quality parameters (chlorophyll-a, cyanobacteria, turbidity, CDOM) and aquatic vegetation from multi-source remote sensing; (2) integration of in-situ, optical and physiological measurements for calibration and validation; (3) long-term (multi-decadal) reconstruction of lake ecosystem change; (4) data-driven and hybrid models (e.g. deep learning, KAN) for short-term forecasting of bloom events; and (5) cloud platforms (e.g. Google Earth Engine), open tools and management applications. We particularly welcome comparative studies across lakes and regions, as well as contributions from early-career scientists.

Integrating hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological perspectives is essential to understand spatial and temporal dynamics of biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning in freshwater, and their emergent responses and sensitivity to a rapidly changing climate. Hydrological processes shape terrestrial-aquatic connectivity within catchments, with cascading effects on aquatic ecosystems through the mobilization and transport of chemical elements and organic compounds, as well as the dispersal of organisms. On the other hand, biota influences hydrological processes through mechanisms such as tree transpiration and ecosystem engineering, while regulating the biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nutrients, metals, and pollutants.

This session aims to advance understanding of these multifaceted processes by integrating perspectives at the terrestrial-aquatic-atmospheric interface. We welcome contributions that integrate hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology across different organizational and spatial scales, from organisms and communities to stream reaches, lakes, river networks, and catchments. Relevant topics include carbon and nutrient cycling and associated fluxes in soils and inland waters, ecohydrological dynamics, riverine metacommunities, food webs, greenhouse gas exchange, and ecosystem responses to anthropogenic and environmental pressures, including land-use and climate change.

We particularly encourage submissions that develop or combine innovative methods, including remote sensing, machine learning, mathematical modeling, and novel laboratory or field approaches, to address current spatial and temporal data limitations. We also welcome studies that apply concepts, tools, or methods from one discipline to generate new insights in another. By bringing together scientists from diverse backgrounds, this session seeks to foster interdisciplinary dialogue, promote methodological exchange, and stimulate new collaborations in hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological research.

Stable isotopes are powerful tools for tracing water fluxes and associated nutrients in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Because subsurface water and nutrient fluxes, plant water uptake, and atmospheric processes are tightly interconnected, advances in field methods, laboratory techniques, and modeling are critical for capturing these dynamics and their drivers with greater temporal and spatial resolution, precision, and accuracy. At the same time, ecohydrological models are expanding our ability to integrate these observations and assess fluxes in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. This session welcomes experimental and modeling contributions that apply isotope tracers to advance process-based understanding of water and nutrient fluxes across the subsurface, vegetation, and atmosphere, spanning scales from individual plants and forest stands to catchments. In our session, we aim to discuss i) innovative process-based interpretations of stable isotope data; ii) bridge ecophysiological and hydrological perspectives through field-based approaches; iii) development of novel modeling applications and frameworks or data analysis techniques; and iv) current methodological developments. We aim to foster interdisciplinary exchange among researchers investigating ecohydrological processes with natural tracers, spanning groundwater and vadose zone hydrology, plant physiology, and ecology. By linking subsurface hydrology with ecophysiological process studies, the session will showcase cutting-edge methodological advances and stimulate discussion to deepen our understanding of water and nutrient dynamics across the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum.

Our understanding of water pollution sources and their ecological impact has significantly advanced in the last decades. Major advancements have been possible thanks to automated water quality sensing techniques, novel separation techniques such as field-flow-fractionation, inferring ecological function from stream metabolism metrics and eDNA, and developments in modelling tools driven e.g. by the increasing access to high-resolution DEM data and satellite imaging. Further advancements are likely to emerge from the fusion of these datasets and techniques. This session will bring together examples of application of these novel tools for improving scientific understanding of dynamic freshwater ecosystems and their catchments, specifically for detecting water quality and stream ecology change over time and in response to natural and anthropogenic drivers such as global change. We also welcome contributions presenting examples of knowledge transfer to freshwater monitoring and management and freshwater-oriented collaborations between scientists, stakeholders, citizens, and authorities.

This session focuses on recent developments and research on ocean data assimilation. Data assimilation is essential for ocean forecasting, reanalysis, and climate studies. By optimally combining numerical simulations with various observations, data assimilation provides a dynamically consistent and comprehensive estimate of the present and past ocean state. This session invites abstract submissions on developments of data assimilation for the physical ocean together with coupled components such as sea ice, marine ecosystems, land-sea interface and atmosphere for ensuring consistency with other parts of the Earth system. The session also focuses on impact of the assimilation and deployment of novel space-borne and in-situ observations such as autonomous platforms, wide-swath satellite tracks, and deep in-situ observations and biogeochemistry profilers.
Beyond state estimation, this session also welcomes contributions in parameter estimation, uncertainty quantification, and hybrid machine learning and data assimilation methods focused on the ocean.

Global coastal zones are of high ecological and societal values. As the dynamic interface between land, sea, and air, they are heavily impacted by a combination of climate-driven environmental change and human interventions. Approaches to sustainably manage the coastal zone increasingly seek to provide co-benefits of risk mitigation, climate regulation, preserving biodiversity, and supporting coastal community resilience. These require scientific evidence and discourse that integrate across disciplines.
This session invites multi- and inter-disciplinary contributions focusing on coastal processes, their dynamic interactions, and their role in exchanges across coastal interfaces (e.g. land-sea, air-sea, river-sea, …) under a changing climate and changing human activities. We welcome observational, modelling and theoretical studies reporting on processes linked to coastal hydrodynamics, coastal biogeochemistry, coastal ecology, or coastal sediment dynamics and geomorphology. Studies may span the wide range of spatial and temporal scales characteristic of existing and projected change in coastal seascapes and landscapes from the inner shelf shoreward to reefs, seagrass meadows, beaches and dunes, estuaries, intertidal flats, mangrove forests, saltmarshes and coastal wetlands. We encourage the submission of holistic Earth system studies that explore the role of the coastal zone in coastal sea dynamics including exchanges across coastal interfaces under the impact of climate change and human activities. We also encourage studies that focus on impacts of coastal management or coastal adaptation approaches on coastal processes and dynamics, spanning engineered, hybrid, and nature-based options related to dynamic anthropogenic activities such as coastal protection, tourism, shipping, fisheries and aquaculture, and the expansion of renewable energies and other coastal infrastructure.

The oceans are changing rapidly in response to climate change. In this period of rapid change, long-term trends are now emerging across ocean variables, while natural variability operates across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, placing long-term observations at fixed locations in a unique position to be compared with models and reanalyses to investigate this variability and assess how well they represent changes in the ocean across timescales.

In this session, we invite contributions that bring together long-term ocean time series and numerical models and/or reanalyses and satellite data to examine the representation of ocean variability, from daily and seasonal cycles to subseasonal and interannual variability, and longer-term changes and trends. We encourage studies that go beyond model–observation validation and use the comparison to identify processes and timescales that are not adequately represented and investigate the physical causes of observed differences. Such approaches can improve the representation of ocean variability and the processes driving it in models and reanalyses and contribute to better estimates of long-term trends and their uncertainties, improved understanding of ocean–climate interactions, and enhanced skill in seasonal-to-decadal predictions.

Contributions are welcome at global, basin-wide and regional scales, and across ocean compartments, from the air–sea interface to the deep ocean and seafloor. Studies addressing ocean circulation and transports, biogeochemical or biological variables are encouraged. Contributions using CMIP models, ocean reanalyses, high-resolution regional models, process models, or other modelling and statistical approaches are all welcome. We particularly welcome contributions demonstrating the scientific value of sustained, high-frequency and long-term observations for improving models and reanalyses and advancing our understanding of a changing ocean.

This session aims to bring together multidisciplinary perspectives on the interplay between microbial activity, sedimentary processes, and geochemical signatures in lacustrine and marine environments, both modern and ancient. We seek contributions that explore how microbial metabolisms influence mineral formation (e.g., carbonates, clays, sulphates) how isotopic and molecular biosignatures record biogeochemical processes, and how sedimentary archives can be interpreted to reconstruct past environmental and climatic conditions.

We particularly encourage submissions that combine natural systems with experimental analogues, including laboratory simulations of mineral precipitation, microbe–mineral interactions, and environmental gradients. Studies integrating field observations, experimental data, and cutting-edge analytical or computational approaches (e.g., spectroscopy, synchrotron techniques, geochemistry, stable isotopes, machine learning) are especially welcome.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
• Microbially mediated mineral precipitation in lacustrine and marine systems
• Early diagenesis and biosignature formation: field, lab, and model approaches
• Stable isotope systems as proxies for microbial and environmental processes
• Experimental analogues simulating early Earth, Mars-like, or extreme environments
• Sedimentary and geochemical archives for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstructions
• Integration of microbial ecology, mineralogy, and geochemistry to assess biogeochemical feedbacks
• Applications to the search for early life and biosignatures in the geological record and planetary contexts

Tropical reef ecosystems are facing a potential turning-point as they are experiencing the most extreme conditions on record. While the 4th global coral bleaching event (2023–25) exposed ~84% of the world's reefs to bleaching-level heat stress, the next extreme El Niño has started. Yet the observational baseline against which these events are assessed spans only a few decades, whereas the processes that determine whether certain reefs will persist can span centuries to millennia. To assess whether corals can adapt or have adapted to these extremes and which reefs will survive, we require baseline data that go far beyond current timespans alongside improved projections of the coming decades to centuries. Such information also provides an important foundation for restoration and conservation planning–a growing need. This session aims to bring together coral palaeoclimatology, reef (palaeo)ecology and (palaeo)biology, observations, and modelling relevant to restoration and conservation planning, policy-making, and understanding tropical climate dynamics.

We invite contributions from tropical and subtropical settings, including marginal, turbid and naturally extreme reefs, across timescales from deep time to future projections. Topics include, but are not limited to:

• high-resolution coral reconstructions and observations of ocean and climate variability (ENSO, IOD); oceanographic/ecological monitoring, remote sensing; skeletal growth/calcification, other marine biogenic archives (molluscs, sclerosponges, coralline algae)

• proxy development, process understanding; novel geochemical proxies (nitrogen, boron, clumped isotopes), biomineralisation

• coral reef ecology, biology, physiology under stress; thermal tolerance, trophic ecology, microbial symbiont dynamics, connectivity, community change, adaptation, reef refugia

• databases, synthesis, FAIR workflows; PAGES CoralHydro2k and CoralHydro2k-Seawater, CoralCache, GBR Coral Skeletal Records; proxy system modelling, isotope-enabled simulations, data assimilation, proxy-model comparison

• future projections of tropical climate and reef environments constrained by palaeorecords and observations; translation into baselines, thresholds, conservation planning

Contributions from coordinated programmes, such as PAGES working groups (e.g., 2k Network), DFG Priority Programme "Tropical Climate Variability & Coral Reefs", IODP research (e.g., IODP Exp. 389 Hawaiian Drowned Reefs), among others, are welcome.

Water may be present in soil, groundwater or surface storage yet remain inaccessible because it is hydraulically disconnected, too saline, too tightly retained, or stored on timescales mismatched with biological or human demand. We define water accessibility as the capacity of stored water to enter ecologically or societally relevant fluxes, with that capacity varying with hydrological state, connectivity, salinity, biological demand and human intervention.
This session asks when, where, for whom and for how long stored water becomes accessible in human-modified critical zones. We welcome studies of mobile and less-mobile domains, preferential flow, soil hydraulic structure, root access, groundwater depth, salinity, wetting-drying transitions, irrigation, drainage, pumping, land-use change, restoration, hydrological memory, water age and transit times.
Contributions may use field or laboratory experiments, stable isotopes and other tracers, geophysics, remote sensing, water-age and transit-time analyses, and a broad range of modelling approaches. We encourage studies addressing accessibility and functional outcomes for transpiration, recharge, runoff, ecological resilience, crop production, water security and other major ecohydrological or societal fluxes.
We particularly encourage work from agricultural systems, wetlands, deltas, drylands, forests, restored landscapes and other human-modified critical zones. Comparative and negative-result studies are welcome, including cases where connectivity or tracer contrasts strengthen, collapse or shift with hydrological state. The aim is to identify measurable indicators, thresholds, trade-offs and management timing while avoiding the assumption that more stored water necessarily means more accessible water.

