We are transitioning towards a climate state on Earth featuring rapid changes in response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and land-use change, with severe observable and projected impacts on the occurrence of extreme weather events and increasing risk of crossing large-scale tipping points. Neither the transition nor the long-term climate state has been observed by (human-made) measurements before, making information on past climatic states increasingly more important to help anticipate future Earth System change. Paleoclimate records have enormously expanded over the past decades, and provide extremely rich information about physical, cryospheric, biological, and ecological processes on many spatial and temporal scales. Yet, it has been difficult so far to directly transform this knowledge on past processes into a more confident evaluation of future projections for the Earth system.
Being able to reconstruct past climate evolution is a necessary step for enhancing our capacity to look into the future and, therefore, extensive improvements of state-of-the-art Earth System Models (ESMs) are needed. So far, ESMs are mainly calibrated and validated with respect to the instrumental records of the last ~170 years of relatively stable climate, while the Earth’s longer-term history is characterised by an interplay of gradual climate change, variability and critical transitions between competing states, with profound impacts on climate subsystems, ecosystems, and civilisations.
Understanding the leading dynamical processes and feedbacks and in particular improving our ability to model and anticipate critical transitions in the climate and ecosystems is key to project future climate change on spatio-temporal scales relevant for societies, ecosystems and the planet.

We invite contributions that
-     use knowledge of past climates to advance our understanding of climate variability, abrupt changes and climate response to greenhouse gas changes and other forcing on spatio-temporal scales relevant for societies, ecosystems and the planet as a whole;
-     make use of information from paleoenvironmental proxy data, from past civilisations, from ESMs, and from rigorous theoretical approaches - individually or combined;
-     explore modern approaches to incorporate palaeoclimate information into the development processes of ESMs of varying complexity;

Machine learning (ML) is currently transforming data analysis and modelling of the Earth system. While statistical and data-driven models have been used for a long time, recent advances in machine learning now allow for encoding non-linear, spatio-temporal relationships robustly without sacrificing interpretability. This has the potential to accelerate climate science, by providing new physics-based modelling approaches; improving our understanding of the underlying processes; reducing and better quantifying climate signals, variability, and uncertainty; and even making predictions directly from observations across different spatio-temporal scales. The limitations of machine learning methods need to also be considered, such as requiring, in general, rather large training datasets, data leakage, and/or poor generalisation abilities, so that methods are applied where they are fit for purpose and add value.

This session aims to provide a venue to present the latest progress in the use of ML applied to all aspects of climate science and we welcome abstracts focussed on, but not limited to:
- Causal discovery and inference: causal impact assessment, interventions, counterfactual analysis
- Learning (causal) process, equations, and feature representations in observations or across models and observations
- Hybrid models (physically informed ML, emulation, data-model integration)
- Novel detection and attribution approaches, including for extreme events
- Probabilistic modelling and uncertainty quantification
- ML-based super-resolution and bias-correction for climate downscaling
- Explainable AI applications to climate data science and climate modelling
- Distributional robustness, transfer learning and/or out-of-distribution generalisation tasks in climate science

Machine learning (ML) is being used throughout the geophysical sciences with a wide variety of applications. Advances in big data, deep learning, and other areas of artificial intelligence (AI) have opened up a number of new approaches to traditional problems.

Many fields (climate, ocean, numerical weather prediction, space weather etc.) make use of large numerical models and are now seeking to enhance these by combining them with scientific ML/AI techniques. Examples include ML emulation of computationally intensive processes, data-driven parameterisations for sub-grid processes, ML assisted calibration, and uncertainty quantification of parameters, amongst other applications.

Doing this brings a number of unique challenges, however, including but not limited to:

- enforcing physical compatibility, consistency, and conservation laws
- ensuring numerical stability,
- coupling of numerical models to ML frameworks and language interoperation,
- development and usage of differentiable models and model components,
- handling computer architectures and data transfer,
- adaptation/generalisation to different models, resolutions, or climates,
- explaining, understanding, and evaluating model performance and biases.
- quantifying uncertainties and their sources
- tuning of physical or ML parameters after coupling to numerical models (derivative-free optimisation, Bayesian optimisation, ensemble Kalman methods, etc.)

Addressing these requires knowledge of several areas and builds on advances already made in domain science, numerical simulation, machine learning, high-performance computing, data assimilation etc.

Following success over the past two years at EGU, we again solicit talks that address any topics relating to the above. Anyone working to combine machine learning techniques with numerical modelling is encouraged to participate in this session.

