Displays

During the last 30 years, the global energy sector has undergone through significant transformation, delivering a considerably larger electricity output whilst attempting to reduce air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. The international community has tackled this challenging dilemma by implementing different kind of policies and by encouraging several types of technological changes; including the partial replacement of coal and liquid fossil fuels by low carbon energy vectors (natural gas and renewable sources), the incorporation of more efficient power trains (natural gas fired combined cycles and supercritical coal fired plants) and the deployment of primary and secondary treatment processes for limiting air pollutant concentration in flue gases.
EDGAR is a unique global emission database due to its high sectorial, technological and geographical coverage; reporting greenhouse and air pollutant emission time series (1970-nowadays) in a very detailed way. Research is currently being conducted, aimed at updating the energy conversion and end of pipe processes so that the quantified emissions can better reflect the latest global and regional changes. By using EDGAR new data, it is possible to evaluate the impact of technology and regulatory frameworks on air pollutant emissions as well as to identify possible co-benefits and trade off associated with climate change mitigation policies for the energy industries.
This work is intended to study the drivers for greenhouse and air pollutant emission trends within this sector - both in large emitting developed and developing economies; by focusing on the role of  demand increase, on the penetration of non-fossil sources and specially on the incorporation of more efficient power islands, combustion and air pollutant abatement units.

How to cite: Oreggioni, G. D., Monforti-Ferraio, F., Crippa, M., Schaaf, E., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Duerr, M., and Vignati, E.: EDGAR v5.0: a tool to evaluate the influence of technology incorporation and regulatory frameworks on global greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions., EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-20237, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20237, 2020.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and a natural component of the atmosphere, essential for plant life. Natural reservoirs (oceans, soils, etc.) regulate its geochemical cycle, but the anthropic activity disturbs this balance. In order to control the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, many synergic CO₂ capture and sequestration methods (Aresta and Dibenedetto, 2007; Bachu, 2008; Baker et al., 2007; García-España et al., 2004; Lively et al., 2015; Rosa et al., 2018; Stenhouse et al., 2009)coupled with the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere, have been proposed.

In an early paper (Pastero et al., 2019), we proposed the ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a high-performance and green CO₂ scrubber. We hypothesized a red-ox reaction involving calcium ascorbate as the sacrificial reductant. As a result, the reduction of carbon from C(IV) to C(III) leads to the formation of oxalic acid and, in the presence of calcium as the counterion, to the precipitation of calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate is an almost insoluble salt that doubles the capture efficiency with respect to calcium carbonate. The reaction’s performance in terms of carbon capture efficiency was evaluated under different experimental conditions. Depending on the experimental setup, the yield of the capture and sequestration reaction reaches very high values, up to 80%. The return of the system depends on the total surface exposed to the reaction, the CO₂/vitamin C mixing mode, the presence of oxygen in the reaction vessel, and the stoichiometry of the solution.

The products of the reaction are limited to calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite), while no monohydrate (whewellite) or trihydrate (caoxite) oxalates were detected. The chemistry of the system was intentionally kept far from the stability field of the carbonates to avoid the co-precipitation of both calcium carbonate and oxalate and, accordingly, the competition between the two phases on the carbon capture process.

The technological finalization of a carbon capture system exploiting this reaction will trustfully increase further the effectiveness of the method, pointing towards the zero CO₂ emission.

References

Aresta, M., Dibenedetto, A., 2007.  Dalt. Trans. 0, 2975. https://doi.org/10.1039/b700658f

Bachu, S., 2008.  Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2007.10.001

Baker, J.M., Ochsner, T.E., Venterea, R.T., Griffis, T.J., 2007. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.014

García-España, E., Gaviña, P., Latorre, J., Soriano, C., Verdejo, B., 2004.  J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 5082–5083. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja039577h

Lively, R.P., Sharma, P., Mccool, B.A., Beaudry-Losique, J., Luo, D., Thomas, V.M., Realff, M., Chance, R.R., 2015. Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining 9, 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1505

Pastero, L., Curetti, N., Ortenzi, M.A., Schiavoni, M., Destefanis, E., Pavese, A., 2019. Sci. Total Environ. 666, 1232–1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.02.114

Rosa, G.M. da, Morais, M.G. de, Costa, J.A.V., 2018. Bioresour. Technol. 261, 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.007

Stenhouse, M., Arthur, R., Zhou, W., 2009. In: Energy Procedia. pp. 1895–1902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2009.01.247

How to cite: Pastero, L., Marengo, A., Bernasconi, D., Scarafia, G., and Pavese, A.: Vitamin C as a green high-performance CO2 scrubber, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-20072, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20072, 2020.