Deltas and estuaries are dynamic landscapes shaped by interactions among river flow, tides, waves, sediment transport, and biota. Their hydrology and geomorphology support ecosystems and human activities, while interactions with ecological and biogeochemical processes influence their physical evolution. Accelerating sea-level rise, changes in river discharge and sediment supply, extreme storms and floods, subsidence, and human interventions are reshaping the delicate balance of processes that sustain these environments. Understanding how landscapes respond to these pressures, including nonlinear responses and thresholds of change, is essential for assessing their future trajectories and developing effective adaptation and management strategies.
This session brings together research on the biophysical processes shaping deltaic and estuarine landscapes and on strategies for their adaptation, restoration, and sustainable management. It aims to connect understanding of hydrological and biogeomorphological responses to climatic and anthropogenic pressures with the assessment of management interventions.
We welcome research on the hydrology, morphodynamics, and biogeomorphology of deltas and estuaries, for example addressing river–marine interactions, sediment transport and budgets, feedback between biota and sediment dynamics, and morphological change. Contributions may address the effects of sea-level rise, changing river discharge, storms and floods, subsidence, and human activities, including nonlinear landscape responses and the implications of crossing thresholds. Contributions on adaptation, restoration, and management are equally welcome, including studies of nature-based solutions and conventional engineering approaches grounded in an understanding of physical processes, biogeomorphological interactions, and landscape dynamics. The session embraces theoretical, numerical, and data-driven approaches, including AI, as well as field observations, remote sensing, and experimental studies. We encourage interdisciplinary contributions that connect understanding of physical and biogeomorphological processes with decisions about the future of deltas and estuaries.

Session Description

The Anthropocene is characterized by unprecedented human pressures on aquatic environments, with rapid urbanization, industrialization, intensive agriculture, mining, and climate change increasingly affecting the quality and availability of water resources. Emerging and persistent contaminants—including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, heavy metals, nutrients, microplastics, pathogens, and other chemical pollutants—pose complex challenges to freshwater and coastal ecosystems and may create significant risks to human and environmental health. Understanding the sources, transport, transformation, fate, and impacts of these contaminants is therefore essential for safeguarding water security and ecosystem integrity.

This session, “Safeguarding Water Quality in the Anthropocene: Contaminants, Health and Sustainable Management,” will bring together interdisciplinary research addressing contemporary and emerging challenges in water quality. Contributions are invited on contaminant monitoring and assessment, advanced analytical and sensing technologies, pollutant fate and transport, exposure pathways, ecological and human health impacts, risk assessment, and innovative approaches for water and wastewater treatment. The session will also explore nature-based solutions, circular approaches, remediation strategies, and data-driven and integrated frameworks for sustainable water-quality management.

By connecting environmental science, hydrology, engineering, public health, ecology, and policy, the session aims to foster knowledge exchange and identify science-based pathways for protecting water resources and supporting resilient, healthy, and sustainable aquatic systems in the Anthropocene.

The ocean is a major sink of anthropogenic carbon and heat, and dissolved oxygen has declined across all ocean basins, with consequences for marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling. Oxygen, carbon, and heat are coupled through shared pathways of ventilation, circulation, and biological processes. Their regional-scale relationships, however, remain poorly constrained, because internal variability and redistribution can reinforce, mask, or decouple changes at regional scales. A multi-tracer perspective is therefore key to interpreting ongoing changes and projecting future changes in regional biogeochemistry and marine ecosystems. Here we propose a session that brings together the physical oceanography, biogeochemistry, and climate communities to examine how ocean physics and climate variability shape the coupled cycling of oxygen, carbon, and heat across paleo, present-day, and future climates, drawing on theory, observations, modeling, and data-driven approaches.

We seek contributions that investigate variability, trends, and coupling among oxygen, carbon, and heat from regional to global scales. Topics can include ocean carbon uptake and storage, ocean heat uptake and redistribution, deoxygenation, and the ecological and biogeochemical consequences of these changes. Contributions using historical reconstructions and uncertainty assessments, models, model–observation synthesis, proxy records, technological developments, oceanic and atmospheric integral constraints, and data-driven approaches are particularly encouraged, as are approaches that foster cross-cutting exchanges across the physical–biogeochemical disciplines. We also welcome contributions to deepen our mechanistic understanding in driving the changes, including the roles of ventilation, circulation, mixing, air–sea exchange, and biological processes; the use of oxygen, carbon, heat, and related tracers to diagnose these processes; and the influence of climate variability, such as ENSO and Pacific decadal variability, on their regional co-variability. This session connects to ongoing international efforts, including the CLIVAR-O2CH Research Focus and the Gridded Observational Dataset Intercomparison Project (GODIP), and aims to provide a forum for advancing an integrated understanding of physical–biogeochemical coupling in a changing ocean.

Our understanding of the Indian Ocean’s physical, biogeochemical, and ecological characteristics and their variability across a range of spatiotemporal scales has advanced in recent years. However, there remain significant gaps in our knowledge in observing, modeling, and predicting the Indian Ocean’s changing environmental conditions and its role in regional and global climate.
This session invites Indian Ocean contributions based on observations, modelling, theory, and palaeo proxy evidence across a range of timescales from synoptic, interannual, decadal to centennial and beyond. Topics of interest include past, current, and projected changes in Indian Ocean physical and biogeochemical properties and their impacts on ecological processes, diversity in Indian Ocean modes of variability, interactions and exchanges between the Indian Ocean and other ocean basins via both oceanic and atmospheric pathways, as well as impacts on regional hydroclimate and the adjacent Asia-Australia-Africa monsoon systems.
Submissions are sought on assessing and predicting weather and climate extremes of societal relevance in the Indian Ocean and surrounding regions. We especially welcome submissions addressing compound extreme events that span across the ocean, atmosphere, land, and/or biogeochemical and ecological realms. Furthermore, studies evaluating climate risks, vulnerability, resilience, adaptation and mitigation strategies in coastal and watershed regions affected, for example, by a warming climate, tropical cyclones, and extremes in sea level are encouraged.
We also welcome contributions that address research on the Indian Ocean, using advanced techniques such as artificial intelligence/machine learning, and new technological advances in observing systems.

Marine sediments are an important sink of organic carbon and source of alkalinity, providing a valuable climate regulating function (“Blue Carbon”). Human activities that disturb the seabed might, however, compromise the effectiveness of the seabed in storing organic carbon through a net increase of organic carbon remineralisation, or reduction of its alkalinity-generation capacity by stimulating re-oxidation of reduced minerals. For example, intense mobile bottom fishing may lead to reductions of organic carbon and pyrite stocks, especially in muddy sediments. Other human activities that disturb marine sediment include marine construction, dredging and dumping, offshore wind infrastructure, and submarine cables and pipelines. Sediment disturbance impacts on coastal carbon cycling are largely site or region-specific and difficult to generalise due to the many mechanisms that support stock creation and responses to disturbance, often in opposing directions. In addition, the fate of the ‘lost’ organic carbon or oxidized minerals, and consequences for the marine environment and global climate are currently not well understood. The roles of benthic fauna and of the water column biological carbon pump in carbon cycling under disturbance are also unclear.

Until recently, field and modelling studies have focussed on processes in or near the seabed. It is, however, becoming increasingly clear that a holistic approach is necessary to assess the impacts. Only then will it be possible to provide robust advice for marine spatial management and policy.

We therefore invite abstracts that cover any aspects relating to understanding and quantifying the climate impacts of human activities disturbing the seabed that may be relevant for carbon cycling. These may be observational, experimental, predictive or frameworks to support management. Key topics of this session include, but are not limited to:
- Carbon stocks, accumulation rates, reactivity, and provenance
- The role of flora and fauna in mediating remineralisation, accumulation and burial of carbon, and how disturbance may alter these functions.
- Disturbance impacts on water column nutrients, ecosystem processes, inorganic carbon chemistry and alkalinity dynamics
- Management of carbon stocks under uncertain disturbance outcomes

Organic carbon (OC) plays a fundamental role in the Earth’s climate system and biogeochemical cycles. Understanding the sources, transport, transformation, and fate of OC, as well as exchanges between dissolved and particulate phases, is critical for constraining regional and global carbon budgets, assessing carbon sequestration, and predicting ecosystem responses to natural and anthropogenic environmental change.

The land–ocean continuum, which encompasses rivers and coastal waters to continental margins and the deep ocean, provides important pathways for carbon transfer, transformation, and storage across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. During transport, biological, chemical, and physical processes, such as mineral-organic interactions and hydrodynamic transport, could profoundly alter the composition, reactivity, and age of OC, thereby influencing its preservation, redistribution, and ultimate burial. As a result, identifying carbon sources, quantifying carbon fluxes, assessing carbon burial efficiency, and constraining long-term carbon sequestration remain major challenges in understanding land-to-ocean carbon cycle research.

This session aims to bring together researchers investigating OC transport and cycling across the land–ocean continuum, from terrestrial and freshwater sources to coastal and marine sinks. We welcome observational, experimental, paleoenvironmental, and modelling studies addressing carbon sources, fluxes, transport pathways, transformation processes, preservation, burial, and sequestration in both particulate and dissolved forms. Contributions spanning the water column to the sedimentary record, including water sample, suspended particulate matter, sediment-trap observations, aquatic sediments, and sediment cores, are particularly encouraged. Remote sensing, autonomous observations, and numerical modelling approaches, either as standalone tools or integrated with field and laboratory studies, are likewise encouraged. We also welcome studies exploring the impacts of human activities and climate variability on carbon cycling across both modern and past environments.

Marine calcifiers play a fundamental role in ocean ecosystems and the global carbon cycle by producing and exporting calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Pelagic calcifiers, chiefly coccolithophores, foraminifers and pteropods account for a major fraction of pelagic CaCO₃ production, but benthic calcifiers such as foraminifers and coralline red algae are also important ecologically and are used as proxy archives. Understanding their future under climate change requires connecting processes operating at the level of biomineralization with organismal physiology, ecology, biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem change.
This session will bring together experimental, field-based, geochemical, modelling and palaeoceanographic approaches to investigate how environmental change affects marine calcification and the fate of calcifiers. We particularly invite contributions addressing the mechanisms underlying biomineralization, including ion transport, carbonate chemistry, elemental and isotopic fractionation, and the controls on calcification and dissolution. We also welcome studies examining how physiological responses translate into changes in growth, reproduction, species distributions, community structure and ecosystem functioning and how these responses shape the vulnerability and resilience of marine calcifiers to ocean change.
A central goal is to bridge traditionally separated perspectives: controlled laboratory experiments that identify the mechanisms governing calcification; observations and experiments across natural environmental gradients that reveal organismal responses in situ; and biogeochemical and Earth-system models that translate these processes into consequences for the marine carbonate cycle.
We encourage contributions from research on all major pelagic and benthic calcifiers as well as comparative studies across taxa, life stages and environments. Studies using modern observations, experiments, sedimentary archives, geochemical proxies and modelling are particularly welcome. By bringing these approaches together, the session aims to advance a mechanistic understanding of how marine calcification responds to environmental change and how these responses may propagate from individual organisms to ecosystems and the global carbon cycle.

