NH1.6

Revealing the liquefaction mechanism and anisotropy behaviour of root-reinforced soils: an energy-based approach

Ali Akbar Karimzadeh, Anthony Kwan Leung

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR

Abstract:

Recent physical modelling work has demonstrated that plant roots provide seismic resistance to geotechnical infrastructure such as slopes and pipelines against liquefaction. Indeed, there is evidence from published triaxial data that the presence of roots increased the liquefaction resistance of soil and changed the liquefaction failure mode from limited flow failure to cyclic mobility, depending on the amount of cyclic stress ratio applied and the available root volume. However, effects of root orientation on soil anisotropy and energy dissipation during the process of liquefaction, have not been adequately addressed in the literature. In this presentation, we will present a new energy-based framework and its application to reinterpret a set of published triaxial data concerning on the undrained strain-controlled cyclic behaviour of root-reinforced soils. Based on the framework, the changes in the amount of dissipated energy required to reach the liquefaction criteria (i.e. 5% double-amplitude axial strain) of the soil due to the presence of roots of different volume ratio will be determined. We will use this energy term and the strain values at the compressive and extensive sides of a cyclic loading at the liquefaction state to explore how root orientations would affect the soil anisotropy. A new correlation between normalised cumulative dissipated energy (∑ΔW/σ_c’, where σ_c’ is the effective confining pressure) and the cyclic resistance ratio at the cycle number of 15 (CRR₁₅) will be established. We will also present the correlation between the ∑ΔW/σ_c’ with the normalised cumulative strain energy (∑4W/σ_c’) which is representative to the the demand energy of an earthquake event. Finally, we will discuss any effects of the recycling and recovering of strain energy upon cyclic loading, and their importance in the energy interpretation to root-reinforced soils.

Keywords: Energy-based approach, Root-reinforced soil, Anisotropy, Liquefaction, Triaxial cyclic tests

How to cite: Karimzadeh, A. A. and Leung, A. K.: Revealing the liquefaction mechanism and anisotropy behaviour of root-reinforced soils: an energy-based approach, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12986, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12986, 2022.

Landslides are common natural hazards that greatly impact lives and property worldwide. The magnitude of landslide impacts depends strongly on how far landslide sediments travel, widely known as landslide mobility. Numerous studies showed that landslide mobility is complex, but largely affected by initial water content during landslide initiation. Here, water acts as a medium that carries the collapsed landslide mass downslope. Vegetation root systems may alter the initial water content by modifying the flow path within the soil. The mechanical reinforcement of root systems may also limit the spatial propagation of the landslide mass. Thus, vegetation root systems may exert significant effects on landslide mobility. Nevertheless, effects of root systems on landslide mobility have rarely been discussed in landslide studies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of rooting systems on landslide mobility.

A flume constructed at a 1:70 scale was used to evaluate the effect of root systems on landslide mobility. The flume consisted of two segments representing landslide initiation (120 cm long, 35° inclination) and deposition (150 cm long, 35° inclination). All segments were 80 cm wide, 15 cm high, and constructed with 1-cm thick acrylic material. Sand (density=1.4 g/cm³, D₅₀=0.23 mm) was placed in the initiation segment to a depth of 10 cm. For conditions with vegetation (V), we grew pea (Pisum sativum L.) bean sprouts in the sand to simulate the root system. Sprouts were grown at 3 cm intervals for two weeks to simulate the root system on 2200 stem/ha of Japanese cedar forest. To initiate landslides, 90 mm/h of rainfall was applied via nozzles installed at 2 m above the flume. Timing of landslide initiation was then measured. Water content was also measured by TDR sensors installed at 3 and 7 cm depths below the soil surface. The L/H ratio was estimated based on total travel distance and total descent height of the landslide mass.

