GI6.3

Atmospheric water management or cloud seeding technologies might be effectively applied to assess the impacts from changing climate on water security and renewable energy use. During said assessments it might be possible to exploit their observations to mitigate the negative impacts from climate change by enhancing the water supply as part of a water security plan, and/or by effectively removing low-level supercooled cloud decks/fogs to facilitate renewable energy use providing added sunshine during typically overcast day-time periods. Cloud seeding technologies are used to positively affect the natural hydrologic cycle, while respecting and avoiding damage to public health, safety and the environment.  This talk summarizes atmospheric water management technologies and their use, how these technologies might be applied as part of a strategy to ensure water security and how their application might provide a potential opportunity for recouping lost energy potential.

How to cite: DeFelice, T.: The role atmospheric water management technologies might play in Nature-based solutions (NbS), EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1941, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1941, 2022.

Exploration, production, extraction and transport of fossil fuels in the marine environment are accompanied by an inherent risk to the surrounding ecosystems as a result of the on-going operations or due to technical faults, accidents or geo-hazards. Limited work has been conducted on potential impacts on the Mediterranean marine ecosystem due to the lack of information on organism responses to hydrocarbon pollution. In this study, we used the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) modeling software which is designed for policy evaluation and provides assessments of impacts of various stressors on an ecosystem. An existing EwE based Ecospace food-web model of the Israeli Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was enhanced to include local organism response curves to various levels of contaminants, such as crude oil, in the water and on the sea floor sediments. The goal of this study is to evaluate and quantify the possible ecological impacts of pollution events that might occur due to fossil fuel exploitation related activities. Multiple spatial static and dynamic scenarios, describing various pollution quantities and a range of habitats and locations were constructed. Using the enhanced Ecospace models for assessing the potential impacts of gas exploitation on organism biomass, the spatial and temporal distribution and food-web functioning was tested and evaluated. The results of this study will show a quantitative assessment of the expected ecological impacts that could assist decision makers in developing management and conservation strategies.

How to cite: Lahav, E., Astrahan, P., Ofir, E., Gal, G., and Bookman, R.: Modeling Potential Impacts of Gas Exploitation on the Israeli Marine Ecosystem Using Ecopath with Ecosim, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5431, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5431, 2022.

Appropriate methods to measure greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes are critical for our ability to detect fluxes, understand regulation, make adequate priorities for climate change mitigation efforts, and verify that these efforts are effective. Ideally, we need reliable, accessible, and affordable measurements at relevant scales. We surveyed present GHG flux measurement methods, identified from an analysis of >11000 scientific publications and a questionnaire to sector professionals and analysed method pros and cons versus needs for novel methodology. While existing methods are well-suited for addressing certain questions, this presentation presents fundamental limitations relative to GHG flux measurement needs for verifiable and transparent action to mitigate many types of emissions. Cost and non-academic accessibility are key aspects, along with fundamental measurement performance. These method limitations contribute to the difficulties in verifying GHG mitigation efforts for transparency and accountability under the Paris agreement. Resolving this mismatch between method capacity and societal needs is urgently needed for effective climate mitigation. This type of methodological mismatch is common but seems to get high priority in other knowledge domains. The obvious need to prioritize development of accurate diagnosis methods for effective treatments in healthcare is one example. This presentation provides guidance regarding the need to prioritize the development of novel GHG flux measurement methods.

How to cite: Bastviken, D., Wilk, J., Duc, N. T., Gålfalk, M., Karlson, M., Neset, T., Opach, T., Enrich Prast, A., and Sundgren, I.: Measuring greenhouse gas fluxes – what methods do we have versus what methods do we need?, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6468, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6468, 2022.