Earth Observation (EO) offers a powerful means of monitoring changes in climate, ecosystems, and human environments at both global and local scales. These observations generate a wide array of climate and environmental variables, and they are delivered as Analysis-Ready Data (ARD). While ARD is globally accessible and scientifically robust, it might lack the specificity and contextual relevance required to effectively address local challenges. To bridge this gap, ARD must be transformed into Action-Ready Information (ARI): tailored data products and insights that support local decision-making and reflect community priorities. This transformation depends on co-creation, a collaborative process involving local communities, scientists, engineers, policymakers, and private sector stakeholders. For example, by integrating satellite EO with locally collected data from ground, water, and airborne platforms, we can enhance data granularity, validate satellite outputs, and generate customized, equitable, and actionable solutions. This session will explore how data can be harnessed to support environmental monitoring, local climate mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable development. It will emphasize the importance of identifying gaps between global datasets and local needs, and present strategies to close these gaps through innovation (e.g. new technologies and open FAIR science), inclusive engagement, and capacity building. Economic and policy dimensions will also be addressed, including the sustainability of community-led initiatives, the role of citizen science, funding mechanisms, and scalable technologies that enhance data utility for local solutions. The practical implementation challenges confronting policymakers when seeking to engage with EO data, particularly in the context of constrained policy capacities, will also be discussed. We invite participants from across/around the EO ecosystem: researchers in both physical and social sciences, community leaders, and stakeholders from policy and business sectors. We do not limit us only to satellite EO. We do consider non-EO observations and data, and their applications. We will share case studies, identify synergies between global and local efforts, and co-create knowledge that informs both local action and global strategies. By synthesizing diverse experiences, this session aims to advance EO as a tool for addressing the interconnected climate and environmental challenges we face locally and globally.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) plays a critical role in regulating Earth’s climate. Therefore, a potential future weakening or even collapse of the AMOC could have major climatic and societal impacts. While some of these impacts have been investigated, their wide-ranging nature has led to scattered knowledge with limited intercomparisons between different lines of evidence. In this session, we bridge multiple disciplines and bring together the latest knowledge on AMOC impacts.

We welcome all contributions that investigate Earth System impacts resulting from changes in the AMOC. These can include direct physical impacts, such as atmospheric, oceanic, or cryospheric; biogeochemical as well as marine and terrestrial ecosystem responses; and socioeconomic impacts, such as health, agricultural, and economic repercussions. Contributions can cover any timescale, from paleoclimate and the recent past to future projections, from seasonal and decadal changes to long-term (centennial to millennial) impacts in the past and future. In addition, the AMOC's impact can be studied in a range of scenarios, from internal variability to forced trends or abrupt/tipping behaviour, affecting both mean and extreme variables.

We call for contributions employing a broad range of tools, from Earth System, regional, and simple models to reanalyses and observations/proxies, as well as socioeconomic and impact-related models. Finally, as the Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) is an ocean system whose strength, stability, and impact on the climate are strongly connected to the AMOC, we also welcome contributions discussing the impacts of SPG changes on the Earth System.

Scientific drilling in the ocean and on continents provides unique window into the workings of the interior of our planet, Earth surface processes, paleoclimates, natural hazards and the distribution of subsurface microbial life. The past and current scientific drilling programs of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), the International Ocean Drilling Programme (IODP3) and the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) continue to foster major advances in many interdisciplinary fields of socio-economic relevance, such as climate and ecosystem evolution, palaeoceanography, the deep biosphere, sustainable georesources, crustal and tectonic processes, geodynamics and geohazards. This session invites contributions that present and/or review recent scientific results from deep Earth sampling and monitoring through ocean and continental drilling projects. Furthermore, we encourage contributions outlining visions for future drilling projects, as well as new research emerging from scientific drilling legacy data.

High-impact climate and weather events typically result from the interaction of multiple climate and weather drivers, as well as vulnerability and exposure, across various spatial and temporal scales. Such compound events often cause more severe socio-economic impacts than single-hazard events, rendering traditional univariate extreme event analyses and risk assessment techniques insufficient. It is, therefore, crucial to develop new methodologies that account for the possible interaction of multiple physical and societal drivers when analyzing high-impact events under present and future conditions. This session aims to address several challenges and topics.
These include: (1) identifying the compounding drivers, including physical drivers (e.g., modes of variability) and/or drivers of vulnerability and exposure, of the most impactful events; (2) Developing methods to better shape the definition and classification of compound events, i.e. legitimate the ‘cut-offs’ in the considered number of hazard types or variables to ultimately disentangle enough information for decision-making; (3) Understanding whether and how often novel compound events, including record-shattering events, will emerge in the future; (4) Explicitly addressing and communicating uncertainties in present-day and future assessments (e.g., via climate storylines/scenarios); (5) Disentangling the contribution of climate change in recently observed events and future projections (attribution); (6) Employing novel Single Model Initial-condition Large Ensemble simulations, which provide hundreds to thousands of years of plausible weather, to better study compound events. (7) Developing novel statistical methods (e.g., machine learning, artificial intelligence, and climate model emulators) for studying compound events; (8) Assessing the weather forecast skill for compound events at different temporal scales; (9) Evaluating the performance of novel statistical methods, climate and impact models, in representing compound events and developing novel methods for constraining/reducing uncertainties (e.g., multivariate bias correction and observational constraints); and (10) engaging with stakeholders to ensure the relevance of the aforementioned analyses.
We invite presentations on all aspects of compound events, including but not limited to the topics and research challenges described above.