As climate change issues arise and become a global concern, to reduce carbon emissions has become an urgent issue to respond to. Therefore, the application of renewable energy plays more and more important roles in the energy domain nowadays, which may also bring significant impacts to the low-carbon electricity market transition. With the advantages of developing renewable energy, the Taiwan government anticipates achieving the goal of reaching 20% renewable energy in electricity structure by 2025. Moreover, Taiwan has carried out the most vigorous amendment on the Electricity Act in history to open the electricity market so that more stakeholders can participate in it to propel energy transition. Since the UK is the lead in this field, it is worth investigating. This paper takes the UK as a case study to analyze its evolution in recent decades after the deregulation of its electricity market from the retail side perspective. It expects to explore how the transition drove actors to empower their roles, or even create new roles and responsibilities, and engage in the low-carbon electricity market transition pathway. This paper expects the UK case as a great reference for Taiwan, which echoes the current scenario in Taiwan with the potential to deliver further insights.

How to cite: Lu, Y.-T. and Lin, T.-L.: Low-carbon Electricity Market Transition in the UK: A Multi-level Perspective Analysis, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-17841, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-17841, 2020.

The transportation sector is responsible for approximately 20 percent of global CO₂ emissions of which most of them are produced by road traffic. Moreover, emissions are rising and are rising faster than in other sectors. Reducing these emissions will be crucial to reach the goals of the 2016 Paris agreement. Efficient reduction strategies and their monitoring rely on broad and exact data about passenger car fuel consumption and emissions.

To encourage people to drive eco-efficiently and to collect traffic data the open Citizen Science Platform enviroCar (https://enviroCar.org) had been initiated. Data from the internal vehicle's communication bus can be sent to the enviroCar Android App via an OBD-Bluetooth adapter and the data can be anonymised and uploaded as open data to the enviroCar server. Fuel consumption - and thus also emissions - are conventionally calculated from motor-specific data like mass-air-flow. One drawback of this approach is that users need to have an OBD adapter installed to get these specific data. An easier and broader use of the app is achieved by basing the calculation of energy consumption on movement data only which can be measured by GPS sensors in many mobile phones.

We present such a purely GPS-based approach and means to assess the sensitivity of the resulting fuel consumption to parameters of the vehicle and the movement pattern. The analyzed vehicles and track patterns show a high degree of heterogeneity regarding size and weight of vehicles and driven speed, acceleration and road gradient. In total, 51 tracks from the open enviroCar server covering 7600 km within 95 hours were analyzed.

The calculation is done using simple physical laws and is very lightweight, yet the fuel consumption values are relatively precise when compared to the OBD data based approach. The differences of fuel consumption per 100 km are typically below 1 l. Only for tracks which include a significant amount of stop-and-go characteristics, the observed discrepancies exceed 1 l.

The approach can also be adapted to electric cars as it is load-based. In this case, a recuperation model has to be included and the model to calculate efficiency has to be adapted.

How to cite: Pontius, M., Gräler, B., Remke, A., and de Wall, A.: Estimating fuel consumption of cars based on movement data and its sensitivity to car and movement specific properties, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-9246, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-9246, 2020.

The Horizon 2020 ROBOMINERS project (Grant No. 820971) studies the development of an innovative technology for the exploitation of small and difficult to access mineral deposits. A bio-inspired reconfigurable robot with a modular nature will be the target of the research efforts. The goal is to develop a prototype that will be able to mine under different conditions, such as underground, underwater or above water. ROBOMINERS’ innovative approach combines the creation of a new mining ecosystem with novel ideas from other sectors, particularly robotics. This covers both abandoned, currently flooded mines not accessible anymore for conventional mining techniques; or places that have formerly been explored, but whose exploitation was considered as uneconomic due to the small-size of deposits, or their difficulty to access. 

The ROBOMINERS concept follows a 5-step approach: 1) Robot parts (modules) are sent underground via a borehole; 2) Self-assemble to form a fully functional robot; 3) Robot detects the ore deposit via sensing devices; 4) Using ad-hoc production devices, it produces slurry that is pumped out; 5) Ability to re-configure on-the-job. 