In 2015, the "Campania Trasparente" project (http://www.campaniatrasparente.it), a monitoring plan focused on assessing the environmental conditions of the territory of the Campania region, started thanks to the financial support of the regional government. The project's general management was in charge of the Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy (IZSM).
In the project framework, the collection and analysis of many environmental and biological samples (including soil and air and human blood specimen) were completed. The primary aim of the whole project was to explore the existence of a link between the presence of some illnesses in the local population and the status of the environment and generate a reliable database to assess local foodstuff healthiness.
Six research units were active in the framework of the project. As for soil and air, the Environmental Geochemistry Working Group (EGWG) at the Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, was in charge of most of the research activities. Specifically, the EGWG completed the elaboration of the data on potentially toxic metals/metalloids (PTMs) and organic contaminants (PAHs, OCPs, Dioxins) in the regional soils and air.
The monitoring of air contaminants lasted more than one year, and it was completed employing passive air samplers (PAS) and deposimeters spread across the whole region.
Three volumes were published, including statistical elaborations and geochemical maps of all the contaminants analysed to provide both the regional government and local scientific and professional community with a reliable tool to approach local environmental problems starting from a sound base of knowledge.
Geochemical distribution patterns of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), for example, were used to establish local geochemical background/baseline intervals for those metals (naturally enriched in regional soils) found to systematically overcome the national environmental guidelines (set by the Legislative Decree 152/2006).
Data from the air, analysed in terms of concentration and time variation, were, instead, fundamental to discriminate the areas of the regional territory characterised by heavy contamination associated with the emission of organic compounds from anthropic sources.

The integration of all the data generated within the "Campania Trasparente" framework, including the data proceeding from the Susceptible Population Exposure Study (SPES), focusing on human biomonitoring (based on blood), allowed the development of a regional-wide conceptual model to be used as a base to generate highly specialised risk assessments for regional population and local communities affected by specific environmental problems.

How to cite: Albanese, S., Lima, A., Guarino, A., Qu, C., Cicchella, D., Esposito, M., Cerino, P., Pizzolante, A., and De Vivo, B.: The "Campania Trasparente" multiscale and multimedia monitoring project: an unprecedented experience in Italy., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10603, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10603, 2022.

Increasing the organic matter content of the soil has been presented in the:”4per1000″ proposal as a significant climate mitigation measure able to support the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 13 - Climate Action of United Nations.

At the same time, the report of the Mission Board for Soil health and Food, "Caring for soil is caring for life," indicates that one of the targets that must be reached by 2030 is the conservation and increase of soil organic carbon stock.  De facto, the panel clearly indicates the soil organic carbon as one of the indicators that can be used to monitor soil health, and at the same time, if the current soil use is sustainable or not.

Thus it is to be expected that the monitoring of SOC will become requested to check and monitor the sustainability of agricultural practices realized in the agricultural areas. For all the above reasons, the development of a reliable and fast indirect methods to evaluate the SOC is necessary to support different stakeholders (government, municipality, farmer) to monitor SOC at different spatial scales (national, regional, local).

Over the past two decades, data mining approaches in spatial modeling of soil organic carbon using machine learning techniques and artificial neural network (ANN) to investigate the amount of carbon in the soil using remote sensing data has been widely considered. Accordingly, this study aims to design an accurate and robust neural network model to estimate the soil organic carbon using the data-based field-portable spectrometer and laboratory-based visible and near-infrared (VIS/NIR, 350−2500 nm) spectroscopy of soils. The measurements will be on two sets of the same soil samples, the first by the standard protocol of requested laboratories for soil scanning, The second set of the soil samples without any cultivation to simulate the soil condition in the sampling field emphasizes the predictive capabilities to achieve fast, cheap and accurate soil status. Carbon soil parameter will determine using, multivariate regression method used for prediction with Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (Lasso) in interval way (high, medium, and low). The results will increase accuracy, precision, and cost-effectiveness over traditional ex-situ methods.

The contribution has been realized within the international EIT Food project MOSOM (Mapping of Soil Organic Matter; https://www.eitfood.eu/projects/mosom)

How to cite: Ezzy, H., Brook, A., Ciavatta, C., Ventura, F., Vignudelli, M., and Bonfante, A.: The evaluation of soil organic carbon through VIS-NIR spectroscopy to support the soil health monitoring, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12331, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12331, 2022.