Our ability to understand biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and other elements in aquatic ecosystems has evolved enormously thanks to advancements in in situ sensor and laboratory techniques and predictive models. The aim of this session is to demonstrate how this methodological advancement improves our understanding of coupled hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological processes in freshwater aquatic environments, streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands and estuaries, controlling the fate of organic matter, nutrients, sediments and other chemical substances. In particular, our session focuses on improving the characterization of the origins, delivery pathways, transformations and environmental fate of organic matter, nutrients and sediments in aquatic environments along with identification of robust numerical tools for advanced processing and modelling of biogeochemical data. As hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes undergo accelerated change, this session welcomes also studies presenting approaches and tools to monitor, model, and predict water quality and sensitivity of aquatic ecosystems to global change and human disturbances.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a key component of biogeochemical cycles in the ocean and on land. It contains as much carbon as all living biomass on the continents and oceans combined. DOM accumulates in the ocean over several millennia and acts as a substantial carbon storage pool. On the other hand, microbes rely on dissolved molecules for carbon uptake, processing DOM on short time scales. DOM is therefore the main link between organic and inorganic carbon in marine and freshwater ecosystems. A multitude of biogenic and abiotic processes shape the so-called “DOM geometabolome” which parallels sedimentary records as an information-rich set of molecular tracers. These compounds carry the signatures of their source and subsequent journey through the environment. For our session, we invite contributions from all areas of research on DOM biogeochemistry, from empirical to modelling studies, from groundwaters and lakes across the freshwater-to-marine continuum. Molecular-level and interdisciplinary studies including modeling approaches are particularly welcome. Also, contributions that apply innovative analytical approaches, or identify novel concepts, fundamental challenges and the future directions of this fast-growing field of research are encouraged.

Coastal wetlands, such as salt marshes, mangroves, seagrass beds, and tidal flats provide numerous ecosystem services, including coastal protection, biodiversity provision and climate change mitigation. However, coastal wetlands are under pressure from both natural and anthropogenic drivers of coastal change, and shifting climatic boundary conditions, hence are declining in area and habitat quality globally. At the same time, these environments are increasingly in the focus of restoration and nature-based solutions for coastal adaptation, where the aim is to work with, rather than against, the natural processes to build and maintain wetlands. Understanding how sedimentation, vegetation establishment, and self-organisation sustain these systems is therefore essential to designing interventions that remain functional over decadal timescales. This is the case for pristine, natural, managed, and restored systems alike.
This session will bring together studies of coastal wetlands across different climates and geomorphological settings to enhance the understanding of ecosystem service provisioning, interactions between hydrodynamics, sediment, and ecology, and to identify best future management practices and effective nature-based solutions. Studies of all processes occurring within coastal wetlands are invited. This includes, but is not limited to, hydro- and morphodynamics, bio-morphodynamics, bio-geochemistry, ecological change and evolution, and impacts and management implications of climate change, sea level rise, and anthropogenic pressures. We equally invite social science and interdisciplinary contributions, including stakeholder participation and co-design in wetland restoration, governance and institutional arrangements, public perception and acceptance of coastal nature-based solutions, and the distribution of costs, benefits and ecosystem services among coastal communities. This session aims to enhance our understanding of basic processes governing coastal wetland dynamics and to propose sustainable management solutions for contemporary environmental pressures.

Fire has emerged as a dominant driver of change in tropical forests. In Amazonia, understory fire and degradation now affect an area comparable to the area deforested. Severe and frequent droughts, combined with widespread degradation, have caused areas with little recent history of fire to burn. There remains large uncertainty in how much carbon is lost to degradation, the time for degraded forests to recover structure, diversity, and carbon, and the role of fire in changing soil carbon fractions, including charcoal.

Soil radiocarbon analyses and new approaches to estimate pyrogenic carbon provide baseline data spanning centuries to millennia to assess modern fire regimes. Burn experiments, burn chronosequences, and plot networks assessing long-term change provide key ground-based data. Satellite data and modelling enable regional assessment and scaling. Combining these approaches and data can help to address knowledge gaps and large uncertainties in tropical carbon budgets. This session spans field, laboratory, remote sensing and modelling research on fire regimes, pyrogenic carbon, degradation and carbon in tropical forests. We invite contributions on:

--Reconstruction of fire history from soil charcoal radiocarbon, stable isotopes, and phytoliths and what it reveals about Holocene/pre-Columbian baselines for fires burning today;
--Pyrogenic carbon production, drivers, stocks, and turnover, and its role in soil fertility and carbon balance;
--Secondary and burned forest structure, tree composition, carbon stocks/fluxes, and their recovery following degradation;
--Controls on where and how tropical forests burn, including fire severity and intensity, flammability, and microclimate, and early-warning and forecasting;
--Approaches including Earth observation, forest and soil carbon models, soil respiration, scaling plot data to regional scales and assessing uncertainty.

Interdisciplinary contributions, work spanning tropical regions, and studies linking data over past and contemporary disturbance are especially welcome. Presentations by early career scientists and researchers based in tropical countries are encouraged.

Skeletal remains, like shells, ossicles, corals, bones, or fish otoliths, are valuable archives of physical, chemical, or paleogenetic information, helping us understand ecological and environmental changes over periods ranging from decades to millennia, whether on land or in the ocean. This session invites researchers who employ these archives to reconstruct changes in species and ecosystems in relation to climate variability and/or human impacts across both the deep time and the recent past. We encourage contributions that focus on biotic interactions, species and community dynamics, sclerochronology, isotope geochemistry, trait-based analyses, morphometric approaches, and ancient DNA/sedimentary DNA, in particular conservation-oriented case studies that combine data from modern biota and fossil remains. Complementary paleoecological archives—such as biogeochemical and isotopic signatures from sedimentary succession or archaeological middens—are also welcome, primarily when they document histories of environmental disturbance and its ecological consequences. We also welcome paleobiogeographic reconstructions that explore range shifts, corridor/barrier dynamics, and distributional disequilibria to inform how species’ spatial patterns have responded to past environmental change. In conclusion, by examining long-term records, we can gain insights into the potential consequences of present-day environmental stressors and climate change, reconstruct past dynamics of species and ecosystem changes, including extinction, recovery, and biogeographic shifts, and thus obtain valuable insights that can help us sketch the near-future trajectories of contemporary ecosystems.

Micropaleontological data provide unique insights into the dynamics and tipping points of past environments and climates through changes in the fossil record, including assemblage composition, morphology, and evolutionary patterns. Micropaleontology lies at the heart of biostratigraphy and provides a fundamental tool for reconstructing and stratigraphically constraining past changes in the Earth system. Our session aims to bring together a broad spectrum of micropaleontologists to showcase recent advances in the application of micropaleontological data to paleoenvironmental, paleoclimatological, and stratigraphic research in both marine and terrestrial settings.
We invite contributions from the field of micropaleontology that focus on the development and application of microfossils (including, but not limited to, coccolithophores, diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminifera, ostracods, radiolarians, conodonts, and pollen) as proxies for paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatological reconstructions and tools for stratigraphic correlation. We particularly encourage submissions of multi-proxy approaches that merge micropaleontological, geochemical, and paleobiological information. The application of microfossils as stratigraphic markers and the advancement of multivariate statistical techniques with a focus on microfossil assemblages are encouraged.

Accurate reconstructions of sea surface, bottom water, and continental surface temperatures during the Cenozoic era are essential for understanding climate dynamics in the geological past, particularly under warmer-than-present conditions. However, producing robust and precise paleotemperature estimates remains inherently challenging. Temperature proxies are subject to a range of geochemical, biological, environmental, and analytical uncertainties, which lead to discrepancies in both absolute and relative temperature estimates across different methods. These limitations hinder efforts to synthesize globally representative paleotemperature records and to constrain the rates and magnitudes of global temperature changes in response to both abrupt and long-term changes in atmospheric CO2.

Addressing these challenges requires new approaches, including improved proxy calibrations, and more comprehensive inter-proxy and proxy-model comparisons, to obtain a better understanding of the uncertainties associated with paleotemperature reconstructions. In this session, we welcome contributions that push the boundaries of Cenozoic paleotemperature research, including new multi-proxy and multi-site temperature reconstructions, new advances in proxy ground-truthing, applications, and calibrations, and novel modelling perspectives on paleotemperature changes. By bringing together the diverse community using proxy and modelling techniques, we seek to increase the robustness of Cenozoic ocean and terrestrial temperature reconstructions. Ultimately, this will improve our understanding of Earth’s climate system and its behaviour during warmer-than-present states.

Speleothems are key terrestrial archives of regional to global palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes on sub-seasonal to orbital timescales. They provide high temporally resolved records which can be accurately and precisely dated using U–Th or U–Pb techniques in combination with a variety of proxies such as stable O and C isotopes and trace element ratios. Recent efforts have seen the rise in more non-traditional proxies, such as fluid inclusion water isotopes, organic biomarkers, pollen, dead carbon fraction etc. This advancement towards quantitative reconstructions of past precipitation, temperature, or other environmental variables and climate patterns are key for data-model comparisons and further evaluations. Beyond this, caves and karst areas additionally host an enormous suite of valuable proxy archives such as cave ice, cryogenic carbonates, clastic sediments, tufa, or travertine sequences, which complement the terrestrial palaeorecord, and are often associated with important fossils, historical or archaeological findings.

This session aims to integrate recent developments in the field and invites abstract submissions from a broad range of cave- and karst-related studies from orbital to sub-seasonal timescales.
In particular, we welcome contributions from:
(1) (quantitative) reconstructions of past climatic and environmental variables to explore precipitation, vegetation, fire frequency, and temperature changes across different climate zones;
(2) field- and lab-based developments of process-based methods to improve the application of cave and karst-related proxy variables;
(3) developments in chronological methods and their applications;
(4) process and proxy-system model studies as well as integrated research on developing and using databases such as SISAL (Speleothem Isotope Synthesis and AnaLysis).

We further welcome advancements in related and/or interdisciplinary areas, which pave the way towards robust (quantitative) interpretations of proxy time series, improve the understanding of proxy-relevant processes, or enable regional-to-global and seasonal-to-orbital scale analyses of the relationships between proxies and environmental parameters. In addition, research contributing to current international co-ordinated activities, such as the PAGES working group on Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis (SISAL) and others are welcome.

Biogeodynamics, the study of the co-evolution of geo- and biosphere over geological time, brings together a diverse group of scientists, interested in how life and and planetary processes have co-evolved from the Precambrian to the present-day. This session highlights the interplay between biological evolution and tectonic, magmatic, and surface processes, exploring how changes in paleoenvironments and -geography have influenced the evolution of complex life - including animals, plants, and marine ecosystems - and how, in turn, biological processes reshape the solid Earth system. As a link between the two spheres, we seek to explore how greenhouse-icehouse climatic transitions have influenced biodiversity and ecosystems and how fossil records are linked to Earth system processes. As paleogeography exerts a fundamental control on Earth’s climate and the evolution of life, we welcome contributions that reconstruct paleogeography and explore its impacts, from the reconstruction of ancient supercontinents to the controls of ocean gateways on climate and biotic dispersals.
Biogeodynamics as an inherently multi-disciplinary subject aspires to better understand the complex coupling of biogeochemical cycles and life, the links between mass extinction and their causal geological events, how fossil records shed light on ecosystem drivers over deep time, and how tectono-geomorphic processes impact biodiversity patterns at global or local scales. We further encourage submissions that use new approaches to unravel the interplay between geodynamics, paleogeography, paleoclimate, and biological evolution across Earth’s history. We aim to understand our planet and its biosphere and climate through both observation- and modelling-based studies.