The interconnections between climate, environment, and human health are becoming
increasingly apparent, as climate change poses growing threats to public welfare
worldwide. Rising temperatures, more frequent and intense extreme weather events
(e.g., heatwaves, floods, droughts), and environmental stressors such as air
pollution, degraded ecosystems, or shifting land use patterns have direct and indirect
impacts on population health. Climate-related changes also affect the distribution of
vector- and waterborne diseases, contribute to the severity of wildfires, and influence
mental and physical health outcomes.
Addressing these multifaceted challenges requires close collaboration between
disciplines, bringing together climate scientists, epidemiologists, environmental and
public health researchers, as well as social scientists. This session provides a
platform for presenting recent advances in understanding and quantifying
environment- and climate-related health risks through the integration of diverse data
sources, including remote sensing, environmental monitoring, climatological
measurements, health records, and socio-demographic information.
We welcome contributions that explore methods to assess climate-sensitive
exposures (e.g., heat, air pollution, allergens), model health impacts across different
temporal and spatial scales, develop risk maps, and evaluate adaptation or mitigation
strategies. Approaches using machine learning, statistical modelling, scenario
analysis, and other innovative tools are encouraged. Both empirical studies and
methodological advances, whether focused on local, regional, or global scales, are
invited. The session aims to foster cross-sectoral exchange and support the
development of data-driven strategies for climate-resilient and equitable public
health.

In this session, we focus on the impact of abrupt and short-term climate and environmental changes on past societies and ecosystems during the Late Glacial and Holocene (~ last 14 600 years) across Europe and the Mediterranean regions. More specifically, we aim to understand how these changes affected environments and populations in pre-complex and early-complex societies, exploring resilience and adaptation.
We encourage contributions that bring together new data, interdisciplinary methods, and/or statistical modelling approaches to help disentangle the complex interactions between climate, environment, and human populations. Especially appreciated are high-resolution temporal studies that enable the detection of changes across time and space, and explore leads/lags in relation to climate change events.
Past-present comparisons on human resilience to environmental stress, as well as linking past dynamics to current and future regional climate changes are also welcome. This includes discussions on implications for current societies, contributing to the transdisciplinary debate.

This session focuses on the concept of extreme heat events, specifically how high temperature coupled with humidity (wet-bulb temperature extremes) exponentially increases heat-related health impacts and mortality risk. Recent research indicates that oppressive (high-humidity, high-temperature) heatwaves may increase sharply with overshoot, up to five- to eight-fold under 1.5 °C to 2 °C warming. Understanding these trends is critical to adaptation planning, early warning systems, and health policy, especially in vulnerable regions. Presentations are invited on modeling projections of potentially lethal heat events, under future climate scenarios, and on methodologies to quantify associated health impacts, from heat-related mortality to compromised labor productivity and disease vulnerability. The session welcomes rigorous climate modeling studies, epidemiological analyses, and datasets that map extreme heat thresholds or events, especially those grounded in human thermoregulatory physiology. We also encourage contributions that analyze urban–rural differences, compounding effects with air pollution or disease outbreaks, inequities in vulnerability, adaptation limits, and health system implications in overshoot scenarios. By bringing together climate scientists, health researchers, urban planners, and policymakers, this session aims to highlight urgent, interdisciplinary challenges at the intersection of heat extremes and human health in a warming world.

Decision-makers are increasingly required to address climate hazards related to extreme weather events when considering, disclosing, and acting to mitigate complex risks. An interdisciplinary approach is required to increase understanding and forge possible adaptation and mitigation solutions. In this session we address extreme weather events and their changes with an interdisciplinary lens. These events may include temperature, precipitation, wind, and compound extremes, and their impacts on humans, the built environment, or the natural world. We welcome contributions from interdisciplinary teams as well as those seeking to connect with such teams. Topics of interest include but are not limited to:

- early warning systems and their evaluation
- physical climate science knowledge gaps that affect decision making
- risk management in the financial and insurance sectors
- impact-based forecasting of weather extremes
- cross-boundary and trans-lateral effects
- assessment of dynamically varying vulnerabilities
- data-driven approaches using machine learning, and
- storyline approaches to risk understanding.

The focus of this session is on interdisciplinary approaches to translating physical science into decision-relevant information.

Recent assessments of Earth system integrity highlight the deteriorating resilience of our planet, with planetary-scale human pressures pushing the Earth system into the uncharted territory of the Anthropocene. Earth resilience – the capacity of the system to resist, recover, and regenerate – is increasingly under pressure by global warming, weakening land and ocean carbon sinks and nonlinear dynamics across the Earth system. Of particular concern are tipping elements: large-scale components of the Earth system that can undergo abrupt, often irreversible state shifts once critical thresholds are crossed.

Examples include the Greenland ice sheets, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, monsoon systems, and major ecosystems such as the Amazon rainforest or boreal forests. Rising anthropogenic pressures, such as greenhouse gas emissions and land-use change, increase the likelihood of crossing such thresholds. Their interactions may trigger tipping cascades, where the destabilization of one element increases the risk of others tipping, thereby amplifying Earth system change and undermining long-term Earth resilience.

Importantly, the Earth system is now co-shaped by human–Earth system feedbacks, where human activities both drive and respond to biophysical change. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and land-use intensification contribute to destabilizing Earth system dynamics, while societal responses—such as mitigation policies, technological innovation, or behavioral shifts—can either reinforce unsustainable trajectories or create stabilizing strong feedbacks. These feedbacks can act nonlinearly, with the potential to delay, accelerate, or even redirect entire Earth system trajectories. In this context, research is increasingly uncovering the potential for rapid social tipping points, which could accelerate decarbonization and foster transformative pathways towards global sustainability to revitalize and regenerate Earth resilience.