Specifics include: 1) Construction of a fully functional modular robot miner prototype following a bioinspired design, capable of operating, navigating and performing selective mining; 2) Designing a mining ecosystem of expected future upstream/downstream raw materials processes via simulations, modelling and virtual prototyping; 3) Validation of all key functions of the robot-miner to a "Technology Readiness Level" of TRL4; and  4) To use the prototypes to study and advance future research challenges concerning scalability, resilience, re-configurability, self-repair, collective behavior, operation in harsh environments, selective mining, production methods, as well as for the necessary converging technologies on an overall mining ecosystem level. These specific goals will deliver a new mining concept, proven in laboratory conditions, capable of changing the scenario of mineral exploitation.

Powered by a water hydraulic drivetrain and artificial muscles, the robot will have high power density and environmentally safe operation. Situational awareness and sensing will be  provided by novel body sensors, such as artificial whiskers that will merge data in real-time with real-time production mineralogy  sensors that, together with specific production tools, will enable selective mining, optimising the rate of production and selection between different production methods. The produced mineral concentrate slurry is pumped to the surface, where it will be processed. The waste slurry could then be returned to the mine where it will backfill mined-out areas.

ROBOMINERS will deliver proof of concept for the feasibility of this technology line, which can enable the EU to have access to mineral raw materials from otherwise inaccessible or uneconomic domestic sources, decreasing European dependency on imports from third-party sources, as envisaged by the raw materials policy. Laboratory experiments will confirm the Miner’s key functions, such as modularity, configurability, selective mining ability, and resilience under a range of operating scenarios. The Prototype Miner will then be used to study and advance future research challenges concerning scalability, swarming behaviour and operation in harsh environments.

How to cite: Bodo, B., Lopes, L., Rossi, C., Stasi, G., Henley, S., Correia, V., Pinkse, T., Kot-Niewiadomska, A., Aaltonen, J., Sifferlinger, N., Cristo, N., Zajzon, N., Zibret, G., Horvath, J., and Kruusma, M.: ROBOMINERS - Resilient Bio-inspired Modular Robotic Miners, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-11727, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-11727, 2020.

A large number of dams located in Sweden, built in the second half of 20^th century, are earth embankment dams. Seepages and internal erosion represent safety issues, which are difficult to detect and predict. There are indirect methods to detect seepages, but these do not provide their location. The hydropower operator Vattenfall has initiated a research project to assess geophysical methods as a decision support and asset management tool for this type of structure. The project consists of detecting built-in flaws in the core of a 20 m long and 4 m high experimental dam using geophysical (seismic and resistivity) and temperature measurements taken at the top of and inside the dam structure for a period of approximately 18 months. The behaviour of the dam itself will be monitored by geotechnical instrumentation.

This work focuses on testing P-wave traveltime tomography for detecting defects and supporting the interpretation of P-wave reflection seismic data. Synthetic traveltime studies were performed using the dam structure, constant P-wave velocities for each material, and the seismic acquisition design. Five parallel lines of hydrophones were used, three at the top and two at the bottom of the dam. The central hydrophone line at the top of the dam coincides with the position of the seismic sources. In addition, four boreholes to 4 m depth are positioned on each side of the central hydrophone line in both edges of the dam. Within these boreholes shots and receivers were positioned at every 0.5 m depth. The initial velocity model of the dam considers that the dam is filled with water up to a height of 3.5 m. A series of defects (low velocity zones with varying size and position) were inserted. Other factors, like noise or error in the acquisition geometry, were also considered. The defects may be cavities or permeable/loose layers.

Preliminary results show, in general, that the defect position can be identified by tomography. The velocity and size of the defects, however, are not well recovered by the method. Recovery of the defects using traveltime tomography is greatly influenced by the defect position, as the seismic ray coverage is limited in some parts, such as the central lower part of the dam. In the case of a defect located closer to the top hydrophone lines or one of larger size, the anomalies are better identified. We note that the amplitudes of the anomalies are very small, which may complicate identifying defects using real data. The anomaly signatures depend on the shape of the defect, for example a cubic defect compared to a horizontal permeable layer, which could help to identify and characterize the defect. Although the primary focus lies on identifying the presence of defects, information about their dimension and type is also important.

Future work will be focused on processing repeated seismic fieldwork campaigns at the experimental dam, in order to investigate the dam integrity using time-lapse seismic measurements, including comparing the seismic data with other types of data.