Northeast Greenland occupies an important position within the Arctic, linking the Greenland Ice Sheet and ice-free terrestrial landscapes with the Arctic Ocean and Greenland Sea. Geologically and environmentally, the region has undergone major change associated with the opening and deepening of Fram Strait, the onset and intensification of Arctic–Atlantic water exchange, the early formation of ephemeral glaciers, the later build-up of the Greenland Ice Sheet, and its repeated expansion and retreat throughout the Quaternary. Ice-core records from EGRIP provide insights into past climate and ice-sheet dynamics, while observations of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream and its outlet glaciers reveal ongoing changes in one of the ice sheet's major drainage systems. Under ongoing anthropogenically forced warming, Northeast Greenland is particularly sensitive to Arctic amplification, resulting in rapid changes across its terrestrial, cryospheric, marine and atmospheric systems. Understanding these changes, their interactions and their future trajectories requires integration across disciplines and timescales.
We invite contributions from marine, cryospheric, terrestrial and atmospheric research focused on Northeast Greenland, extending from eastern North Greenland to northern East Greenland. Studies that improve our understanding of the region across geological timescales through the present and into the future, using geological and palaeoenvironmental archives, ice-core records, contemporary observations, process studies, remote sensing and numerical modelling, are all invited. We particularly encourage studies that explore connections among systems, including the dynamics and evolution of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, ice-sheet–ocean interactions, atmospheric and oceanic forcing, freshwater and sediment fluxes, ocean circulation and sea ice, long-term landscape evolution and its interactions with glaciation, permafrost dynamics, and terrestrial and marine ecosystem change.

Stable, radiogenic, and radioactive isotopes are fundamental tools for understanding Earth’s climate system. Isotopic measurements trace the chemical reactions, mass transfers, and biogeochemical cycles that link climate to other components of the Earth system, and they underpin many past climate reconstructions. Analytical advances, such as triple oxygen isotopes and compound-specific isotope analysis, are opening new avenues for scientific study, while established isotopic methods are steadily being applied to new archives and environmental settings. This session welcomes researchers developing and applying isotopic tools for past and present climate studies. We encourage contributions presenting new analytical methods, calibration and proxy advances, applications to new or underused archives, and modern studies that improve the interpretation of isotopic records. We also welcome studies that integrate isotopic data with geochemical, geomorphic, or climatological evidence, including multi-proxy archive studies, or with modelling approaches such as source mixing and isotope-enabled climate models.

High-resolution, non-destructive imaging techniques—including 3D micro-CT, micro-XRF core scanning, hyperspectral imagery, and multi-sensor optical logging—have revolutionized paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental research across sedimentary, speleothem, ice core, tree-ring, and biological archives. However, community-wide data synthesis remains hindered by non-standardized calibration protocols, disparate operating procedures, and unaligned data formats.

Organized in conjunction with the PAGES PaleoIMAGING Working Group, this session brings together empirical researchers, laboratory specialists, and data managers to showcase innovative scientific applications, proxy reconstructions, and community-wide harmonization.

We invite contributions covering:
1. Applied paleo-environmental, paleoclimate, and sedimentological studies using high-resolution core imaging modalities.
2. Novel imaging applications, sensor developments, and analytical processing methods.
3. Interlaboratory comparisons, standard reference materials, and physical calibration protocols.
4. Best practices, standard operating procedures (SOPs), and image processing/segmentation pipelines.
5. Open-access repositories, standardised data formats, and multi-modal dataset integration.

Foraminifera and other eukaryotic microfossils play a crucial role in understanding the biology, ecology, and evolution of marine and freshwater ecosystems across geological timescales. These organisms serve as key indicators for reconstructing past environments, deciphering ecosystem dynamics, and assessing the impacts of global change on aquatic systems. This session focuses on the biology, ecology and actuopalaeontology of foraminifera and other microeukaryotes, exploring their functional roles in ecosystems, their responses to environmental changes, and their potential as proxies for past, present, and future aquatic conditions.

We welcome contributions that employ laboratory and field experiments, field studies, genetics/genomics (including eDNA/metabarcoding), imaging and biomineralization studies, isotopic and trace element geochemistry, and quantitative data science, including statistical inference, machine learning, big data synthesis, and modelling.

On one hand, our goal is to develop robust, quantifiable proxies, transparently assess uncertainties, and strengthen the bridge from modern processes to the fossil record. On the other hand, in doing so, microfossils could provide decision relevant baselines for ecosystem function, in addition to informing conservation strategies and future scenarios in changing aquatic environments.

Biodiversity dynamics occur across a wide range of time scales, from nearly-instantaneous processes to emergence and disappearance of higher-order taxa occurring over millions of years. Processes operating on up to decadal time scales can be directly observed, but our knowledge of longer-term processes and rare events such as extinctions is largely derived from the geological record. Despite the importance of such dynamics in understanding the response of biodiversity to anthropogenic change, explicitly linking observational and geological time scales remains challenging. The difficulty results from differences in sampling resolution and limitations in our ability to resolve rates at conservation-relevant time scales. The potential of the fossil record to attribute observed changes as well as to inform conservation planning is therefore often underutilised.

In this session we aim to identify and explore the key challenges in and solutions for bridging observational and geological time scales in biodiversity research. We welcome interdisciplinary empirical, conceptual, and modelling-based contributions from across taxonomic groups, environmental realms, and temporal scales and periods. Successful case studies showcasing how fossil data have been used to address conservation issues are particularly welcome.

Alarming trends in global wildfire activity, and the associated risks to biospheric health, emphasise the importance of accurate baseline trends in pyroecology – exploring critical relationships between climate, vegetation, and fire through time. These trends have so far examined the role of anthropogenic activity in influencing wildfire behaviour, and how we may mitigate this hazard under progressive climate change. Evidence of wildfire in the past is found across a vast array of depositional environments - including peat, coal, consolidated and unconsolidated sediments (e.g., lacustrine), ice, speleothem, etc. – and in many forms, as both solid (e.g., charcoal) and gaseous (e.g., PAHs, soot, BPCAs) fractions of pyrogenic carbon. Applying wildfire-replicative experimentation, advanced spectroscopic techniques, and machine learning, recent developments in wildfire reconstruction have considered the true role of fire thermochemistry in driving the creation, alteration, and preservation of this evidence. This innovative research has challenged the historic identification of fire activity solely through qualitative means. Instead, new methods offer quantitative measures of past wildfire intensity, severity, fuel composition, and area burned that are consistent with modern principles in fire science. Supported by multi-proxy reconstructions of climate, hydrology, vegetation, and early anthropogenic behaviour, the study of past wildfire activity has entered a new phase of exploration. This session explores cutting-edge developments in wildfire reconstruction across a variety of methods, timescales, and environments. We seek to bring together voices from modern wildfire ecology, fire engineering, geochemistry, and palaeoecology to discuss how we may better integrate and inform our research going forward. We invite contributions that i) introduce novel techniques in past wildfire reconstruction, ii) evaluate and develop upon existing reconstruction methods, including but not limited to FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, charcoal reflectance, charcoal concentration and morphometry, PAHs, BPCAs, charred phytoliths etc., or iii) explore and evaluate fire reconstruction in novel case studies (no specific environment, method or age remit). We strongly encourage contributions that integrate observations of modern wildfire or wildfire-replicative experimentation with new or existing methods in reconstruction, or where the implications for palaeoecology are expressly considered.

Marine sedimentary archives provide crucial information about past climate conditions and biogeochemical processes in the polar oceans. These records help constrain the range and underlying mechanisms of natural environmental variability and provide an essential long-term context for understanding ongoing changes at high latitudes. This session invites contributions focused on reconstructing Quaternary polar environments from marine sediment archives, as well as methodological developments that expand and refine the proxy toolbox available for studying these records. We welcome a broad range of approaches, including, but not limited to, sedimentology, micropaleontology, organic and inorganic geochemistry, isotope geochemistry, and sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA).

Minerals are formed in great diversity under Earth surface conditions, as skeletons, microbialites, speleothems, or authigenic cements, and they preserve a wealth of geochemical, biological, mineralogical, and isotopic information, providing valuable archives of past environmental conditions. Interpretion of these archives requires fundamental understanding of fluid-rock interaction processes, but also insights from the geological record.

In this session we welcome oral and poster presentations from a wide range of research of topics, including process-oriented studies in modern systems, the ancient rock record, experiments, computer simulations, and high-resolution microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. We intend to reach a wide community of researchers sharing the common goal of improving our understanding of the fundamental processes underlying mineral formation, which is essential to read our Earth’s geological archive.

Tree rings are one of nature’s most versatile archives, providing insight into past environmental conditions at annual and intra-annual resolution and from local to global scales. Besides being valued proxies for historical climate, tree rings are also important indicators of plant physiological responses to changing environments and of long-term ecological processes. In this broad context we welcome contributions using one or more of the following approaches to either study the impact of environmental change on the growth and physiology of trees and forest ecosystems, or to assess and reconstruct past environmental change: (i) dendrochronological methods including studies based on tree-ring width, MXD or Blue Intensity, (ii) stable isotopes in tree rings and related plant compounds, (iii) dendrochemistry, (iv) quantitative wood anatomy, (v) ecophysiological data analyses, and (vi) mechanistic modeling, all across temporal and spatial scales.

This session invites contributions that advance a comprehensive understanding and quantification of climate shifts across multiple timescales, from local to global scales. Submissions may highlight new (multi-)proxy reconstructions from diverse archives, chronological improvements, emerging statistical approaches, and/or climate simulations that help identify, quantify, and interpret transient vs. abrupt climate changes across Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles.

The session welcomes participants beyond the INTIMATE network who contribute to its central aims: progress on relative or absolute chronological methods, the reduction of reconstruction uncertainties, multi-site integration towards common timescales (e.g., to the Greenland event stratigraphy), a dedicated use of model-data or multi-proxy comparisons to disentangle climate or ecosystem signals, and exploring teleconnections, i.e., linking impacts to different climate system components across time and space.

We particularly invite studies that improve our understanding of atmosphere–ocean linkages of extreme climate events (e.g., AMOC weakening), those that seek to separate signals of changing seasonality and/or temperature vs. hydroclimate and their implications on past societies, as well as ecosystems. Where applicable, we encourage contributions that reflect on the potential implications of past climate shifts for: (1) understanding future climate change; (2) assessing impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and societies; and (3) identifying links between extreme climate states on land and changes in ocean circulation, external forcing, internal climate variability, or volcanic activity.

Tectonic processes continuously reshape Earth’s surface, actively forming mountains, basins and modifying drainage networks. Through uplift, deformation and erosion, tectonics generates spatial and temporal variation in topography, substrate, soils and hydrology. These changes can influence the distribution and connectivity of habitats, create or remove dispersal barriers, generate refugia and influence patterns of species persistence, turnover, adaptation and diversification.
Despite increasing recognition of these links, the mechanisms and timescales through which tectonic and landscape processes influence biodiversity and their feedbacks remain poorly constrained. This session aims to bridge this gap by bringing together tectonics, geomorphology, geochronology, biogeography, ecology and evolutionary biology to explore these connections across spatial and temporal scales.
We invite contributions that explore how tectonic and surface processes influence landscape heterogeneity, habitat connectivity, environmental gradients, species distributions and diversification, and / or how biological processes affect Earth dynamics. We particularly encourage interdisciplinary studies combining geological/geographical and biological observations, models or datasets to identify and quantify the processes linking Earth dynamics, landscape evolution and biodiversity.

Despite methodological advances in functional microbial ecology, integrating this wealth of data into microbial biogeochemical models remains challenging. Data such as omics, stable isotope probing (SIP), and activity measurements can improve our fundamental understanding of biogeochemical cycles, and consequently increase model realism, and reduce uncertainty in model predictions, especially under scenarios of global change. Yet, a substantial knowledge gap remains in how this integration could be achieved. How can models invoke mechanisms that can be interrogated experimentally? What information can realistically be integrated and how much improvement can we expect? At the same time, how can we leverage model-generated hypotheses to design novel experiments to advance empirical ecology and theory?
This session aims to bring together empirical microbial studies and process-based modeling to close this gap. We welcome contributions using omics, SIP, activity-based approaches, and other methods targeting microbial functional traits, as well as modeling studies applying trait-based parameterization, genome-scale metabolic models, machine-learning-based trait inference, or data assimilation. We are particularly interested in how quantitative microbial traits that determine rates of biogeochemical cycling can be extracted from measurements to define functional groups that inform trait-based models. We envision presentations covering these topics in any biogeochemical context-from soils to sediments, from wetlands to oceans.