In this session, we invite contributions on all topics relating to Earth resilience, tipping points in the Earth system, positive (social) tipping, as well as their interactions and potential cascading domino effects. We particularly welcome studies that use Earth system modelling, conceptual approaches, or data-driven analysis to investigate nonlinear dynamics, abrupt shifts, and tipping points, as well as contributions exploring social tipping processes and their role in shaping a more sustainable future.

In recent years the term “storyline” has been used to describe a range of methods, and storyline approaches are increasingly used in the climate science community to quantify and describe past and future climate events, their impacts and uncertainties.
Storylines, defined as “physically self-consistent unfoldings of past events, or of plausible future events or pathways,” can be used to systematically describe climate-driven trends or extreme events, and the associated risk while accounting for uncertainty. Storylines allow the integration of both quantitative and qualitative data and identify causal, plausible links between both climate and non-climate risk drivers. With this they can be used to study the interplay between hazard, exposure, vulnerability and response, and hence become tools to explore the complexity of multi-risk, stress-test preparedness of civil protection and role of improved early warning systems or adaptation policies. As multiple plausible futures can also be explored, storylines can support decision-making in high-uncertainty conditions, helping prioritize and optimize interventions to reduce negative impacts.

In this session we aim to bring together the growing interdisciplinary community of researchers working with storylines. We want to invite abstracts that highlight a) the range of existing storyline approaches, including studies focusing on storylines for event attribution or assessment of future plausible events, b) innovative methods to integrate quantitative and qualitative knowledge, c) the use of conceptual models for the development of storylines, and d) the use of storylines for stress testing and impact assessment and e)applications of storylines for decision-making.

A number of countries develop and disseminate ‘National Climate Scenario’ products to inform a range of applications, including climate risk assessments and impacts assessments and the development of adaptation plans.
Different nations have taken a range of approaches to the provision of their National Scenarios to provide decision-relevant information. Common challenges encountered by the providers of National Scenarios include how to capture, quantify and communicate uncertainties, the provision of information at high enough resolution to inform relevant applications, how to update and revise National Projections to capture new and emerging science, and understanding the user landscape to provide information of both the type and format that is relevant and accessible to a wide range of ‘next users’ and ‘end users’ with different levels of technical capacity and different specific requirements.
The session will take an inter-disciplinary view of the landscape of the provision and use of National Projections, and we particularly encourage submissions that consider:
• Latest plans and opportunities for developing new or updated National Projections products and services;
• Challenges in the provision of National climate information – including technical hurdles, information gaps and the challenges in providing information in ways that is relevant and accessible;
• New developments in the science or scenario products drawing from novel types of information that could form part of a National Climate information package – e.g. drawing from event Attribution, exploiting decadal forecasts to provide near-term projection information, provision of ‘High Impact, Low Likelihood’ scenarios, exploitation of convection-permitting downscaling and global high resolution models, the use of storylines approaches;
• Understanding user needs and the co-development of climate information and services;
• The future outlook and opportunities for national climate services, including developments such as CMIP7 and CORDEX, potential to use of AI emulation in projections products, and the implications of wider climate science and or policy developments.

Measuring progress in climate adaptation is essential to track resilience-building, guide investments, and inform policy. Yet, adaptation measurement remains fragmented and contested: while some frameworks focus on process indicators (e.g., planning, governance, capacity), others emphasize outputs (e.g., implemented measures), or outcomes and impacts (e.g., reduced vulnerability, enhanced resilience). Each approach has strengths and limitations, and their combination is critical to capturing the complexity of adaptation and informing adaptation action.

This session invites contributions that advance understanding and practice in measuring and evaluating progress in climate adaptation across scales, hazards and sectors. We welcome research that develops or applies frameworks, methods, and tools for adaptation monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL), as well as critical reflections on their usability, comparability, and policy relevance.

Topics of interest include (but are not limited to):
Development and application of process, output, outcome, and impact indicators for adaptation, with a focus on outcomes and impacts.
Approaches to integrating multiple indicator types for holistic assessment.
Use of novel data sources and methods (Earth observation, citizen science, AI, participatory surveys) for MEL.
Cross-scale measurement: from local initiatives to national reporting and global stocktake.
Addressing uncertainty, attribution, and time horizons in adaptation measurement within the MEL process.
Considerations of equity, justice, and governance in defining and applying adaptation metrics.
Case studies showcasing practical experiences of tracking adaptation progress across geographies and contexts.

By bringing together conceptual, methodological, and applied perspectives, this session seeks to identify pathways towards robust, inclusive, and actionable adaptation metrics that can guide decision-making and enhance accountability under the EU Mission on Adaptation, the Paris Agreement, and other global frameworks.