Two moderate earthquakes with magnitude ML5.0 happened on 11th of November 2020 near the Mavrovo lake in northwestern Macedonia. The lake is an artificial lake with a dam built between 1947 and filled by 1953. Its maximum length is 10km, width is 5km and the depth is 50m. Given its water volume, it is possible that geological factors causing earthquakes could also affect the hydrobiological characteristics of the flow system surrounding the lake.

A list of 180 earthquakes registered by the local stations with magnitudes equal or greater than ML1.7 was analysed in terms of temporal and spatial distribution around the lake. No specific clustering of events was noticed in the foreshock period from July 2020. In the aftershock period, the most numerous events lasted about a month after the main events. However, there was another period of increased seismicity during March 2021, followed by gradual decrease onwards. The distribution of epicentres was mainly along the terrain of Radika river and a few smaller tributaries to the lake system.

A comparative analysis was done with the dataset collected by the program run at the department of Biology at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University UKIM in Skopje. Environmental investigations in Europe have shown stress reactions of hydrobionts in respect to water temperature and heavy metal pollution, for example the influence of radioactive radiation. Earthquake-induced seismic changes most often affect the chemical-physical properties of water quality and temperature stratification, i.e., mixing of water masses. In our research, we analyse for the first time the relationship between the seismological activities in the Jul 2020-Nov 2021 period in details and a possible impact to environment thru the population of macrozoobenthos from Mavrovo Lake.

How to cite: Sinadinovski, C. and Smiljkov, S.: Numerical analysis of Seismic and Hydrobiological data around lake Mavrovo in the period Jul.2020-Nov.2021, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6452, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6452, 2022.

The oceanic active volcanic island of Tenerife (2,034 km²) is the largest of the Canarian archipelago. There are more than 1,000 galleries (horizontal drillings) in the island, which are used for groundwater exploitation and allow reaching the aquifer at different depths and elevations. This work presents the first extensive study on the temporal variation of dissolved gases in groundwaters from Fuente del Valle and San Fernando galleries (Tenerife, Spain) since April 2016 to June 2020. This investigation is focused on the chemical and isotopic content of several dissolved gas species (CO₂, He, O₂, N₂ and CH₄) present in the groundwaters and its relationship with the seismic activity registered in the island. The results show CO₂ as the major dissolved gas specie in the groundwater from both galleries presenting a mean value of 260 cm³STP·L^-1 and 69 cm³STP·L^-1 for Fuente del Valle and San Fernando, respectively. The average δ¹³C-CO₂ data (-3.9‰ for Fuente del Valle and -6.4‰ for San Fernando) suggest a clear endogenous origin as result of interaction of them with deep-origin fluid. A bubbling gas sample from Fuente del Valle gallery was analysed, obtaining a CO₂ rich gas (87 Vol.%) with a considerable He enrichment (7.3 ppm). The isotopic data of both components in the bubbling gas support the results obtained in the dissolved gases, showing an endogenous component that could be affected by the different activity of the hydrothermal system. During the study period, an important seismic swarm occurred on October 2, 2016, followed by an increase of the seismic activity in and around Tenerife. After this event, important geochemical variations were registered in the dissolved gas species, such as dissolved CO₂ and He content and the CO₂/O₂, He/CO₂, He/N₂ and CH₄/CO₂ ratios. These findings suggest an injection of fluids into the hydrothermal system during October 2016, a fact that evidences the connection between the groundwaters and the hydrothermal system. The present work demonstrates the importance of dissolved gases studies in groundwater for volcanic surveillance.

How to cite: Amonte, C., Pérez, N. M., Melián, G. V., Asensio-Ramos, M., Padrón, E., Hernández, P. A., and Meire Feijoo, A.: Temporal evolution of dissolved gases in groundwater of Tenerife Island, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8458, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8458, 2022.