How to cite: Salas-Romero, S., Juhlin, C., and Bernstone, C.: The potential of detecting flaws in an experimental dam at Älvkarleby, Sweden, using P-wave traveltime tomography, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-6140, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-6140, 2020.

People’s perception of ecosystem services is usually affected by a variety of interacting factors, making it difficult to identify the actual driving factors. An orthogonal experimental design can effectively identify interactions and has the potential for use in social perception studies. Based on 20,642 questionnaires on the topic of WTP (willingness to pay), the interactive forces driving people’s perceptions of ecosystem services on the Tibetan Plateau were identified using an orthogonal experimental design. The results show that 1) when interactions are not considered, management attitudes have the strongest influence on WTP, the second most influential factors are subjective cognitions, and objective indicators are ranked last. 2) The interactions has a stronger impact on WTP than some of individual factor: when interactions and observed variables are compared simultaneously, the interaction between the “importance of the Tibetan Plateau” and the “WTP for residents” has a stronger influence on WTP (451 Chinese yuan/year) than any of the individual variables except “WTP for residents” (666 CNY/year) and “knowledge of the Tibetan Plateau” (484 CNY/year). Among the interactions between pairs of variables, that between education (212 CNY/year) and income (260 CNY/year) has a greater impact on WTP (266 CNY/year) than either variable alone. 3) When the interactions are considered, subjective cognitions are the most important indicators for WTP, and management attitudes are the second most important indicators. This study provides a feasible method for the identification of interactive driving forces in analyses involving questionnaires, and the conclusions can provide guidance from the public for ecosystem management on the Tibetan Plateau.

How to cite: Zhang, R.: The application of orthogonal experimental design to identify the interactive forces driving people’s perceptions of ecosystem services, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-4447, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-4447, 2020.

With the increase of global temperature and the intensification of human activities, numerous ecological problems have occurred in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia, which have seriously disturbed the sustainable development and the improvement of the carrying capacity of grassland ecosystems, and threatened the security of regional ecological environment. There is an urgent need to find a quantitative assessment method for the quantification of  the carrying capacity in grassland ecosystems, which is significantly crucial for making a sustainable development strategies of  grassland resources. In this study, we considered the ecosystem services as a limited well-beings, and took the Net Primary Production (NPP) as the core indicator for characterizing the occupation of grassland's main ecological functions to ecosystem services. Further more， the occupy threshold for environment maintenance and natural regeneration functions were calculated. The spatial distribution of the grasslands carrying capacity in Inner Mongolia was quantitatively analyzed, and the vulnerability of the "human-land system" was evaluated. The results show that: (1) The Above-ground Net Primary Production (ANPP) needed for the ecosystem function maintenance of Inner Mongolia in 2015 was at 38-401 g/m²· a, and there was a decreasing trend from northeast to southwest; (2) In 2015, the ecological carrying capacity of the grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia was 79.336 million sheep units, and the average carrying capacity was 1.56 sheep unit / hm² • a. However, the total economic carrying capacity was 174,571 million sheep units, and the average economic carrying capacity was 3.42 sheep unit / hm² • a, whose spatial distribution is basically consistent with the spatial distribution of ecological carrying capacity, while the actual stocking was 145,548 million sheep units. (3) The spatial distribution of the grassland carrying capacity displayed highly spatial heterogeneity in Inner Mongolia. The ecological carrying status index ranged from 0.59 to 12.06, and the economic carrying status index ranged from 0.29 to 3.68. The natural regeneration function of grasslands required the largest NPP, which greatly reduced the grassland ecological carrying capacity in Inner Mongolia. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the ecological carrying capacity of grassland in eastern Inner Mongolia is bigger than that of western region, and there was an imbalance between socioeconomic development and ecological environmental maintenance. The concentration of population in eastern Inner Mongolia is the main limiting factor affecting the ecological carrying capacity, which resulting in the supply of grassland ecological system cannot meet the practical needs of social development. The environment western characterized by the water deficient and low vegetation coverage were the main limiting factors of ecological carrying capacity in western Inner Mongolia, where the grassland function of windbreak and sand-fixation needed to take up more resources.

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How to cite: caiyun, G. and dongsheng, Z.: Analysis of grassland carrying capacity in Inner Mongolia based on ecosystem function, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-13509, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13509, 2020.