Climate services are instrumental for translating scientific and local knowledge insights into practical applications empowering communities to efficiently tackle climate change challenges. This interactive session will explore co-creation of climate services, which are based on inclusive and novel methodologies and integration of multiple knowledge systems - researchers, policy makers, industry stakeholders, and local communities. We invite contributions on innovative data, methodologies and case studies of successful partnerships, and lessons learned from transdisciplinary projects.
Key topics include:
(1)Bottom-up engagement strategies for co-creating services that address specific requirements, such as climate risk assessments and adaptation solutions.
(2)Harnessing data from Earth observations, modelling, and socio-economic analyses to develop affordable and accessible tools, platforms and work practices
(3)Overcoming challenges like data accessibility, transdisciplinary knowledge exchange and communication, and scalability across varying contexts, ranging from urban planning to agriculture.
(4)Assessing the societal impact of co-created services through usability, equity, and policy adoption parameters.
The session aims to advance climate services that empower a broad array of stakeholders, ensuring science is not only robust but also relevant and transformative for real-world applications. We encourage submissions from early-career researchers and practitioners to highlight emerging practices and future directions. We encourage idea-sharing and contributions that can create a ripple effect of climate action across different socio-ecological contexts

Over the past five decades, climate extremes have caused more than two million reported deaths and at least US$4.3 trillion in losses. In 2024, global temperatures reached their highest on record, about 1.55 °C above the pre-industrial baseline, according to recent meteorological. Beyond fatalities, extremes drive substantial morbidity, particularly cardiorespiratory illness, and disrupt access to care. In Europe alone, an estimated 61,672 heat-related deaths occurred in summer 2022. Hazardous heat exposure among workers is associated with approximately 23 million injuries and about 19,000 deaths globally each year.
These impacts are unevenly distributed and are expected to escalate. Socioeconomic position, age, sex/gender, ethnicity, pre-existing conditions, occupation and place intersect to shape exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Marginalised groups, including older adults, children, people with chronic conditions, outdoor workers and residents of low-income or geographically exposed areas, bear a disproportionate burden. An intersectional, climate-justice lens is therefore essential across public health, early warning, urban planning and health-system adaptation.
This session, organised in collaboration with the Swedish Centre for Impacts of Climate Extremes (CLIMES), invites contributions that investigate the complex and uneven impacts of climate extremes on population health. We particularly welcome studies that (i) characterise past impacts and future risks from single and compound extremes; (ii) map intersecting socioeconomic, demographic and spatial vulnerabilities; (iii) evaluate adaptation and early-warning interventions (including occupational heat); and (iv) integrate health, climate and social data to inform equitable climate adaptation and public health responses.

Climate change is reshaping the conditions that sustain human health. Rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and intensifying extremes are linked to diverse risks, from heat-related illness, kidney disease, and suicide to mortality from wildfires, tropical cyclones, and infectious diseases. These impacts extend beyond health to affect labor capacity, energy demand, and economic productivity, underscoring the interconnectedness of climate and society.

This session invites contributions that investigate the different pathways linking climate extremes to human health and well-being worldwide. We particularly encourage studies that leverage diverse data sources, including observations, health and socio-economic data, reanalyses, climate models, large ensembles, and AI-based models, to deepen our understanding and improve prediction and projection across various time scales.

Works addressing vulnerability, inequality, early warning systems, and strategies for adaptation and resilience are especially welcome, as well as interdisciplinary approaches bridging climate science, epidemiology, economics, and public health.

Across Africa, failure to adapt to unintended global change processes, are creating urgent environmental challenges that demand scientific attention. Building the capacity for high-quality research in Africa is therefore critical, requiring not only skilled people and scientific infrastructure, but also inclusive opportunities for sustained collaboration across regions, disciplines, and sectors. Over the past years, a variety of European and African initiatives have supported capacity development, ranging from training programmes and research infrastructure to collaborative projects and community engagement. Yet these efforts often remain scattered and unsustainable, limiting their visibility and long-term impact.
This interdisciplinary session invites contributions that strengthen Africa’s research capacity in the environmental, and climate sciences. We welcome initiatives that address all stages of the research cycle: the collection of in situ and remotely sensed data; the development of models and analytical frameworks; the translation of research into practical applications; and the communication of results to stakeholders, policy makers, and communities. Submissions may include co-designed monitoring systems, field and training networks, open science and FAIR data initiatives, cross-continental partnerships, and efforts to embed research within global policy frameworks such as the SDGs, Paris Agreement and Sendai Framework. Submissions across the full range of sub-disciplines are encouraged, including but not limited to global change, natural hazards, land and ecosystem dynamics and sustainable resource use.
We particularly encourage examples that highlight inclusivity, equity, and African leadership - such as programmes empowering early-career researchers, women scientists, and underrepresented institutions. By showcasing diverse initiatives, this session aims to share effective practices, identify common challenges, and inspire new pathways for collaboration within and beyond Africa - Europe partnerships. A follow-up splinter meeting will provide additional space for discussion, networking and exchange among interested participants.

The transition to a low-carbon society is both an opportunity for sustainable growth and a source of new conflicts. This is because the changes in industrial structure and daily life required by carbon neutrality are expected to have a significant impact on the distribution of social costs and benefits, amplifying various forms of conflict among stakeholders. How do various stakeholders and citizens perceive climate policies for carbon neutrality, and how are these perceptions changing? What are the characteristics of vulnerable and disadvantaged communities that are relatively more affected by the transition to carbon neutrality, and what are their needs? What policies and governance structures are needed to protect vulnerable groups and realize an 'inclusive carbon neutrality' that is acceptable to various social groups? To answer these questions, this study will identify the causes and structures of social conflicts that arise during the transition to carbon neutrality, and explore social inclusion measures to overcome them.