Land surface temperature (LST) is a manifestation of the surface thermal environment (LSTE) and an important driver of physical processes of surface land energy balance at local to global scales. Tenerife is one of the most heterogeneous islands among the Canaries from a climatological and bio-geographical point of view. We study the surface thermal conditions of the volcanic island with remote sensing techniques. In particular, we consider a time series of Landsat 8 (L8) level 2A images for the period 2013 to 2019 to estimate LST from surface reflectance (SR) and brightness Temperature (BT) images. A total of 26 L8 dates were selected based on cloud cover information from metadata (land cloud cover < 10%) to estimate pixel-level LST with an algorithm based on Radiative Transfer Equations (RTE). The algorithm relies on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for estimating emissivity pixel by pixel. We apply the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) that revealed to be a powerful tool for data mining and, in particular, to separate multivariate LST dataset into a finite number of components, which have the maximum relative statistical independence. The ICA allowed separating the land surface temperature time series of Tenerife into 11 components that can be associated with geographic and bioclimatic zones of the island. The first ten components are related to physical factors, the 11th component, on the contrary, presented a more complex pattern resulting possibly from its small amplitude and the combination of various factors into a single component. The signal components recognized with the ICA technique, especially in areas of active volcanism, could be the basis for the space-time monitoring of the endogenous component of the LST due to surface hydrothermal and/or geothermal activity. Results are encouraging, although the 16-day revisit frequency of Landsat reduces the frequency of observation that could be increased by applying techniques of data fusion of medium and coarse spatial resolution images. The use of such systems for automatic processing and analysis of thermal images may in the future be a fundamental tool for the surveillance of the background activity of active and dormant volcanoes worldwide.

How to cite: Stroppiana, D., Przeor, M., D’Auria, L., and Tizzani, P.: Analysis of thermal regimes at Tenerife(Canary Islands) with Independent Component Analysis applied to time series of Remotely Sensed Land Surface Temperatures, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8580, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8580, 2022.

The increasingly widespread use of space geodesy has resulted in numerous, high-quality surface deformation data sets. DInSAR, for instance, is a well-established satellite technique for investigating tectonically active and volcanic areas characterized by a wide spatial extent of the inherent deformation. These geodetic data can provide important constraints on the involved fault geometry and on its slip distribution as well as on the type and position of an active magmatic source. For this reason, over last years, many researchers have developed robust and semiautomatic methods for inverting suitable models to infer the source type and geometry characteristics from the retrieved surface deformations.

In this work we will present a new software we have implemented, named easyGeoModels, that can be used by geophysicists but also by less skilled users who are interested in sources modeling to determine ground deformation in both seismo-tectonic and volcanic contexts. This software is characterized by some innovative aspects compared to existing similar tools, such as (i) the presence of an easy-to-use graphic interface that allows the user, even if not particularly expert, to manage the data to be inverted, the input parameters of one or more sources, the choice of the deformation source (s), effective and simple way; (ii) the possibility of selecting the GPS data to be inverted, simply by selecting the area of interest: in this case the software will automatically consider for the inversion only the GPS stations present in the selected area and will download the relative data from the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory site; (iii) the generation of output files in Geotiff, KMZ and Shapefile format, which allow a faster and more immediate visualization through GIS tools or Google Earth.

Finally, as applications, we will show some preliminary results obtained through the easyGeoModels software on areas characterized by huge deformation both in a volcanic context, such as that of the Campi Flegrei caldera, and a seismo-tectonic one, as for the case of the Amatrice earthquake (central Italy) which occurred on 24 August 2016.

How to cite: Solaro, G., Buonanno, S., Castaldo, R., De Luca, C., Fusco, A., Manzo, M., Pepe, S., Tizzani, P., Valerio, E., Zeni, G., Atzori, S., and Lanari, R.: EasyGeoModels: a New Tool to Investigate Seismic and Volcanic Deformations Retrieved through Geodetic Data. Software Implementation and Examples on the Campi Flegrei Caldera and the 2016 Amatrice Earthquake, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2263, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2263, 2022.