The Yellow River Basin is rich in land, energy, and mineral resources, which is an important energy base and major food producing area in China. However, water shortages have become a key factor restricting the development of the basin. With the economic and social development and population growth, resources demand of water, food and energy in the river basin has been further increased under the drive of national energy security and food security strategies. The conflict between resource supply and demand has become more prominent. This paper selected 9 provinces of the Yellow River Basin as the study area, and collected 16-year time series data, and quantitatively describes the temporal and spatial coordinated changes of water, energy, and food through methods such as MK test and synergetic evaluation system. The results show that in the nine provinces of the Yellow River Basin, the water supply has increased slightly, and energy and food production have increased significantly. The spatial differences of water supply and food production have little change and are relatively stable, while the change of spatial differences in energy production are more obvious with a downward trend, indicating that regionalization of energy production areas is becoming more and more obvious. According to the synergetic evaluation system, the coefficients of synergy for all of the nine provinces are gradually increasing. The evaluation coefficient of Henan is relatively high, indicating that Henan has a positive synergy of water, energy, and food resources. And the Ningxia province has the lowest evaluation coefficient. According to the results, the water energy and food system reconfiguration should be carried out for key provinces, and the allocation of water energy and food resources should be optimized to maximize the utilization of the three resources and achieve sustainable use.First of all, adjusting the energy structure among the provinces with poor synergy. For example, raw coal is still the core resource of energy consumption which is water-intensive. Reduce the investment in coal chemical industry and other high water-consumed energy industry to have a better synergy coefficient. Also, develop more clean energy, for example, hydro-power, nuclear power and wind power. Nowadays, the environment-friendly and resource-saving clean energy portion is less than 10% of the total energy consumption. The waste resources can be reuse to provide green energy. Last, high-end production technology in energy production is important to guarantee the water and energy safety. 

How to cite: Ma, L., Li, C., Hu, X., Wang, P., and Li, X.: Spatiotemporal Change Analysis of of Water, Energy and Food Resources in Yellow River Basin, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-3002, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-3002, 2020.

This research provides an overview on several areas related to produced water management including cost, treatment methods, recycling options and environmental impact. Produced water is a type of water that has been trapped in different quantities in underground formations. After extracting crude oil and during the production process, the associated water from underground formations is known as produced water. This type of water is by far the largest volume by product or waste stream associated with oil and gas production. It is likely containing high level of total dissolved solids because of its longer residence time under the ground in addition to the smaller flow rate. Moreover, many efforts have been paid globally to decrease the high salinity level in produced water by applying desalination technologies as sustainable water management solution.

Oilfield water management is one of the most challenging system and it follows a non-linear relationship between its components. We formulate and develop a mixed-integer mathematical model to a small case study related to Kuwait Oil Company for an optimal design and operations of produced water management. We show how the results allow studying the economic cost as well as environmental impact related to produced water management system.

How to cite: AlEdan, A. and Erfani, T.: Produced water management - A mathematical model to trade-off economic cost and environmental impact for infrastructure utilisation, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-20912, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20912, 2020.

Bacteria capable of simultaneous aerobic denitrification and phosphorus removal (SADPR) are promising for the establishment of novel one-stage wastewater treatment systems. Nevertheless, insights into the metabolic potentials and engineered applications of SADPR-related bacteria are limited. Firstly, comprehensive metabolic models of two efficient SADPR bacteria, Achromobacter sp. GAD3 and Agrobacterium sp. LAD9, were obtained by high-throughput genome sequencing. With succinate as the preferred carbon source, both strains employed a complete TCA cycle as the major carbon metabolism for potentials of various organic acids and complex carbon oxidation. Complete and truncated aerobic denitrification routes were confirmed in GAD3 and LAD9, respectively, facilitated by all the major components of the electron transfer chain via oxidative phosphorylation. Comparative genome analysis revealed distinctive ecological niches involved in denitrification among different phylogenetic clades within Achromobacter and Agrobacterium. Excellent phosphorus removal capacities were contributed by inorganic phosphate uptake, polyphosphate synthesis and phosphonate metabolism. Additionally, the physiology of GAD3/LAD9 is different from that displayed by most available polyphosphate accumulating organisms, and reveals both strains to be more versatile, carrying out potentials for diverse organics degradation and outstanding SADPR capacity within a single organism. Secondly, both GAD3 and LAD9 were successfully applied for bioaugmented treatment of municipal wastewater in a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor. At an appropriate COD/N ratio of 8, the bioaugmentation system exhibited stable and excellent carbon and nutrients removal, the averaged effluent concentrations of COD, NH₄⁺-N, TN and TP were 20.6, 0.69, 14.1 and 0.40 mg/L, respectively, which could meet the first class requirement of the National Municipal Wastewater Discharge Standards of China (COD < 50 mg/L, TN < 15 mg/L, TP < 0.5 mg/L). Clone library and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the introduced bacteria greatly improved the structure of original microbial community and facilitated their aerobic nutrients removal capacities. This proposed emerging technology was shown to be an alternative technology to establish new wastewater treatment systems and upgrade or retrofit conventional systems from secondary-level to tertiary-level.