Vegetated conditions (V; n=3) were more stable than non-vegetated conditions (NV; n=3). Indeed, landslides initiated at 889-959 s (SD=41 s) on V, while on NV was 510-519 s (SD=5 s). Mean volumetric water content during landslide initiation was 0.2-0.22 (SD=0.01) on V, while on NV was 0.16-0.2 (SD=0.02). Because V had higher water content than NV, V was 1.2-1.4 times more mobile than NV. The L/H was 2.2-2.4 (SD=0.09) on V, while on NV it was 1.7-1.8 (SD=0.06). In general, vegetation root systems maintain slope stability by adding more cohesion to soils. Due to this reinforcement, greater gravitational forces and pore water pressure are needed to destabilize the slope. This consequently elevates the threshold of water content for landslide initiation. Since water content greatly influences mobility, wetter conditions enhance the mobility of the collapsed landslide mass. Our findings concur with previous studies that root reinforcement can mitigate slope instability. However, we highlight that such reinforcement can also enhance the mobility, which may elevate the potential impacts of landslides. We further investigate the effect of various stem densities on landslide mobility.

How to cite: Noviandi, R., Gomi, T., Sidle, R. C., Ritonga, R. P., and Hasunuma, Y.: Do Vegetation Root Systems Affect Landslide Mobility? A Flume Experiment, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9004, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9004, 2022.

Climate change has a significant impact on slope stability through atmospheric perturbations, water infiltration and soil erosion, which is often accompanied by local or shallow sliding of the slopes. Usually, the erosion is not seen as a stability-treating occurrence, but with time it can develop to a reduction of the shear soil strength and raise in the pore water pressure that can disturb the slope stability.

In order to overcome these problems, it is necessary to introduce techniques for surface stabilization of soil slopes that increase erosion resistance and reduce surface water infiltration. Moreover, they have to be environmentally friendly, thus recommendations refer to the application of natural polymer compounds that do not pollute the environment, and at the same time represent an effective and economical measure for slope stabilization. Very often, as an additional measure in the application of these biopolymer solutions on the surfaces of the slopes, at the same time, the application of seeds from low and medium vegetation is performed. In the first months, the biopolymers form a bond between the solid soil particles, which increases the erosion resistance and reduces the ability to infiltrate and absorb surface water. In parallel, the biopolymer helps and accelerates the growth of vegetation to ensure long-term erosion and slope stability.

The aim of the presented study was to investigate the effects of the xanthan gum as a compound and to develop an original biopolymer solution which will be later tested. The testing methodology was organized in two phases: laboratory tests on natural and biopolymer treated soil in the first phase, and experimental testing of biopolymer treated slope in the second phase.

In the first phase, the classification and strength parameters of treated and untreated soil were determined through standard laboratory tests. The tests were performed on specimens with various percentages of the xanthan gum additive, moreover, specimens were tested on days 1, 7, and 14 to examine the curing effects. From the results, it was observed that Xanthan gum has significantly increased the strength of the soil, up to 50% after the 14 days of curing time.

In the second phase, the erosion of treated and untreated soil was experimentally tested on the 1:1.5 slope during a rainfall of 10 liters per hour which was simulated for 180 minutes. The obtained results were better than expected showing a significant erosion resistance on the treated slope. During the 180 minutes of rainfall on the treated slope, there was no eroded soil registered. The Xanthan gum binder with a content of 1.0% filling the pores was able to limit the water infiltration into the soil, which improves interparticle cohesion and shows increased erosion resistance. In contrast, the amount of eroded soil on the untreated slope with an area of 1.0m² was about 1900gr or soil erosion of 9.5%.

Finally, from the study can be concluded that the proposed biopolymer is a natural-based solution for erosion control which has major potential because they represent efficient, economic and environmentally sustainable engineering solutions.

How to cite: Josifovski, J. and Nikolovska Atanasovska, A.: Biopolymer soil stabilization as protection from slope erosion and shallow sliding, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4236, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4236, 2022.