The subsurface hosts a biosphere in which microbial activities are tightly coupled to geological and biogeochemical processes. Across aquifers, sediments, and deep continental and oceanic crust, microorganisms obtain energy and nutrients from minerals, fluids, gases, and organic matter while transforming minerals, fluid chemistry, and elemental fluxes. Fundamental questions remain about how microorganisms persist under severe energy limitation, how geological and hydrological conditions regulate microbial ecophysiology and metabolism, and when microbial activity becomes significant for subsurface biogeochemical cycling.
This session explores reciprocal interactions between subsurface microorganisms and their geological environments. We welcome studies examining how mineralogy, fluid chemistry, redox conditions, hydrological connectivity, and energy availability shape microbial diversity, community assembly, activity, and metabolism, as well as how microorganisms drive mineral dissolution and precipitation, redox transformations, and mineral-mediated electron transfer.
Key topics include microbial survival under energy and nutrient limitation and physicochemical extremes; utilization of mineral-associated nutrients and geologically derived electron donors and acceptors; extracellular electron transfer; coupled carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, iron, methane, hydrogen, and other elemental cycles; syntrophy; cryptic cycling; and microbial production and consumption of greenhouse gases.
We encourage studies linking hydrological dynamics to geomicrobiological processes, including effects of groundwater flow, fluid mixing, connectivity, and redox fluctuations on microbial activity, reaction fronts, and biogeochemical hotspots. Applications to groundwater quality, contaminant attenuation, geological carbon storage, underground hydrogen storage, radioactive-waste disposal, and subsurface resource recovery are also within scope, as are studies of early Earth analogues and extraterrestrial habitability.
We welcome interdisciplinary approaches combining field observations, cultivation, multi-omics, isotope tracing, microscale imaging, mineralogical characterization, electrochemical measurements, and reactive transport modelling. By bringing together microbiologists, geochemists, mineralogists, hydrologists, biogeochemists, and planetary scientists, this session aims to advance a predictive understanding of subsurface life and its role in Earth-system biogeochemistry.

Environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a popular biological survey tool, but its potential as a tracer of water and sediment transport remains underexplored. Understanding how eDNA signals are generated, mobilized, degraded, and preserved in water is essential not only for tracking biodiversity, but might reveal flow paths, residence time, sediment origin, and connectivity across hydrological and geophysical systems. This session is dedicated to exploring eDNA as a tracer of transport, discussing it alongside the established toolkit of hydrological tracers, including stable water isotopes, hydrochemistry, and particles such as fluorescent microspheres, bacteriophages, and spores. Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of using eDNA to characterize flow paths and catchment response in Alpine and urban systems, and of incorporating eDNA sampling directly into hydrological monitoring and time series studies. Our primary focus is on recent-time eDNA signals in freshwater and surface waters, but we also welcome contributions that link present-day eDNA patterns to longer-term records preserved in sediment archives. Beyond rivers, we are interested in studies from wetlands, groundwater, and even lakes, coastal waters, and oceans.

Presentations in this session will address the methodologies, applications, and implications of eDNA for understanding the movement, persistence, and transformation of genetic tracer material within hydrological and geophysical systems. We encourage contributions that investigate how eDNA distribution is shaped by transport mechanisms, degradation kinetics, and environmental drivers such as flow, sediment, and biogeochemistry and what that knowledge can reveal about the underlying physical processes. Studies that integrate laboratory analyses, modeling, or sediment archives to connect scales and processes are particularly welcome. We also seek contributions that push the boundaries of how eDNA is observed. This includes innovative sampling strategies such as custom-built sensors and passive samplers, automated or distributed collection networks, and citizen science approaches that expand the spatial and temporal characterization of eDNA signal transport, concentration, and decay. By bringing together diverse systems and approaches, this session aims to advance eDNA as a tool for tracing physical transport processes, fostering new interdisciplinary collaborations between hydrology, sedimentology, and molecular methods.

The concept of Earth as the sole body in the Solar System with liquid water that can harbor microbial life has been overturned by the discovery of multiple 'ocean worlds'. The Solar System is home to several planetary bodies with subsurface oceans of liquid water, including icy satellites such as Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Enceladus, Titan and Triton, as well as dwarf planets like Pluto, and chief among these ocean worlds, the Earth. Furthermore, new icy and ocean worlds are being continuously discovered in other planetary systems as well. Like Earth, the exploration of these oceans includes both aspects of planetary evolution and habitability. The geodynamic role of oceans in planetary evolution is thus a crucial aspect of understanding not only planet formation, but the onset of biological activity as well. In what ways can the oceans of Earth serve as analogs for other oceans of the Solar System? What instrumentation can be implemented on the Earth now to further our understanding of these ocean worlds, and what technological advances might we expect in future exploration of subsurface liquid water environments beyond Earth?

This session focuses on analog sites, laboratory simulation, modeling, instrumentation and mission proposals. Coordination between Earth, marine and planetary science communities is encouraged, as well as emphasis on upcoming (e.g. JUICE and Dragonfly) and proposed missions (e.g. Enceladus Orbilander). Analog sites might encompass either geological or biological themes in the broader frame of habitability. Interfaces of ice-water (e.g. underside of floating ice shelfs and subglacial lakes), clathrate-water (e.g. ocean floor sediments, veins/fractures/faults, layered horizons and atmosphere particulates), seafloor-ocean, and rock-ice (i.e. glaciers) are of particular curiosity. Instrumentation includes sensors, buoys, submersibles, drilling and coring, as well as satellite instrumentation (e.g. spectrometers, magnetometers and gravimeters).

Plants and microorganisms in human space exploration play a key role in Bio-regenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS) for resource regeneration, food production, and crew well-being. Establishing sustainable extraterrestrial ecosystems requires an integrative understanding of how multiple space factors influence biological processes and bioregenerative elemental cycles in orbital platforms and planetary habitats.
This session focuses on plant and microbial responses to space factors, including altered gravity, ionizing radiation, and extreme geochemical constraints (e.g., regolith for In-situ Resource Utilization – ISRU), associated with spaceflight and planetary habitats. Altered gravity and ionizing radiation can affect metabolic, morpho-functional, and reproductive traits. When combined with unconventional growth substrates (e.g., lunar and Martian regolith), modified pressure, limited volumes, and reduced resources, these stressors produce complex, non-linear biological responses.
We invite contributions covering, but not limited to:
• Space Plant Biology: Molecular, epigenetic, morpho-anatomical, and physiological responses for acclimation and adaptation of plants to real or simulated space stressors
• Space Microbiology: Molecular, cellular, and other physiological and evolutionary responses of microorganisms to factors in BLSS
• Crop Performance and stress physiology in controlled systems
• Plant-Microbe Interactions & Microbiomes: Dynamics of microbial communities, plant-pathogen relationships, and the role of beneficial microorganisms in space cultivation
• ISRU & Pedogenesis: Regolith processing, bio-weathering, biomining, phytomining, organic matter accumulation, and the biotransformation of planetary materials into synthetic fertile soils
• Biogeochemical Cycling in BLSS: Nutrient dynamics (C, H, O, N, P, S, water, trace elements) and closed-loop life support system integration
• Experimental Platforms & Translation: Results from spaceflight missions, ground-based analogs, predictive modeling, and translation into strategies
• Planetary protection: Technologies, methods, and strategies to minimize the risks of forward contamination by microorganisms used in, or associated with, BLSS
By bridging plant biology, geomicrobiology, biogeochemistry, astrobiology, and space engineering, this session aims to advance an integrative understanding to drive sustainable deep-space exploration while informing solutions for resilient terrestrial agriculture.

Land surface processes play a crucial role in shaping Earth's climate system, mediating land-atmosphere interactions, and driving terrestrial water-carbon-energy feedbacks. Land Surface Models, as core components of Earth System Models (ESMs), influence climate projections in benchmarks such as the CMIP7. However, land hydrology and its interactions with other components of the Earth system (e.g. biosphere, biogeochemical cycles) remain poorly represented in most ESMs, potentially inducing erroneous responses to anthropogenic climate forcings at global to local scales and leading to misrepresentations of droughts and floods. For instance, ESMs do not represent the observed decline of groundwater levels in water-limited regions that threatens groundwater-dependent ecosystems and exacerbates drought persistence, thereby increasing the risk of ecosystem shifts and progressive desertification. This crosscutting session provides an open, interdisciplinary platform to bridge the gap between hydrologists, hydrogeologists, ecohydrologists, and climate modelers.

We invite observational, theoretical, and numerical modeling contributions that advance the integrated representation of hydrological, hydrogeological, biophysical, and ecosystem processes within land surface models across spatial and temporal scales. Key areas of focus include the representation of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, plant hydraulics, vegetation stress dynamics, and biosphere-mediated moisture recycling, alongside subsurface hydrogeology such as explicit groundwater-table dynamics, lateral flow, and deep aquifer linkages. Contributions addressing human-water-ecosystem interlinkages (e.g., groundwater abstraction, irrigation, land-use change), high-resolution ESM configurations, advanced observational networks, and emerging AI/machine learning techniques are also strongly encouraged.

The overarching aim of this session is to overcome historical disciplinary silos and establish a shared agenda across modeling communities. By aligning interdisciplinary priorities, addressing cross-scale parameterization challenges, and improving the evaluation of land-based mitigation and adaptation strategies, this session seeks to define future needs and collaborative opportunities for the next ESM generation.

Forests are dynamic systems increasingly affected by natural and anthropogenic disturbances, including wildfire, drought, storms, insects, disease, logging and land-use change. These disturbances influence individual trees, forest structure and composition, carbon storage, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning, while forest recovery varies across spatial and temporal scales. Understanding these dynamics across scales is critical for assessing ecosystem resilience, quantifying forests’ contributions to the global carbon cycle, and supporting sustainable forest management under a changing climate.
This session highlights advances in remote sensing for detecting, characterizing and predicting forest disturbance, recovery and resilience across scales. We welcome contributions using optical, SAR, LiDAR, hyperspectral and thermal observations, together with time-series analysis, machine learning, ecological modeling, and data fusion. We particularly encourage studies that: (1) identify early warning signals of tree- and forest-level changes; (2) detect and quantify disturbance and recovery at tree, plot, forest, and landscape scales; (3) characterize changes in tree and forest structure, biomass, carbon, and function; (4) integrate observations across spatial and temporal scales; and (5) combine field measurements, process-oriented models and multi-source Earth observations to assess and simulate forest dynamics and resilience. Contributions using emerging satellite missions and novel approaches to connect tree-level processes with forest- and landscape-scale patterns are especially welcome.