How to cite: Liu, S., Chen, Q., Liu, S., and Ni, J.: Comprehensive insights into metabolic potentials and engineered applications of two novel simultaneous aerobic denitrification and phosphorus removal bacteria, Achromobacter sp. GAD3 and Agrobacterium sp. LAD9, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-3221, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-3221, 2020.

Beach wrack (BW) – biological marine materials as algae, sea grasses and other, which are thrown from the sea to the seashore, becoming a polluter and cause of inconvenience. Problem of BW is present in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, South-Eastern Baltic. From time to time, large amounts of BW appear in various places along its seashore. However, BW can be used as an organic resource, so nuisance could be converted into resource and asset. The study on BW spatial and quantitative distribution and its potential use in the South-Eastern Baltic is carry out within the Project #R090 CONTRA of the Interreg Baltic Sea Region Programme and accompanied by researches of algae species composition basing on partly support of the State assignment of IO RAS (Theme No. 0149-2019-0013).

An observations of the Baltic seashore within the Kaliningrad Oblast was carried out in March-December 2019 with the aim of quantity and quality characteristic of BW emissions. The BW emissions were recorded (measured, described and geo-referenced using GPS navigation) and sampled on two model sites monthly and the alongshore survey was carried out seasonally. Monitoring of the time of residence of the BW emissions was carried out three times per day at the selected model site using a web camera. It was found that the distribution of BW was characterized by significant spatial and temporal variability. In general, large amounts of BW emissions were observed on the northern coast of the Sambian Peninsula, in contrast to the western coast and Curonian and Vistula spits. The largest accumulations of BW were local and mainly near the coastline protrusions as capes (natural) and breakwaters, slipways, bunes (man-made). The time of residence of BW storage varied greatly and was often limited to a few days. Their further transformation could be carried out in several ways - by flushing back to the sea, covering under the thickness of sand or small pebbles, and a wind-wave dispersal along the beach. BW mainly contains Radophyta algae in the early spring and autumn-winter periods, in contrast to summer, when there are also Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta.

The preliminary estimations show that the industrial use of BW is limited by the spatial and temporal irregularity of their emissions in the Kaliningrad Oblast. However, the problem of BW collection and utilization exists. A possible solution could be use of BW for coastal protection greenery as nutrients that is similar to a natural process. These experiments were initiated in the Curonian Spit National Park in 2019. In this way BW could be involved in soft engineering techniques to manage the coastline.

How to cite: Gorbunova, J. and Chubarenko, B.: Beach wrack as a potential natural resource in the South-Eastern Baltic, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-19982, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19982, 2020.

Recently, several alkylamine hydrates have been studied in an effort to reveal the structural transitions from semi- to ‘canonical’ clathrate hydrate in the presence of secondary guest molecules. Trimethylamine (TMA) is known to form the semi-clathrate hydrate, and it has been reported that the structural transition of the TMA semi-clathrate hydrate may not occur in the presence of hydrogen gas as a secondary guest molecule. This paper reports the structural transition of trimethylamine(TMA) hydrate induced by the type of guest molecules. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of (TMA + H₂) hydrates show the formation of hexagoanl P6/mmm hydrate, but those of (TMA + CH₄) hydrates indicate the formation of cubic Fd3m hydrate. Without gaseous guest molecule, the crystal structure of pure TMA hydrate is identified as hexagonal P6/mmm. Therefore, inclusion of gaseous methane in TMA hydrate can induce the structural transition from hexagonal to cubic hydrate or the formation of metastable cubic hydrate. To clearly reveal this possibility, we also check the time-dependent structural patterns of binary (TMA + CH₄) hydrates from 1 to 14 days, and the results show that the structural transition of TMA hydrate from hexagonal P6/mmm to cubic Fd3m hydrate structure can occur during the methane inclusion process.

How to cite: Cha, M.: Structural Transition of Trimethylamine Hydrate by Methane or Hydrogen Inclusion, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-3806, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-3806, 2020.