Enhancing the overall resilience of vegetated slopes against shallow mass movement can be achieved by better understanding soil-root interaction.  To predict the behaviour of vegetated slopes during design, parameters representing the root system structure, such as root distribution, length, orientation and diameter, should be considered in slope stability models. Microscale quantifications of how root growth influences soil characteristics, able to inform computational models, are scarce in the literature, especially for stratified soils. This study quantifies the relationship between soil physical characteristics and root growth, emphasising particularly on (1) how roots influence the physical architecture of the surrounding soil structure and (2) how soil structure influences root growth. A systematic experimental study is carried out using high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) to observe the root behaviour in layered soil. In total, 2 samples are scanned over 15 days of growth, enabling the acquisition of 10 sets of images. A machine learning algorithm for image segmentation is trained to act at 3 different training percentages, resulting in the processing of 30 sets of images, with the outcomes prompting a discussion on the size of the training data set. An automated in-house image processing algorithm is developed to provide values of void ratio and root volume ratio for Regions of Interest at varying distance from the root. This work investigates the effect of stratigraphy on root growth, along with the effect of image-segmentation parameters on soil constitutive properties.

How to cite: Nadimi, S., Kemp, N., Angelidakis, V., and Luli, S.: Observations of root growth in stratified soils at the microscopic scale: Insights from micro-computed tomography, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12425, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12425, 2022.

Vegetation is an important tool for managing urban surface water and shallow geotechnical assets. However, root water uptake driven changes in slope hydrology (soil water content, matric suction, and hydraulic conductivity) are poorly understood in heterogeneous soils and under extreme climatic conditions. Slope stability is affected by intrinsic factors, including geometry, soil properties, groundwater and vegetation driven matric suction. Field evidence indicates that engineered slopes are susceptible to hydrometeorological slope instability mechanisms and that these pose a potential failure hazard to asset operation and public safety. The UK hosts 15,800 km of railway network and 7100 km of strategic road network, accounting for 49,000 slopes. This is a significant portfolio of slopes that must be managed and maintained at considerable expense.

To better understand the influence of vegetation on soil water dynamics in geotechnical infrastructure, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is being used. ERT is a non-invasive tool for measuring and imaging subsurface soil moisture dynamics volumetrically. ERT can be used to quantitatively establish how the presence of roots influences transient soil moisture content and suction to assess the effectiveness of vegetation in managing slope hydrology and excess surface water issues in the built environment. This research aims to use 4-D ERT to determine the impact of vegetation on the hydrological behaviour of a high plasticity clay derived sub-soil used in the construction of infrastructure slopes in the southern half of the UK. Laboratory-scale experiments are underway at the UK National Green Infrastructure Facility, Newcastle, using a controlled environment chamber. A suite of soil columns is planted with vegetation, False Oat Grass (Arrhenatherum elatius) and Common Bent (Agrostis capillaris) and feature a 3D ERT electrode array and point sensors for measurement of volumetric water content, matric suction, and electrical conductivity throughout the profile. Through frequent imaging of soil-water-plant interactions and correlation with destructive root architecture imaging, this research aims to highlight how these relationships change over time and respond to extreme weather conditions (drought/inundation) to better predict, manage, and mitigate the occurrence of slope failure. Furthermore, the work aims to improve understanding of vegetation-driven soil moisture movement in the near-surface to better assess seasonal and longer-term slope stability to inform asset management strategies.

How to cite: Thaman, N., Stirling, R., and Chambers, J. E.: Developing Novel Geophysical Tools to Investigate Urban Vegetated Soil Moisture Dynamics, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7386, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7386, 2022.

The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, the Swedish Geotechnical Institute, the Swedish Road Administration and the Swedish University of Agriculture have together been involved a project named “Vegetation as a mean for slope stabilisation”. The aim of the project was to introduce soil-bioengineering methods in Sweden through demonstration projects and to obtain experiences regarding the function and effect of plants on slope stability within Swedish conditions.

In three selected areas, the plant- and soil conditions were studied, with tests commencing in the spring of 2004 and in the beginning of 2005, respectively. The project ended in 2007 in a report containing recommendations, based on the experiences from the project, for the continued use of soil bioengineering methods.

In the test site Bispgården, a new road was built in 2004 through a gully area. The soil consists of highly erodible silt and sand material. Hedge- and brushlayers with grass seeding were selected to protect the soil from erosion in one slope. Equipment for measurements of pore pressure and precipitation were installed in the summer of 2004. Studies of the plant conditions were conducted several times during the first two years of the project.