Volcanoes are dynamically active systems in continuous evolution. This behaviour is emphasized by many different processes, e.g., fumarolic activity, earthquakes, volcanic slope instabilities and volcanic climax eruptions. Volcanic edifices experience slope instability as consequence of different solicitations such as i) eruption mechanism and depositional process, ii) tectonic stresses, iii) extreme weather conditions; all these events induce the mobilization of unstable fractured volcanic flanks.

Several methods exist to gather information about slope stability and to map trajectories followed by individual falling rocks in individual slopes. These methods involve direct field observation, laser scanning, terrestrial or aerial photogrammetry. Such information is useful to infer the likely location of future rockfalls, and represent a valuable input for the application of three-dimensional models for rockfall trajectories.

The Ischia island is volcano-tectonic horst that is a part of the Phlegrean Volcanic District, Southern Italy. It covers an area of about 46 km² and it has experienced a remarkable ground uplift events due to a resurgence phenomenon. Slope instability is correlated both with earthquakes events and with volcanism phenomena. Specifically, evidences suggest that rockfalls occurred as an effect of the gravitational instability on the major scarps generated by the rapid resurgence, eased by the widespread rock fracturing.

We present results of an analysis relevant to the most probable individual masses trajectories of rockfall affecting the slopes of Ischia island. We first identified the prospective rockfall sources through an expert-mapping of source area in sample locations and statistical analysis on the whole island. Probabilistic sources are the main input of the three-dimensional rockfalls simulation software STONE.

The software assumes point-like masses falling under the sole action of gravity and the constraints of topography, and it calculates trajectories dominated by ballistic dynamics during falling, bouncing and rolling on the ground. Analysis of high-definition critical sector pictures, achieved by using UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) platform, will allow a detailed localization of source areas and an additional more robust simulations.

The procedure can be viewed as a multiscale analysis and allows besting allocating computational efforts and economic resources, focusing on a more detailed analysis on the slopes identified as the most risky ones during the first, large-scale analysis of the whole area.

How to cite: De Matteo, A., Alvioli, M., Bonfante, A., Buonanno, M., Castaldo, R., and Tizzani, P.: Slope stability monitoring system via three-dimensional simulations of rockfalls in Ischia island, Southern Italy, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5618, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5618, 2022.

Fra. Si. a national research project supported by the Ministry of the Environment and Land and Sea Protection, develops a coherent set of multiscale methodologies for the assessment and zoning of earthquake-induced landslide hazards. To achieve the goal, the project operates at different geographical, temporal, and organizational scales, and in different geological, geomorphological, and seismic-tectonic contexts. Given the complexity, variability, and extent of earthquake-induced landslides in Italy, operating at multiple scales allows you to (a) maximize the use of available data and information; (b) propose methodologies and experiment with models that operate at different scales and in different contexts, exploiting their peculiarities at the most congenial scales and coherently exporting the results at different scales; and (c) obtain results at scales of interest for different users.

The project defines a univocal and coherent methodological framework for the assessment and zoning of earthquake-induced landslide hazard, integrating existing information and data on earthquake-induced landslide in Italy, available to proponents, available in technical literature and from "open" sources - in favor of the cost-effectiveness of the proposal. The integration exploits a coherent set of modeling tools, expert (heuristic) and numerical (statistical and probabilistic, physically-based, FEM, optimization models). The methodology considers the problem at multiple scales, including: (a) three geographic scales - the national synoptic scale, the regional mesoscale and the local scale; (b) two time scales - the pre-event scale typical of territorial planning and the deferred time of civil protection, and the post-event scale, characteristic of real civil protection time; and (c) different organizational and management scales - from spatial planning and soil defense, including post-seismic reconstruction, to civil protection rapid response. Furthermore, the methodology considers the characteristics of the seismic-induced landslide and the associated hazard in the main geological, geomorphological and seismic-tectonic contexts in Italy.