Remote sensing data has become an essential tool for forest analysis, enabling observation of forest cover, structure, and change across large areas and over time. Satellite, airborne, and ground based sensors provide complementary views of forest ecosystems, capturing canopy structure, spectral reflectance, and biomass. A wide range of artificial intelligence and machine learning models, from classical statistical approaches to deep learning architectures such as convolutional networks and transformers, extract meaningful information from these data sources individually. Another direction is to combine these sources through multimodal fusion strategies, at the input, feature, or decision level, bringing together optical, radar, LiDAR, hyperspectral, and UAV based data to capture aspects of forest condition that no single sensor can reveal on its own, while environmental information such as climate, soil, topography, and hydrology can further help explain the underlying drivers of forest dynamics. Building on this, advances in deep learning, self-supervised learning, and foundation models offer new opportunities to learn from such large and heterogeneous datasets and transfer information across sensors, regions, and applications.
Several key questions remain around which data sources and combinations are most informative, how different modalities can be effectively integrated, what training and reference data are needed, and how emerging models can achieve robust and transferable performance across forest ecosystems. This session aims to bring these perspectives together, identify current needs and opportunities, and foster approaches that enable more transferable and scalable forest applications.
Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
• Foundation models and pretraining strategies for forest applications
• Multimodal data fusion for forest monitoring
• Deep learning and novel AI and machine learning architectures for forest analysis
• Integration of remote sensing, environmental, and field data
• Tree and forest species mapping, classification, and health assessment
• Forest change over time

We particularly encourage contributions that explore the use of different data sources, multimodal data fusion, foundation models, or new methodological approaches, and we welcome early career scientists and researchers from diverse backgrounds and institutions.

Land–atmosphere interactions often play a decisive role in shaping climate extremes. As climate change continues to exacerbate the occurrence of extreme events, a key challenge is to unravel how land states regulate the occurrence of droughts, heatwaves, intense precipitation and other extreme events. This session focuses on how natural and managed land surface conditions (e.g., soil moisture, soil temperature, vegetation state, surface albedo, snow or frozen soil) interact with other components of the climate system – via water, heat and carbon exchanges – and how these interactions affect the state and evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer. Moreover, emphasis is placed on the role of these interactions in alleviating or aggravating the occurrence and impacts of extreme events. We welcome studies using field measurements, remote sensing observations, theory and modelling to analyse this interplay under past, present and/or future climates and at scales ranging from local to global but with emphasis on larger scales.

ESA’s Fluorescence Explorer (FLEX) is designed to provide new information on vegetation functioning, plant stress and the links between photosynthesis and the carbon and water cycles from space. Flying in tandem with Copernicus Sentinel-3, FLEX combines solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) products with complementary information on vegetation optical properties, surface temperature and atmospheric conditions at 300 m x 300 m spatial resolution.

Following its successful launch on 15 September 2026, FLEX entered its commissioning phase, during which instrument performance, calibration, product quality and end-to-end data processing are assessed and consolidated. These activities are essential to establish the scientific readiness of the mission and to prepare the transition towards routine operations and full scientific exploitation.

This session will provide a forum for presenting and discussing the first results from FLEX commissioning and early mission operations. Particular emphasis will be placed on instrument and data performance, in-flight calibration and characterisation of the FLORIS instrument, and the evaluation of Level-1 and Level-2 products using in-situ validation observations. Contributions addressing FLEX-specific retrieval performance and sensitivity to e.g. atmospheric and surface conditions are welcome.

The session will also include validation of the first FLEX products using ground-based, airborne and independent satellite observations, field campaigns, and other reference datasets. Studies exploiting the tandem configuration with Sentinel-3, including cross-comparisons and synergies between the two missions, are encouraged.

First scientific analyses based on FLEX observations are also welcome, including investigations of spectrally resolved SIF, vegetation functioning and environmental stress. This includes contributions addressing methodologies, datasets and modelling approaches supporting the interpretation and future exploitation of FLEX data.

The session aims to bring together the FLEX mission, calibration and validation, processor development and science communities at a key stage in the mission lifecycle. It will provide an opportunity to review early mission performance, discuss lessons emerging from commissioning, identify remaining challenges, and define priorities for the transition towards routine scientific exploitation of FLEX data.

Drylands cover more than 40% of the Earth's land surface and support over two billion people. These ecosystems provide essential ecosystem services, sustain biodiversity, support food production and pastoral livelihoods, and play an important role in global biogeochemical and climate systems. However, many drylands are increasingly affected by interacting pressures including climate change, land degradation, biodiversity loss, unsustainable land use and resource extraction, leading to declining ecosystem resilience and increasing risks of ecological transition. Therefore, developing integrated tools for assessing and monitoring dryland ecosystems represents a high research priority.
Recent advances in Earth Observation (EO), including long-term satellite archives, hyperspectral sensors, SAR, LiDAR, UAVs and Artificial Intelligence (AI), are transforming our ability to understand dryland dynamics across spatial and temporal scales. These approaches are enabling improved monitoring of vegetation change, ecosystem functioning, degradation processes, restoration outcomes, biodiversity patterns and ecosystem resilience.
Particular attention is being given to the development of EO-based indicators of land degradation, ecosystem condition, ecological integrity, resilience loss and recovery. Emerging EO approaches are also improving our ability to monitor important dryland transition processes such as woody vegetation encroachment, or alterations in vegetation spatial patterns, all modifying the structure and functioning of rangelands, savannahs and shrublands across large regions of the world, with important consequences for ecosystem resilience, biodiversity, fire regimes, ecosystem services and pastoral livelihoods.
The increasing availability of very-high-resolution imagery and hyperspectral datasets is also creating new opportunities for monitoring key but often overlooked dryland components such as biological soil crusts (BSCs), whose influence on soil stability, nutrient cycling, hydrology and ecosystem functioning makes them critical indicators of dryland health, degradation status and ecosystem resilience.

The accelerating growth of atmospheric CO2, CH4, and N2O poses major threats to the Earth system and climate, having moved the world closer to breaching international climate targets, such as the Paris Agreement and the Global Methane Pledge. In recent years, evidence is accumulating that warming is driving increased greenhouse gas emissions from natural systems. This emission-driven warming will likely continue and intensify due to climate feedback mechanisms. These biogeochemical feedbacks involve not only well-known processes in the atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere, but also land-based systems such as permafrost, boreal–tropical forests, dynamic vegetation, wetlands, fire, and inland waters, many of which are tightly linked to one another. However, large uncertainties remain in the quantification of these processes for both warming-induced emissions and the associated temperature implications. Understanding these underlying mechanisms will help us address our remaining questions, such as: 1) Which feedback processes are most relevant for mitigation strategy planning (e.g., via the Transient Climate Response to cumulative Emissions of carbon dioxide (TCRE) or non-CO2 contributions to carbon budgets)? 2) What drives nonlinearity in the future climate trajectories? 3) Is the future climate (ir)reversible? 4) When will the climate be irreversible? 5) How will the climate respond to “overshoot, peak, and decline” scenarios? 6) What are the associated uncertainties across regional to global scales?

This session aims to gather and integrate work that tackles the impacts of warming-induced emissions on the Earth system and the mechanisms underlying them, thereby providing clearer guidance for sustaining human society within the remaining carbon budget. All community efforts (e.g., WIEMIP) toward these goals are strongly encouraged. We welcome all contributions spanning laboratory-based experiments, satellite and field observations, machine-learning emulators, and modeling approaches, including fully-coupled Earth system models and stand-alone models.

Imaging the Earth’s surface and reconstructing its topography to study the landscape and (sub-)surface processes have advanced rapidly over the past two decades, sometimes separately within different geoscientific disciplines. Developments in satellite, airborne, uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV), and ground-based sensing, alongside advances in photogrammetry, Structure-from-Motion (SfM), LiDAR, computer vision, and automated processing, have transformed our ability to reconstruct and monitor the Earth’s surface in 2D, 3D, and 4D (time series).
The spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions of current measurements offer the opportunity to study the surface evolution from local to regional scale at unprecedented detail. Equipped with optimized workflows, either digitizing analogue data, such as historical aerial photographs, or processing near-continuous records of topographic change, geoscientists now have a variety of tools to better understand our rapidly changing environment and disentangle anthropogenic from natural drivers.
Yet, challenges still exist at both methodological and application levels. How can reliable data be acquired in harsh, remote, or non-ideal environments? How can observations from different time periods, scales, and platforms be reconstructed, co-registered, and compared? How should measurement precision, systematic errors, and uncertainty be quantified and propagated into estimates of surface change? And how can computer-vision, machine-learning, and automation extract meaningful information from large and complex 3D and 4D datasets?
In this session, we invite contributions from across the geosciences (e.g., geomorphology, glaciology, volcanology, hydrology, soil sciences) on the opportunities, limitations, and challenges of surface imaging, topographic reconstruction, and change analysis across diverse environments.
We especially welcome contributions addressing (1) novel data acquisition in complex, remote, or rapidly changing environments; (2) image and point-cloud processing, including image matching, reconstruction, co-registration, and correction of sensor distortions; (3) precision and uncertainty assessment, including systematic errors; (4) construction and analysis of multitemporal and 4D datasets, from historical records to high-frequency and near-continuous observations; (5) automated processing, analysis, and information extraction from large and complex datasets; and (6) innovative applications in geosciences.

Life on Earth depends on a thin and dynamic layer at the interface of atmosphere, vegetation, soil, and water. Within this complex system, remote sensing (RS) provides unique insights by capturing signals generated through the interaction of incoming, reflected, and emitted electromagnetic (EM) radiation with these surfaces. Vegetation, soil, and water play a critical role as mediators between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, and their properties can be observed through optical, thermal, and microwave remote sensing, including fluorescence signals across the EM spectrum.

This session invites contributions that advance our understanding of the biosphere through strategies, methods, and applications of remote sensing. We welcome studies on:
• Integrating RS data across spectral regions, angular configurations, and fluorescence signals
• Combining RS with in-situ measurements for modelling carbon, water and nutrients cycles
• Applications in climate change mitigation and adaptation, food production and security, sustainable development, land and nature conservation and protection, biodiversity, epidemiology, and public health (e.g., allergenic pollen-related impacts)
• Air pollution from both natural and anthropogenic sources (e.g., fires emissions, GHG emissions form land-sector, VOCs)
• Data assimilation of RS and in-situ observations in bio-geophysical, land surface models and atmospheric models
• Innovative RS signal extraction and processing techniques
We encourage submissions showcasing novel approaches, interdisciplinary applications, and case studies that highlight the growing potential of remote sensing for addressing urgent environmental and societal challenges.

Quantifying biodiversity and assessing its role in preserving ecosystem functions is essential for mitigating biodiversity loss and sustaining ecosystem services. However, large-scale quantification of plant diversity requires cost-effective and comparable methodologies to enable global and frequent mapping of plant diversity. New methods, such as remote sensing, genomics, or artificial intelligence might enable such global monitoring. This information could be combined with independent measurements or model-based estimates of ecosystem functions to characterize the role of plant diversity in maintaining ecosystem functions and services.
Despite the potential of this approach, numerous conceptual gaps and methodological challenges still need to be overcome. On one side, the new technological alternatives to quantify plant diversity face conceptual and methodological gaps with traditional field ecology. These gaps should be filled, or the limitations of each technology well understood, so that the information provided is adequately used. On the other hand, the analysis of biodiversity-ecosystem functions must account for numerous additional factors to avoid spurious relationships and, therefore, a misunderstood role of how diversity supports ecosystem services.
This session calls for recent studies showing advances in this field. We welcome both specialized and multidisciplinary contributions that advance the estimation of plant diversity and the use of these estimates to assess its role in the stability, resilience, and magnitude of ecosystem functions and services. The session is also open to out-of-the-box approaches and biodiversity studies involving taxa beyond plants.

Despite its considerable potential for agricultural monitoring and precision agriculture, the operational adoption of remote sensing remains limited by several challenges, including the robustness of measurements under varying acquisition conditions and the transferability of models across different environments and datasets. This session aims to address the methodological challenges associated with scaling remote sensing approaches from experimental settings to reliable operational applications in agriculture. We welcome contributions focusing on methods for improving the consistency and comparability of remote sensing measurements under varying acquisition conditions, including atmospheric and weather effects, illumination and viewing geometry, and bidirectional reflectance distribution function corrections. We also encourage studies developing and evaluating robust and transferable models, including AI-based approaches, with particular emphasis on validation using independent datasets and assessment of model generalization across different sites, seasons, crops, sensors, and environmental conditions. The session is open to all remote sensing platforms, including UAS, ground-based and tractor-mounted systems, and satellites, as well as a wide range of sensors, such as RGB, multispectral, hyperspectral, and thermal. Contributions may address diverse agricultural applications, including pest and disease detection, weed mapping, nutrient and chlorophyll assessment, crop monitoring, and yield estimation. By advancing reliable and transferable remote sensing approaches, this session can contribute to evidence-based agricultural and environmental policies by enabling consistent large-scale monitoring of crop conditions, resource use, and climate-related impacts.