Recent evaluations of the current state of the Earth system (e.g., the latest assessment of the nine Planetary Boundaries) emphasize the alarming decline in Earth’s resilience, stability, and life-support systems. Human activities are driving us beyond critical planetary boundaries, marking the onset of the Anthropocene, in which humanity has become a geological force that is significantly altering global processes and environments. Earth’s stability depends on complex, non-linear interactions between biophysical processes and human influences. These include the carbon cycle, atmospheric dynamics, oceans, large ecosystems, the cryosphere, and disruptions driven by socio-economic pressures. As these pressures grow, the risk of breaching self-regulating feedbacks in the Earth system increases, raising the likelihood that critical components such as large ice sheets, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and biomes like the Amazon rainforest could be pushed beyond tipping points. Such shifts may trigger abrupt, large-scale, and potentially irreversible changes that threaten ecosystems and human societies alike. To address this challenge, frequent and comprehensive assessments of planetary boundaries are needed. For this, we could leverage recent technological advances in Earth observation and AI-based solutions, such as large language models and geospatial foundation models. However, efficiently and effectively deploying these techniques requires expertise across various domains, including geosciences, remote sensing, data science, socio-environmental sciences, and related disciplines. This session invites contributions from geoscientists, climate modelers, remote sensing specialists, ecologists, and data scientists to explore how planetary boundaries can be more effectively measured and assessed. We aim to foster interdisciplinary collaboration to identify critical thresholds, understand feedback mechanisms, and quantify resilience at planetary scales. We welcome diverse methods, from Earth system modeling and remote sensing to data-driven analyses and conceptual frameworks, with particular interest in work on stability indicators, non-linear feedbacks, and cascading system-wide effects.

The ongoing and rapid change of the Earth system is attributable primarily to pressures of society, thus being characteristic for the Anthropocene. In response, research activities in the earth, environmental and social sciences have expanded. However, the interplay of the multiple phenomena requires a deeper integration of the different research strands, combined with an additional focus on sustainability transformations. The session will explore major gaps in current research on the Anthropocene and the potentials of a more explicit Integrative and Transformative Research on Earth and Societies. It addresses the following research areas: (i) systems approaches for the earth and societies to deal with the heterogeneity and dynamics of the main interlinkages across spatial and temporal scales and societal levels; (ii) scientific rationales for societal agreement on planetary boundaries and societal goals for basic needs as well as institutional arrangements for negotiation, implementation and monitoring of these boundaries and goals; and (iii) innovations fostering transformation of societal and environmental pressures and resilience to Earth system impacts and risks according to planetary boundaries and societal goals, taking into account levers, perceptions and capacities. The intended outcomes are supposed to facilitate opening a newly approaching chapter in Anthropocene research.

The IPCC highlights climate resilience as key for regions to absorb, anticipate, accommodate or recover from the effects of a hazardous event, clearly communicating the potential of resilience to better withstand climate hazards and reduce their impacts. While individual adaptation measures focus on decreasing the risk related to a specific hazard to a defined object, resilience frameworks and their suggested areas tackle general regional structures, enhancing the region’s ability to withhold any kind of shock – also in the future. In recent years, multiple resilience assessment tools and scorecards have been developed, many of which rely heavily on local stakeholder input and participatory processes. However, objective and quantitative climate resilience indicators remain relatively rare.

Within this section we encourage contributions to present their resilience assessment approaches, both qualitatively and quantitatively, their processes and findings. As well as their interactive formats to engage with local stakeholders and ensure a common understanding of resilience, it’s strengths and potential weaknesses.

Environmental issues are not only ecological but also societal and cultural. To address them effectively, we need to understand how human societies interact with the environment. This session highlights the importance of social science in environmental research and vice versa, and invites contributions that explore how interdisciplinary collaboration can lead to innovative and sustainable solutions. We welcome scientists from all disciplines of environmental and social sciences, data analysts, methodologists, and metadata experts to share their insights, case studies, and challenges. We aim to foster meaningful discussions and exchange of ideas across academic groups, research infrastructures, the private sector, and policy makers. By integrating the expertise of social scientists with environmental research, we can develop a more comprehensive and holistic understanding of environmental problems leading to pathways for viable climate action plans and supporting policies. Let's work together to contribute to a more sustainable relationship between people and the environment.
Topics may include, but are not limited to:
– Climate action plans and solutions for green and sustainable cities
– Cultural heritage and environmental sustainability
– Environmental policy and governance
– Air quality and climate indicators
– Sustainable agriculture and land use
– Biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services
– Climate adaptation and resilience
– Development of resilient communities through disaster risk reduction
– Citizen and participatory science and public engagement
– Best practice methodologies for specific use cases
– Metadata standards for integration of data from different research domains
– Project reports or infrastructure requirements related to multidisciplinary use cases

It is widely claimed that transdisciplinarity is essential for addressing complex, interconnected challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and social justice. Transdisciplinary approaches bring together multiple academic disciplines and non-academic forms of knowledge to reshape how we define problems, make decisions, and design more effective, inclusive, and responsive solutions.

Yet, while the benefits of transdisciplinarity are well recognized, doing transdisciplinary work can be deeply challenging. It demands new working practices that build trust, foster inclusive and caring environments, and provide positive and meaningful experiences for all participants. These are not innate skills, they must be learned and practiced, and research shows that creative methodologies have a key role to play. Creative methodologies can serve as a mode of inquiry, eliciting insights and ways of knowing that are grounded in lived experience, affect, culture, and the senses.