The project develops methodologies and products for different users and/or users. The former concern methodologies for (i) the synoptic zoning of the hazard caused by earthquake-induced landslides in Italy; (ii) the zoning and quantification of the danger from earthquake-induced landslides on a regional scale; (iii) the quantification of the danger of single deep landslides in the seismic phase; and for (iv) the identification and geological-technical modeling of deep co-seismic landslides starting from advanced DInSAR analyzes from post-seismic satellites.

How to cite: Tizzani, P., Reichenbach, P., Fiorucci, F., Alvioli, M., Moscatelli, M., and Bonfante, A. and the Fra.Si. Team: FRA.SI.project - AN INTEGRATED MULTI-SCALE METHODOLOGIES FOR THE ZONATION OF LANDSLIDE-INDUCED HAZARD IN ITALY, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12927, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12927, 2022.

Geodetic modelling is a valuable tool to infer volume and geometry of volcanic source system; it represents a key procedure for detecting and characterizing unrest and eruption episodes. In this study, we analyse the 2009–2013 uplift phenomenon at Campi Flegrei (CF) caldera in terms of spatial and temporal variations of the stress/strain field due to the effect of the retrieved inflating source. We start by performing a 3D stationary finite element (FE) modelling of geodetic datasets to retrieve the geometry and location of the deformation source. The geometry of FE domain takes into account both the topography and the bathymetry of the whole caldera. For what concern the definition of domain elastic parameters, we take into account the Vp/Vs distribution from seismic tomography. We optimize our model parameters by exploiting two different geodetic datasets: the GPS data and DInSAR measurements. The modelling results suggest that the best-fit source is a three-axis oblate spheroid ~3 km deep, similar to a sill-like body. Furthermore, in order to verify the reliability of the geometry model results, we calculate the Total Horizontal Derivative (THD) of the vertical velocity component and compare it with those performed with the DInSAR measurements. Subsequently, starting from the same FE modelling domain, we explore a 3D time-dependent FE model, comparing the spatial and temporal distribution of the shear stress and volumetric strain with the seismic swarms beneath the caldera. Finally, We found that low values of shear stress are observed corresponding with the shallow hydrothermal system where low-magnitude earthquakes occur, whereas high values of shear stress are found at depths of about 3 km, where high-magnitude earthquakes nucleate.

How to cite: Castaldo, R., Solaro, G., and Tizzani, P.: Analysis and Modelling of 2009-2013 Unrest Episodes at Campi Flegrei Caldera, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11493, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11493, 2022.

We propose a novel multidisciplinary approach to image the thermo-rheological stratification beneath active volcanic areas, such as Long Valley Caldera (LVC), which hosts a magmatic-hydrothermal system. Geothermal facilities near the Casa Diablo locality supply 40 MWe from three binary power plants, exploiting about 850 kg s⁻¹ of 160–180 °C water that circulates within the volcanic sediments 200 to 350 meters deep. We performed a thermal fluid dynamic model via optimization procedure of the thermal conditions of the crust. We characterize the topology of the hot magmatic bodies and the hot fluid circulation (the permeable fault-zones), using both a novel imaging of the a and b parameters of the Gutenberg-Richter law and an innovative procedure analysis of P-wave tomographic models. The optimization procedure provides the permeability of a reservoir (5.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ m²) and of the fault-zone (5.0 · 10−14 – 1.0 × 10⁻¹³ m²), as well as the temperature of the magma body (750–800°C). The imaging of the rheological properties of the crust indicates that the brittle/ductile transition occurs about 5 km b.s.l. depth, beneath the resurgent dome. There are again deeper brittle conditions about 15 km b.s.l., agreeing with the previous observations. The comparison between the conductive and the conductive-convective heat transfer models highlights that the deeper fluid circulation efficiently cools the volumes above the magmatic body, transferring the heat to the shallow geothermal system. This process has a significant impact on the rheological properties of the upper crust as the migration of the B/D transition. Our findings show an active magmatic system (6–10 km deep) and confirm that LVC is a long-life silicic caldera system. Furthermore, the occurrence of deep-seated, super-hot geothermal resources 4.5 – 5.0 km deep, possibly in supercritical conditions, cannot be ruled out.