Agricultural production is increasingly vulnerable to climate variability, extreme weather, and growing resource limitations. To better understand these challenges and support adaptation, regional crop modeling, whether process-based, data-driven, or hybrid, has become an essential tool for assessing agricultural productivity, food and water security, and the impacts of climate variability and change. At the same time, the growing availability of satellite observations provides unprecedented opportunities to better constrain, calibrate, and validate crop model simulations, from field to continental scale. This session focuses on recent methodological and applied advances in linking regional crop models with Earth observation datasets to improve predictive accuracy and robustness.

We invite contributions that address:
• Advances in regional crop modeling frameworks, including process-based, data-driven (machine learning/AI, statistical), and hybrid approaches
• Data assimilation techniques and model parameterization methodologies
• Integration of remote sensing data into regional crop modeling systems
• Pre- and in-season yield forecasting
• Applications to water use, irrigation, and agro-hydrological monitoring
• Applications to assess and optimize climate change adaptation strategies
• Benchmarking and intercomparison of crop models with remote sensing data

This session brings together researchers in crop modeling, remote sensing, climate science, and data assimilation, spanning both process-based and data-driven approaches, to advance integration across disciplines and tackle global challenges in agriculture, water, and food security. We particularly welcome contributions on coupling satellite-derived soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and vegetation data with crop and land surface models for forecasting and irrigation applications at regional to continental scale.

Agriculture covers nearly one-third of the Earth’s land surface and plays a vital role in sustaining global food and fodder production. Yet, it is increasingly threatened by the impacts of climate change while still contributing to biodiversity of loss, soil degradation, and environmental issues. Policy frameworks and regulations at national and EU level create incentives and commitment towards more sustainable management. However, meeting these challenges and needs requires innovative approaches that enhance agricultural resilience, efficiency, and sustainability while reducing the environmental footprint and safeguarding ecosystems.
Recent advances in Earth observation, environmental research infrastructures, monitoring networks (e.g., FLUXNET), and the growing availability of in-situ measurements and open data provide unprecedented opportunities to monitor, understand, and manage agroecosystems. Coupled with advancements in data science, machine learning, and process-based modelling, these tools enable the transition from observation to actionable solutions that support climate-resilient agriculture and sustainable land management.
This session welcomes contributions that explore and integrate diverse approaches—including (but not limited to):
• Large-scale mapping strategies of agroecosystem processes and dynamics.
• Integration of multi-modal remote sensing data (spectral, thermal, high-resolution RGB from current and future satellite constellations, UAVs, or airborne campaigns) with in-situ observations and environmental monitoring networks.
• Applications of machine learning, radiative transfer modelling, and hybrid approaches.
• Foundation model development and applications within agroecosystems and agriculture
• Monitoring or modelling of soil–plant–water interactions and nutrient dynamics.
• Assessment of biotic and abiotic stresses, including water demand and evapotranspiration.
• Quantification of climate change impacts (e.g., biodiversity loss, hydrological extremes, soil degradation, ecosystem shifts) on agricultural systems and their resilience.
Contributions should be presented through a lens that aims not only to advance technical understanding, but also to demonstrate how these efforts translate into practical pathways for improving agroecosystem monitoring and management—across intensively and extensively managed crop and grassland systems—towards a more sustainable and climate-resilient future.

Land-use-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) plays a prominent role in pathways towards net-zero and net-negative emissions. However, its realised climate benefit cannot be determined from carbon sequestration alone. CDR outcomes are shaped by land-use legacy, atmospheric CO₂, climate change, nutrient availability, ecosystem composition and disturbances. Land-based CDR can also alter surface energy and water exchanges, producing local and remote climate responses that may strengthen or offset its carbon-related benefits.
This session invites studies that use Earth system models to improve understanding of these interactions. We particularly welcome research on coupled carbon–nitrogen cycling and nutrient constraints; biogeochemical and biophysical feedbacks involving albedo, evapotranspiration, surface roughness and hydrology; and remote effects mediated by moisture recycling, atmospheric circulation and climate teleconnections.
Relevant CDR and land-management approaches include afforestation and reforestation (A/R), agroforestry, forest and soil management, peatland restoration, and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS).
We also encourage model development, benchmarking, intercomparison and observational evaluation, alongside assessments of uncertainty, additionality, permanence and reversal risks associated with drought, heat, fire, pests and other disturbances. Studies examining future mitigation pathways, temperature overshoot, declining atmospheric CO₂ and the long-term resilience of terrestrial carbon sinks are especially welcome.

Terrestrial ecosystems function varies substantially within a single day: plant water and carbon exchange, canopy temperature, and land–atmosphere coupling all shift with light, heat, and moisture over the course of hours. Yet our understanding of ecosystem function is still largely built from daily-to-monthly observations, leaving sub-daily dynamics underexplored despite their relevance to heat and drought stress, phenological transitions, and rapid disturbance.
Recent advances are changing this. Eddy covariance networks continue to provide high-frequency flux records, while geostationary satellites (e.g. MSG, GOES, Himawari) now deliver sub-hourly imagery of vegetation, land surface temperature, and land–atmosphere exchange. Complementary tools, such as phenocams, proximal and UAS-based sensing, and diurnal solar-induced fluorescence, add further resolution to how ecosystems respond across the day.
This session invites contributions that use these and other approaches to characterize ecosystem function at the diurnal scale. We welcome studies on diurnal cycles of carbon, water, and energy exchange; vegetation and phenological dynamics at sub-daily resolution; formation of clouds, detection of rapid ecosystem stress or disturbance; and methodological advances in data fusion, upscaling or modelling that resolve sub-daily processes. We particularly encourage contributions that bridge observation platforms and spatial scales, from tower to landscape to continent, to build a more complete picture of how ecosystems function across the day.

Achieving the climate goals of the Paris Agreement requires deep greenhouse gas emissions reductions towards a net-zero world and beyond. Advancements in mitigation-relevant science continuously inform the strategies and measures that society could pursue to achieve this goal. This session aims to further our understanding of the science surrounding the pursuit of the Paris Agreement’s temperature goal, including carbon budgets, zero emissions commitment, carbon dioxide removal strategies, and their policy implications. We will explore global to regional climate dynamics under net-zero, and peak and decline CO2 pathways, and mechanisms of committed or irreversible changes, including the risk of non-linear Earth system change.

We welcome both theoretical, empirical and modelling studies exploring all aspects of climate change in response to ambitious mitigation scenarios, including overshoot pathways through scenarios that pursue net negative emissions and a reversal of global warming. In addition to studies exploring the remaining carbon budget and the transient climate response to cumulative emissions of CO2 (TCRE), we welcome contributions on the zero emissions commitment (ZEC), effects of different forcings and feedbacks (e.g. permafrost carbon feedback), non-CO2 contributions to stringent climate change mitigation (e.g. non-CO2 greenhouse gases, and aerosols), and climate and carbon-cycle effects of carbon removal strategies, including their implications for policy. We also invite analysis focusing on consequences in a wide range of Earth System components and sectors, from ocean dynamics to the cryosphere, biodiversity and biosphere changes to human systems and economic consequences of overshoot, as well as the implications of overshoots for climate change adaptation planning.

We invite contributions that use a variety of tools, including fully coupled Earth System Models (ESMs), sectoral impact models, Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), or Simple Climate Models (SCMs) and climate emulators. Interdisciplinary contributions from the fields of climate policy and economics focused on applications of carbon budgets, net-zero pathways, and their wider implications are also encouraged.

The radioactive materials are known as polluting materials that are hazardous for human society, but are also ideal markers in understanding dynamics and physical/chemical/biological reactions chains in the environment. Therefore, man-made radioactive contamination involves regional and global transport and local reactions of radioactive materials through atmosphere, soil and water system, ocean, and organic ecosystem, and its relations with human and non-human biota. The topic also involves hazard prediction, risk assessment, nowcast, and countermeasures, which is now urgent important for the nuclear power plants in Ukraine, the Middle East, etc.

By combining long monitoring data (> halftime of Cesium 137 after the Chornobyl Accident in 1986, 16 years after the Fukushima Accident in 2011, and other events), we can improve our knowledgebase on the environmental behavior of radioactive materials and its environmental/biological impact. This should lead to improved monitoring systems in the future including emergency response systems, acute sampling/measurement methodology, and remediation schemes for any future nuclear accidents. Furthermore, the discharge of ALPS-treated water into the ocean, carried out as part of the decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, has attracted international attention and demonstrated that decommissioning a nuclear power plant that has suffered an accident requires a fundamentally different approach from that of a conventional decommissioning. Studies on past nuclear contamination events and other environmental radioactivity datasets are also welcome.

The following specific topics have traditionally been discussed:
(a) Atmospheric Science (emissions, transport, deposition, pollution);
(b) Hydrology (transport in surface and ground water system, soil-water interactions);
(c) Oceanology (transport, bio-system interaction);
(d) Soil System (transport, chemical interaction, transfer to organic system);
(e) Forestry;
(f) Natural Hazards (warning systems, health risk assessments, geophysical variability);
(g) Measurement Techniques (instrumentation, multipoint data measurements);
(h) Ecosystems (migration/decay of radionuclides).

In recent years, technologies based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), such as image processing, smart sensors, and intelligent inversion, have garnered significant attention from researchers in the geosciences community. These technologies offer the promise of transitioning geosciences from qualitative to quantitative analysis, unlocking new insights and capabilities previously thought unattainable.
One of the key reasons for the growing popularity of AI in geosciences is its unparalleled ability to efficiently analyze vast datasets within remarkably short timeframes. This capability empowers scientists and researchers to tackle some of the most intricate and challenging issues in fields like Geophysics, Seismology, Hydrology, Planetary Science, Remote Sensing, and Disaster Risk Reduction.
As we stand on the cusp of a new era in geosciences, the integration of artificial intelligence promises to deliver more accurate estimations, efficient predictions, and innovative solutions. By leveraging algorithms and machine learning, AI empowers geoscientists to uncover intricate patterns and relationships within complex data sources, ultimately advancing our understanding of the Earth's dynamic systems. In essence, artificial intelligence has become an indispensable tool in the pursuit of quantitative precision and deeper insights in the fascinating world of geosciences.
For this reason, aim of this session is to explore new advances and approaches of AI in Geosciences.

The Quaternary Period (the last 2.6 million years) is characterized by frequent and abrupt climate swings and rapid environmental change. Studying these changes requires accurate, precise dating methods that can be applied effectively to environmental archives. Different methods or a combination of various dating techniques can be used depending on the archive, time range, and research question. Varve counting and dendrochronology allow for the construction of high-resolution chronologies. In contrast, radiometric methods (radiocarbon, cosmogenic in-situ, U-Th, and even Pb-210 for the Anthropocene), luminescence dating, and electron spin resonance dating provide independent anchors for chronologies that span longer timescales. We particularly welcome contributions that aim to (1) reduce, quantify, and express dating uncertainties in any dating method, including high-resolution radiocarbon approaches; (2) use established geochronological methods to answer new questions; (3) use new methods including recognizing and critically examine their limitations to address longstanding issues, or; (4) combine different chronometric techniques for improved results, including the analysis of chronological datasets with novel methods, e.g., Bayesian age-depth modeling; (5) we also welcome contributions integrating multiple chronological and provenance tools including U-Pb geochronology and apatite fission track thermochronology to constrain sediment provenance and source to sink dynamics. Applications may aim to understand long-term landscape evolution, quantify rates of geomorphological processes, or provide chronologies for records of climate change and anthropogenic effects on Earth's system.