In the test site Bydalen, a reconstruction of a country road was conducted in 2005, as the road was plagued with annually recurring erosion along it’s existing silty-till slopes. These slopes were to be restabilised during reconstruction. All together nine existing slopes were stabilised in early 2005 by different soil bioengineering methods proposed by the project group. The group analysed the function of the plants together with automated recordings of precipitation.

In the test site Näsåker, steep slopes of a country road were repaired in 2005-2008, due to continuing erosion and landslides in the silty soil slopes along the existing road. The slopes were stabilised with soil bioengineering and soil nailing.

Different soil bioengineering methods have been used in some new production sites, following this demonstration project. The methods may also be implemented in future projects.

The results from the demonstration in project sites, will be described in this presentation.

How to cite: Ånäs, M.: Vegetation as a remedial measure against erosion and shallow landslides in steep soil slopes, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9829, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9829, 2022.

Root reinforcement is a variable factor that influences the disposition of shallow landslides over different time scales. Natural or anthropogenic forest disturbances, such as forest fires or clear cuts, may modify considerably the vegetation cover on a short time scale, with major consequences on several ecosystem services, including the mitigation of risks due to shallow landslides. After catastrophic forest disturbances, it is of primary importance for decision makers to assess how risks will change in order to evaluate the most appropriate protection measures. Therefore, the quantification of the effect of the temporal dynamic of root reinforcement is of fundamental importance to estimate the occurrence probability of shallow landslides.

Data on root distribution and pullout tests for spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus silvatyca) trees are used to upscale the basal and lateral root reinforcement at the stand scale (Schwarz et al., 2012). The decay of root reinforcement is calculated based on data collected in a burnt (Vergani et al., 2017) and a clear-cut area (Vergani et al., 2016). The recovery of root reinforcement after disturbances is estimated considering the growing conditions of the stands (Flepp et al., 2021). The quantification of the dynamic of the forest stands and the derived root reinforcement at stand scale is based on the analysis of four Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI 1-4). The estimated time-dependent variation of root reinforcement is implemented in the SlideforNET model (ecorisq.org) to calculate the occurrence probability of shallow landslide after disturbances.

The results show that the recovery of root reinforcement after disturbance is effective to reduce the hazards of shallow landslide only for a narrow range of disposition factors. Given a defined rainfall statistic, slope inclination is the factor that most influence the effectiveness of root reinforcement recovery, within a range of inclination variations of 4-8°. Further relevant factors are soil thickness and runoff contributing area.

The extended version of SlideforNET quantifies how effective is the recovery of root reinforcement in stabilizing shallow landslides after stand replacing forest disturbances. This information is fundamental to evaluate if additional temporal or permanent technical measures are needed to keep an acceptable level of risk after forest disturbances.

How to cite: Schwarz, M., Cohen, D., Giadrossich, F., May, D., Moos, C., and Dorren, L.: Influence of the temporal dynamic of root reinforcement on the disposition of shallow landslides, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11679, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11679, 2022.

In New Zealand shallow landslides are a prominent contributor to soil erosion in unvegetated slopes (hill country) and to water quality degradation. Selective well-planned re-vegetation of steep slopes can reduce shallow landslide hazard with comparatively low economic consequences.

The main non-native planted tree species that contribute to slope stability are Poplar species (Populus sp.) and Pine (Pinus radiata). We will present field data quantifying the root distribution and root strength of poplar and pine trees from New Zealand. 4 poplar trees with a medium Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) of 0.48 m are included. Circular trenches have been dug at fixed distances from stem and the roots counted and their diameter measured systematically. 64 root pull-out tests over varying soil depth and root diameter provide calibration for lateral root reinforcement (Gehring et al., 2019; equation 3). The combination of root counts and root reinforcement calibration enables the parametrization of root reinforcement on a single tree scale. The Pinus radiata calibration is the adopted from Giandrossich et al., 2020 which applied a similar methodology.