How to cite: Gola, G., Barone, A., Castaldo, R., Chiodini, G., D'Auria, L., García-Hernández, R., Pepe, S., Solaro, G., and Tizzani, P.: Integrating geophysical, geochemical, petrological and geological data for the thermal and rheological characterization of unconventional geothermal fields: the case study of Long Valley Caldera, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11990, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11990, 2022.

Thermal features of environmental systems are increasingly investigated after the development of remote sensing technologies; the increasing availability of Earth Observation (EO) missions allows the retrieval of the Land Surface Temperature (LST) parameter, which is widely used for a large variety of applications (Galve et al., 2018). In volcanic environment, the LST is an indicator of the spatial distribution of thermal anomalies at the ground surface, supporting designed tools for monitoring purposes (Caputo et al., 2019); therefore, LST can be used to understand endogenous processes and to model thermal sources.

In this framework, we present the results of activities carried out in the FLUIDs PRIN project, which aims at the characterization and modeling of fluids migration at different scales (https://www.prinfluids.it/). We propose a multi-scale analysis of thermal data at Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc); this area is well known for hosting thermal processes related to both magmatic and hydrothermal systems (Chiodini et al., 2015; Castaldo et al., 2021). Accordingly, data collected at different scales are suitable to search out local thermal trends with respect to regional ones. In particular, in this work we compare LST estimated from Landsat satellite images covering the entire volcanic area and ground measurements nearby the Solfatara crater.

Firstly, we exploit Landsat data to derive time series of LST by applying an algorithm based on Radiative Transfer Equations (RTE) (Qin et al., 2001; Jimenez-Munoz et al., 2014). The algorithm exploits both thermal infrared (TIR) and visible/near infrared (VIS/NIR) bands of different Landsat missions in the period 2000-2021; we used time series imagery from Landsat 5 (L5), Landsat 7 (L7) and Landsat 8 (L8) satellite missions to retrieve the thermal patterns of the CFc area with spatial resolutions of 30 m for VIS/NIR bands and 60 m to 120 m for TIR bands. Theoretical frequency of acquisition of the Landsat missions is 16 days that is reduced over the study area by cloud cover: Landsat images with high cloud cover were in fact discarded from the time series.

In particular, we process both the daily acquisitions as well nighttime data to provide thermal features at the ground surface in the absence of solar radiation. To emphasize the thermal anomalies of endogenous phenomena, the retrieved LST time-series are corrected following these steps: (i) removal of spatial and temporal outliers; (ii) correction for adiabatic gradient of the air with the altitude; (iii) detection and removal of the seasonal component.

Regarding to the ground-based acquisitions, we consider the data collected by the Osservatorio Vesuviano, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (OV- INGV, Italy, Naples); the dataset consists of 151 thermal measurements distributed within the 2004-2021 time-interval and acquired inside the Solfatara and Pisciarelli areas at a depth of 0.01 m below the ground surface. Similarly, we process this dataset following corrections (i) and (iii).

Finally, we compare the temporal evolution of thermal patterns retrieved by the satellite and ground-based measurements, highlighting the supporting information provided by LST and its integration with data at ground.

How to cite: Barone, A., Stroppiana, D., Castaldo, R., Caliro, S., Chiodini, G., D'Auria, L., Gola, G., Parisi, F., Pepe, S., Solaro, G., and Tizzani, P.: Time evolution of Land Surface Temperature (LST) in active volcanic areas detected via integration of satellite and ground-based measurements: the Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy) case study., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11874, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11874, 2022.