Time series are a common type of data generated by observational and modelling efforts across Earth, environmental and space sciences. Long-term observations are particularly important for understanding gradual changes and assessing risks, yet are often difficult to sustain and fund. Their characteristics can vary substantially, from short to long records, linear to nonlinear dynamics, univariate to multivariate data, and single- to multi-scale variability. These differences call for both tailored methodologies and general approaches.

A key challenge is distinguishing random fluctuations from long-term changes in order to better understand processes within and across Earth system components. This requires knowledge of temporal variability and, often, sufficiently long observations. For example, reliable sea-level trends may require several decades of continuous measurements because of decadal variability. Likewise, the stochastic variability of geophysical time series can exhibit power-law scaling, requiring long records for robust statistical assessment.

Time series analysis encompasses a broad range of tasks, including:
- characterizing nonlinear variability in the time and/or frequency domain;
- quantifying complexity, predictability and scaling properties;
- identifying statistical interdependencies within and between time series;
- distinguishing co-variability from causal relationships;
- reducing dimensionality and identifying meaningful modes of variability; and
- developing stochastic and deterministic statistical or dynamical models.

This session invites contributions on the development and application of modern methods for analysing observational and model time series across the EGU community, including geophysical, geodynamic, oceanographic, geodetic and climate observations from terrestrial observatories and remote sensing. Contributions addressing advances in sensors, instrumentation, monitoring, analysis and interpretation, as well as comparisons of different approaches, are welcome. Studies using novel methods, including AI, for the analysis of long time series are particularly encouraged. We aim to foster interdisciplinary exchange and cross-fertilization between different EGU divisions.

This session will focus on Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies that aim increase alkalinity along the land-to-ocean aquatic continuum. This includes addition to alkalinity to rivers (river alkalinity enhancement (RAE) or inland water alkalinity enhancement (IWAE) that sit at the intersection of two more established CDR pathways, terrestrial enhanced weathering (ERW) and ocean alkalinity enhancement. RAE/IWAE projects aim to achieve net removal of atmospheric CO₂ through accelerated mineral weathering and increased riverine alkalinity export to long-term ocean storage. but raises a distinct set of scientific and practical questions tied to the hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology of flowing and standing inland waters and estuaries.
This session invites contributions spanning the full pipeline from fundamental science to deployment, including:
• Safety and ecological risk thresholds for water quality and freshwater biota (fish, benthic invertebrates, periphyton) under alkalinity dosing,
• Scaling potential and site-selection criteria across river systems, lakes, and reservoirs,
• Cost and feedstock considerations for geochemical CDR at inland-water scale,
• Measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols, including direct field quantification and handling of CO₂ evasion at hydraulically complex sites (steps, falls, riffles),
• Ecological co-benefits, including interactions with freshwater acidification remediation,
• Case studies from active or pilot RAE/IWAE projects,
• Laboratory and mesocosm experiments isolating dissolution kinetics, evasion dynamics, and ecological response,
• Modelling of CDR potential, biogeochemical fate, and downstream/ocean carbon transport, and
• aqueous monitoring of terrestrially derived weathering products from ERW.
We welcome theoretical, observational, experimental, and modelling contributions, and particularly encourage early-career researchers and those working across disciplinary boundaries (hydrology, biogeochemistry, ecotoxicology, engineering).

Plant hydraulics, which studies the capacity of plants to extract water from the soil and transport it up to the aerial organs, and ecohydrology, which studies the bidirectional interaction between the water cycle and ecosystems, share substantial conceptual overlap. Yet, communication between the two research communities remains limited.
This session aims to bridge this gap by soliciting contributions that present case studies that have benefited, or could benefit, from an interdisciplinary approach. Relevant topics include, but are not limited to:
• Ecohydrological processes in complex landscapes, including ecological studies at sites with significant lateral water fluxes, groundwater-dependent ecosystems, and landscape evolution contexts
• Vegetation-water interactions under environmental change, encompassing drought studies and forest hydrological research in both urban and natural catchments
• Plant hydraulic traits and ecosystem functioning, focusing on the ecohydrological implications of plant hydraulic strategies across scales
• Linking plant and catchment water dynamics through observations and modelling, including the use of isotopes and other novel measurement techniques, scaling approaches and integration of plant hydraulics into ecohydrological models
To facilitate meaningful exchange between the communities, contributors are encouraged to explicitly highlight the realised or anticipated benefits of integrating concepts, methods, or perspectives from the complementary discipline, for example through advances in theory, improved interpretation of observations, or the development of modelling approaches.

The Critical Zone (CZ) encompasses natural and anthropogenic environments where air, water, soil and rock interact with ecosystems and society. Water connects these components through the transfer of matter and energy across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Although groundwater is a major reservoir within this integrated system, its role in linking surface and subsurface processes and in shaping the evolution of the CZ remains incompletely understood. The slow and heterogeneous dynamics of groundwater in particular make it challenging to identify how processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales interact and respond to environmental change.

This session welcomes contributions exploring groundwater processes and their interactions with other CZ components, from local to regional scales and from short-term dynamics to long-term evolution. We encourage observational, experimental and modelling studies, as well as approaches combining these perspectives, including data-driven methods and insights from long-term observatories. Contributions may address natural processes, interactions within ecosystems, or anthropogenic influences, including the effects of climate and land use change on groundwater and CZ dynamics.

Topics may include, but are not limited to: groundwater–surface water interactions and hyporheic processes; recharge, evapotranspiration and root-zone dynamics; groundwater-dependent ecosystems; weathering, solute and contaminant transport; mining-impacted and other human-modified systems; cold-region, coastal, karst and crystalline aquifers; and the use of tracers, isotopes and geophysics to constrain CZ processes.

By connecting processes, observations and models, this session aims to foster a more integrated understanding of groundwater within the CZ. We particularly welcome studies that bridge disciplines and scales, and we strongly encourage early-career researchers to submit their work.

Hydrology and soil science originated from water-management needs for ancient civilisation and agriculture, but since then have developed into many specialised disciplines. While irrigation and yield management remain prominent research topics, agricultural fields as soil-plant-atmosphere systems are rarely seen as an integrated hydrological system, despite the pressing challenges posed by intensifying climatic extremes, degrading soils and declining water resources.
This session therefore refocuses attention on agricultural fields as coupled soil-plant-atmosphere systems in which hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological processes interact. Interdisciplinary approaches are crucial to improve process understanding for enhancing agricultural practices and making agricultural landscapes more resilient.
Given the contrasting temporal and spatial legacies of the processes involved, we need to consider agricultural landscapes under change. How can we prospectively manage systems with different process turnover scales? Moreover, which system-stabilising processes exist to make the landscapes more resilient, not only through “isolated” measures such as retention basins or hedges, but by enhancing characteristics and properties across entire fields or landscapes (e.g. improving soil structure to increase infiltration capacities)?

We invite contributions investigating soil-plant-atmosphere interactions, water, carbon and nutrient cycling, crop responses to environmental stress, and other processes shaping agricultural landscapes across temporal and spatial scales.
We particularly encourage contributions addressing how fundamental process understanding can inform agricultural management practices and modelling approaches. It is important to us to strengthen the connection between different scales – for example, linking small-scale and/or short-term observations and large-scale and/or long-term system responses, and translating them into management strategies/practices and applications.

This session aims to foster exchange between fundamental and applied research, and discussion about transforming interdisciplinary collaboration to impactful solution prospects.

The Critical Zone (CZ), encompassing the Earth's surface from the top of the vegetation canopy to the bottom of the circulating groundwater, is essential for sustaining life and maintaining environmental health. Understanding this region of complex intersections within the natural world, and between the environment and society, requires a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach that transcends disciplinary and national boundaries, bridging gaps between short-term and long-term environmental processes. This session will highlight CZ science, CZ methodologies, and the collaborative efforts of CZ research sites and networks from around the world. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to: Innovative techniques in CZ research and monitoring, such as integrated observation and modeling approaches or hybrid methods; Advances in understanding soils, hydrology, and biogeochemical cycling within the CZ; Intersections of society and the CZ; Policy or management implications of CZ research; Development of CZ science networks; And case studies of successful national and international CZ collaborations.

Running Earth system models, downscaling outputs and driving process-based impact models are computationally expensive tasks that hinder the exploration of climate change impacts. New generations of statistical, physical, and hybrid climate change emulators reduce these bottlenecks by mimicking global, regional and extreme-event responses to generate projections of climate change and its associated impacts more efficiently. This capability transforms the assessment of climate change impacts and risks by enabling rapid policy-relevant analyses for sectors such as natural systems, agriculture, water resources, economics, energy systems and human health.

This session invites contributions on the developments and applications in climate change emulation, highlighting opportunities and challenges for robust and computationally efficient climate risk assessments. This includes simple climate models, probabilistic emulation techniques and machine learning approaches, including traditional pattern scaling, as well as benchmarking efforts that aid in interpretability and consistency between emulation methods. To foster interdisciplinary exchange, we also encourage submissions regarding approaches for climate impact projections.

Climate change and urbanisation increase climate risks and the negative consequences of extreme events. For instance, floods cost billions of euros of losses and result in thousands of fatalities every year. Accelerated adaptation by societies, including governments, insurance companies, households and others is urgently required. However, there are limits to the adaptability of societies. For instance, social vulnerability factors (e.g. income, education, etc.) may reduce households’ adaptation efforts. When societies stop implementing additional adaptation, risk may become ‘intolerable’, and adaptation limits may be reached. At such point, people may have to migrate to safer locations. However, very little is known about the extent to which societies can adapt, which factors drive these limits, and where and when limits to adaptation will be reached.
This session welcomes abstracts considering how to conceptualise, assess, project and avoid adaptation limits. The session aims to facilitate discussions and cooperation about interdisciplinary research on adaptation and its limits by bringing together experts in climate, natural hazards and the social sciences.
Relevant topics include, but are not limited to:
• Where were soft or hard limits of adaptation reached already?
• Which social and physical vulnerability constraints can lead to adaptation limits?
• How to conceptualise and measure intolerable risk
• Motivation for and hindrances of adaptation efforts
• Simulation of adaptation and migration decisions
• Quantification of adaptation effects

Urban areas increasingly face interconnected challenges from heat, flooding, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem degradation, intensified by climate change and rapid urbanization. Green infrastructure and nature-based solutions can address these challenges by regulating urban temperatures, managing stormwater, providing habitats to species, and supporting ecosystem services. However, their effectiveness depends on vegetation characteristics, spatial configuration, environmental conditions, and interactions among ecological, hydrological, and climatic processes.
This session invites contributions that use quantitative frameworks to assess, predict, and optimize the benefits and trade-offs of green adaptation.

Contributions may address:
1. Modelling interactions among urban heat, flooding, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes under different green adaptation scenarios.
2. Computational modelling, machine learning, remote sensing, field observations, and data-driven approaches for hazard prediction and resilience assessment.
3. Effects of vegetation characteristics and spatial configuration on microclimate regulation, runoff reduction, habitat quality, and ecosystem functioning.
4. Synergies, trade-offs, uncertainties, and unintended consequences associated with green adaptation.
5. Planning, optimization, and spatial prioritization of nature-based solutions under climatic, ecological, social, and economic constraints.
6. Comparative studies across cities, climate zones, ecological settings, and adaptation strategies.
7. Social, governance, and equity dimensions, including the distribution of adaptation benefits and residual risks among communities.
By bridging urban climate science, hydrology, ecology, and computational innovation, this session will advance understanding of how nature-based solutions can support multifunctional, equitable, and climate-resilient cities under global change.