Using the slope stability model SlideforMap, we assess and compare (re)vegetation scenarios and their effect on slope stability. In addition to a detailed inclusion of vegetation, SlideforMap takes local soil and hydrology into account in the parametrization. Scenarios without poplar/radiata stands, dispersed trees and plantations are run and compared under varying precipitation conditions.

We believe this approach enables regional decision makers to optimize tree planting to significantly reduce slope instability at minimal economic costs.

Literature:

Gehring, E., Conedera, M., Maringer, J., Giadrossich, F., Guastini, E., & Schwarz, M. (2019). Shallow landslide disposition in burnt European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45073-7

Giadrossich, F., Schwarz, M., Marden, M., Marrosu, R., & Phillips, C. (2020). Minimum representative root distribution sampling for calculating slope stability in pinus radiata d.Don plantations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 50, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs502020x68x

How to cite: van Zadelhoff, F., Schwarz, M., Cohen, D., and Philips, C.: Quantifying the effect on shallow landslide activity of actual and potential poplar and pine stands in New Zealand hill country., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13261, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13261, 2022.

Plant roots can help to stabilise riverbanks and slopes by providing additional mechanical reinforcement through tensioning of root material. This problem has typically been studied at the ultimate limit state, focussing on quantifying the peak root-reinforced soil strength. Existing models however rarely account for the gradual mobilisation of root-reinforcement associated with increasing soil displacements. Understanding these deformations is important when deformation tolerances are low, for example when constructing infrastructure embankments, or when deformations may serve as an early warning signal for slope failure.

Several new models to quantify mechanical reinforcement were developed, with varying levels of complexity. At the most basic level, fibre bundle model theory was combined with early pioneering work by Wu and Waldron to form a new fibre bundle approach that remains simple to use yet respects the physics of soil and root deformation. A second and more comprehensive analytical model was developed that can calculate reinforcements as a function of increasing soil shear displacement. This model includes key parameters such as the elasto-plastic biomechanical root behaviour, three-dimensional root orientations, root slippage and changes in the geometry of the localised shear zone in the soil. A third model comprises a full set of constitutive stress-strain relationships for rooted soil that can be used in numerical finite-element simulations. In this framework, the rooted soil is treated as a single, composite material in which the soil and root phase can each be assigned their own unique material behaviour. The composite approach simplifies model parameterisation by using independently measurable root and soil parameters, and is also powerful enough to investigate the complicated interaction between stresses and deformations in the soil skeleton and in the roots.

These models all provided good predictions of experimentally measured root reinforcements in direct shear tests. They will be useful tools both for the engineering industry, in terms of rapid quantification of root reinforcement, as well as for directing future research into the drivers of mechanical root-reinforcement.

How to cite: Meijer, G., Knappett, J., Bengough, G., Muir Wood, D., and Liang, T.: New modelling tools for quantification of mechanical reinforcement of soil by plant roots, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13300, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13300, 2022.

LaRiMiT (Landslide Risk Mitigation Toolbox) is a web-based database and user portal for identifying and selecting mitigation measures for a specific landslide case, assisted by an embedded expert scoring system. The webtool, developed within KLIMA2050, contains more than 80 structural landslide mitigation measures, including active (aimed at reducing the likelihood of a landslide) and passive (aimed at reducing the consequences) measures. For each mitigation measure a description, examples of application and design methods are provided, as well as references from literature. An Analytic Hierarchy Process resident in the toolbox provides a ranked list of suitable mitigation measures for a specific case. The quantitative scores reflect the input relevance weights and option scores. Recently, the database has been expanded to include also Nature-based solutions (NBS). NBS applied to landslide hazard mitigation are mostly known as soil and water bio-engineering (SWB) and the main SWB techniques have been categorized and added to the database. For these measures, the period of installation, the materials involved, advantages, and disadvantages are also provided. The database containing all the mitigation measures has open access to all users at https://www.larimit.com/. 

A survey was sent to a group of experts in landslide management and SWB selected worldwide, with a focus on Europe, asking them to assign scores to each mitigation measure in the toolbox. The survey was made using Microsoft Forms. Each measure was linked to a dedicated response page through a hyperlink, and the experts could submit a response for the mitigation measures they felt more comfortable with giving scores. For each mitigation measure selected, the experts were asked to assess the measure by scoring 33 parameters, based on existing landslide classifications with regards to the type of movement, material type, rate of movement of the landslide (among others), as well as feasibility, economic suitability, and environmental suitability. A total of 153 experts, among landlide mitigation managers and experts of SWB practices, were asked to fill the survey. An innovative methodology for utilising experts' scoring directly within the decision support tool, was proposed and used to calculate the final scores for each parameter of the landslide mitigation measures. It consisted in 5 phases, namely Data analysis, Data filtering, data weighing, Data comparison, and Score selection.

A total of 38 out of the 153 invited experts (corresponding to just over 25%) contributed scores for at least one mitigation measure. In total, 296 responses were received of which 172 were for traditional mitigation measures, 111 for NBS, and 13 for hybrid solutions (combination of NBS and traditional engineering solutions). The results from this first pooling are discussed and analyzed, and the scores of 56 measures were updated on the basis of the pooling answers. All the NBS measures received between 3 and 9 responses, confirming that the NBS listed in the database were well known to most of the SWB experts who participated to the survey. 

The survey is still open and we encourage landslide mitigation experts that are willing to provide their contribution, to reach out the survey managers at vittoria.capobianco@ngi.no.

How to cite: Capobianco, V., Kalsnes, B., Strout, J., and Solheim, A.: Nature-based solutions for mitigating erosion and shallow landslides in LaRiMiT toolbox: use of expert scoring for evaluation of NBS measures, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13423, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13423, 2022.

Many types of Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) have been applied worldwide to mitigate impacts of hydro-meteorological hazards produced by anthropic activities such as grazing and agriculture. Among them, vegetated buffer strips (VBSs) and winter cover crops (WCCs) are suitable solutions for reducing runoff and soil erosion rates from cultivated fields. However, their mitigating effects depends largely on local conditions such as morphology and soil nature.

This study investigated these aspects by modelling the NBS effects on soil and water dynamics in two test sites located within the Massaciuccoli agricultural plain (Vecchiano, Pisa, Central Italy) and characterised by different soil types (peaty and silty soils). The SWAT+ model has been chosen to simulate hydraulic and hydrological phenomena using high-resolution data such as digital terrain models (DTMs) from close-range photogrammetry, detailed land cover mapping, actual crop rotations, and detailed calendars of agronomic operations. We considered two types of NBSs: i) 3 m wide VBSs planted along both sides of field ditches, covering about 10% of the agricultural land, and ii) WCCs sowed after harvesting summer cash crops. Both NBSs exert their action on 30% of the experimental area. The mitigating effect was tested by comparing simulation results from NBS and control (conventional agriculture) scenarios under ongoing climatic conditions and future climate changes.

Results indicated that VBSs and WCCs showed different capabilities to reduce runoff and sediment losses, and the adoption of both can enhance the mitigation effect significantly. NBSs resulted effective also in completely flat areas since slight topographic irregularities can cause local preferential flows resulting in high runoff rate and sediment losses. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how the soil variability in texture and organic matter content can affect the amount of runoff and sediment loss on a local scale. Consequently, the mitigating effects of NBS can be closely driven by the soil nature and heterogeneity. This influence is even more significant under extreme climatic conditions such as higher temperatures and more aggressive rainfall events. In these cases, NBSs can play an essential role in mitigating runoff and soil erosion phenomena on fine-textured mineral soils. In contrast, they lose much of their effectiveness on peat soils.

How to cite: Pignalosa, A., Silvestri, N., Pugliese, F., Gerundo, C., Corniello, A., Del Seppia, N., Lucchesi, M., Coscini, N., and De Paola, F.: Modelling the effects of NBS adoption in mitigating soil losses of a land reclamation area in the Massaciuccoli lake catchment (Central Italy), EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7965, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7965, 2022.