This session invites contributions that explore the space where arts and research meet, and where creative methodologies based on these modes of interaction become a tool for knowledge production beyond communication or outreach (Loroño and Olazabal 2025) . We are particularly interested in examples where art (including but not limited to visual arts, textile, performing, digital, painting, theatre, sound, sculpture, photography, music, etc.) has helped reshape the contours of environmental social science research, and where artistic methodologies have: (1) participated in and improved knowledge co-production processes, (2) enabled participatory, inclusive, and just research processes, (3) brought forward emotional, experiential, and embodied understandings often sidelined in conventional science.

We welcome theoretical reflections, case studies, collaborative projects, and experimental formats that argue for the arts as central, not peripheral, to the work of social environmental research for it to more effectively address current planetary challenges. We are looking for evidence and examples of how the combination of scientific and arts research has helped redefine scientific challenges, horizons and broken through traditional business and usual thinking. Join us in expanding this crucial conversation. Let’s explore how creative methodologies can help reimagine not only what knowledge is, but who holds it and how it’s made.

The geological record provides insight into how climate processes operate and evolve in response to different than modern boundary conditions and forcings. Understanding deep-time climate evolution is paramount to progressing on understanding fundamental questions of Earth System feedbacks and sensitivity to perturbations, such as the behaviour of the climate system and carbon cycle under elevated atmospheric CO2 levels—relative to the Quaternary—, or the existence of climatic tipping points and thresholds. In recent years, geochemical techniques and Earth System Models complexity have been greatly improved and several international projects on deep-time climates (DeepMIP, MioMIP, PlioMIP) have been initiated, helping to bridge the gap between palaeoclimate modelling and data communities. This session invites work on deep-time climate, Earth System model simulations and proxy-based reconstructions from the Cambrian to the Pliocene. We especially encourage submissions featuring palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, palaeoclimate and carbon cycle modelling, and the integration of CO2 and (hydro)climate proxies and models of any complexity.

Our planet is warming due to human emissions of greenhouse gases, which have increased drastically since the industrial revolution. To navigate potential pathways for future climate, we need to better understand the impacts of elevated greenhouse gas emissions on the global heat budget and how the climate system functioned in conditions warmer than today. Geological archives and model simulations of past climate states are the key to deciphering climate dynamics in warm and varied conditions.
In this session, we welcome contributions from these vast geological archives and model simulations aimed at reconstructing and understanding Earth’s climate system over the past 100 million years. These submissions may reflect long-term and/or short-term changes such as Milankovitch cyclicity to suborbital/millennial variability. Submissions working on chronological or stratigraphic fundamentals underpinning this interval are encouraged. We also welcome contributions from those seeking to better assess Earth’s climate system sensitivity through reconstructions of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global or regional temperatures. This includes biodiversity dynamics and disruptions in warm marine and terrestrial states.
The goal of this session is to bridge the diverse community studying the nature of the warm climate states found in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. We consciously welcome a broad range of approaches to facilitate synergies to learn from past warm climate conditions to navigate into the future warmer world.

Geological archives preserve records of critical climate transitions that allow for constraining interactions between the Earth’s system components. Present-day climatic, biotic and environmental conditions are, at least to some extent, shaped by both deep-time events (e.g., the Great Oxidation Event, the Snowball Earth, the Permian-Triassic Transition, the Cretaceous/Paleogene extinction, the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, and the Eocene-Oligocene Transition) and Quaternary climate variability (e.g., the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition, the glacial/interglacial cycles). Understanding feedback and threshold dynamics associated with geological climate transitions is essential to predict and prevent future impacts of anthropogenic global change. New proxy and modelling advances allow for unprecedently detailed palaeoclimate/palaeoenvironmental reconstructions that enhance our knowledge about the drivers, feedbacks, impacts and timescales of critical transitions. In this session, we welcome (integrated) proxy records from sedimentary archives, climate and biogeochemical modelling and theoretical frameworks to study critical Phanerozoic climate transitions. We invite contributions that assess the triggers, feedbacks and magnitudes of geological climate transitions, and/or document biogeochemical, environmental and/or biotic shifts induced by these events. This session aims to generate a comprehensive discussion in which novel findings, innovative interpretations, and future directions of palaeoclimate/palaeoenvironmental reconstructions are addressed.

The Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT, ~34 Ma) marks the pivot point between the hot greenhouse climate state of the early Cenozoic and the early icehouse world and is associated with the inception of large-scale Antarctic glaciation. This climate transition, together with the opening of the Southern Ocean gateways and changes in the connectivity between the Arctic and North Atlantic, had a large impact on ocean circulation and heat transport. Several factors, including paleogeography, temperature, cryosphere extent, and ocean circulation, changed around this climate transition but the sequence of these changes and their role as a forcing or response mechanism remains debated. Questions remain regarding the changes in the ocean’s heat storage capacity, CO₂ uptake efficiency and whether this important transition steepened the meridional temperature gradient.
Understanding the key drivers of the EOT, including oceanic changes, atmospheric CO2 variations, and feedback mechanisms, is essential not only to reconstruct the climate transition from hot greenhouse to icehouse conditions, but also to provide a reverse analogue for current and future climate changes.
This session aims to bring together researchers from different disciplines, including paleontologists focusing on Eocene-Oligocene restructuring of both terrestrial ecosystems and marine communities, geochemists applying a range of traditional or novel isotopic systems and/or organic proxies to reconstruct parameters including temperature and seawater pH, as well as climate and ice sheet modelers. Through this interdisciplinary dialogue, this session aims to improve our current understanding of the Eocene-Oligocene transition, and the feedbacks driving greenhouse to icehouse climate transitions. We invite studies covering diverse geographic regions and environments, from terrestrial environments, shallow continental shelves, to deep-sea basins. We also encourage contributions that address methodological challenges in their specific fields, including proxy calibration, multiproxy integration, modeling challenges, and uncertainty quantification, to improve the accuracy of paleoclimate and paleoecological reconstructions. Together, we aim to build a comprehensive, cross-environmental perspective on past climate transitions—to stimulate the dialogue and future collaborations across various research fields in Earth Sciences studying greenhouse to icehouse transitions.

Accurate reconstructions of sea surface, bottom water, and continental surface temperatures during the Cenozoic era are essential for understanding climate dynamics in the geological past, particularly under warmer-than-present conditions. However, producing robust and precise paleotemperature estimates remains inherently challenging. Temperature proxies are subject to a range of geochemical, biological, environmental, and analytical uncertainties, which lead to discrepancies in both absolute and relative temperature estimates across different methods. These limitations hinder efforts to synthesize globally representative paleotemperature records and to constrain the rates and magnitudes of global temperature changes in response to both abrupt and long-term changes in atmospheric CO₂.

Addressing these challenges requires new approaches, including improved proxy calibrations, and more comprehensive inter-proxy and proxy-model comparisons, to obtain a better understanding of the uncertainties associated with paleotemperature reconstructions. In this session, we welcome contributions that push the boundaries of Cenozoic paleotemperature research, including new multi-proxy and multi-site temperature reconstructions, new advances in proxy ground-truthing, applications, and calibrations, and novel modelling perspectives on paleotemperature changes. By bringing together the diverse community using proxy and modelling techniques, we seek to increase the robustness of Cenozoic ocean and terrestrial temperature reconstructions. Ultimately, this will improve our understanding of Earth’s climate system and its behaviour during warmer-than-present states.

Interactions between Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), oceans and the atmosphere can dictate changes in ice geometry, ocean circulation patterns, hydrological cycles, and global sea level, all of which feed back into the earth system. To better predict how these processes might change in the future, it is useful to investigate the behaviour of the AIS and the surrounding Southern Ocean during critical Cenozoic climate intervals. This session targets studies that reconstruct changes to the AIS and its adjacent ocean (such as ice sheet stability, sea ice cover, surface/deep water circulation, meltwater/precipitation supply) across past climates on various timescales (such as the Miocene Climatic Optimum, or Quaternary glacial cycles). We welcome multidisciplinary contributions that leverage Antarctica-proximal sediment archives, as well as ice sheet-climate modelling. Studies focusing on novel methodological developments and applications for reconstructing polar paleoclimate are strongly encouraged.

The interplay between tectonics and climate has shaped Asian landscapes and ecosystems. From the mountains in Central Asia to the Tibetan Plateau and SE Asian volcanic arcs, tectonic processes have profoundly impacted atmospheric and ocean circulation patterns, the evolution of biodiversity hotspots and the denudation of land surfaces driving biogeochemical cycles. Multidisciplinary advances in environmental proxies, paleo-altimetry, molecular phylogeny as well as landscape evolution and climate modelling now enable to better constrain and disentangle these complex interactions. The goal of this session is to bring together the latest research efforts constraining Asian climate, geodynamics, land-sea distribution, topography, surface processes or biogeographic evolution at various timescales. We welcome contributions from all disciplines working towards this aim including (but not limited to) paleoclimate, tectonics and structural geology, sedimentology, palaeontology and biology, climate modelling, land surface processes, oceanography, geochemistry or petrology.

The Asian monsoon systems are manifest as a delicate interaction between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere over deep time. Asian paleoenvironments are controlled by paleoclimate, paleohydrology, paleoecology, which in turn are linked to potentially complex interconnections with Himalayan Tibetan topography. Because of this, there is a growing trend among researchers to utilize multi-proxy records to investigate the monsoon systems. The purpose of this session is to establish a platform for paleoenvironment studies with a multidisciplinary approach, to help build a conversation around the merits and potential challenges one might face while synthesizing diverse datasets. Furthermore, the current data-modeling tools being developed are mainly focused on the global trends but also need to address regional issues around the Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny. We would encourage monsoon researchers who implement region-specific data-driven modeling tools to also present their work and we especially welcome contributions from underrepresented groups to contribute to the session.

This session aims to bring together a diverse group of scientists who are interested in how life and planetary processes have co-evolved over geological time, from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic Eon. This includes studies of how changes in paleoenvironments have influenced the evolution of complex life - including animals, plants, and marine ecosystems - and how, in turn, biological innovations have reshaped Earth system processes. We seek to link fossil records to paleo-Earth processes, highlighting the interplay between biological evolution and tectonic, magmatic, and surface processes and explore how alternating greenhouse-icehouse climates have influenced biodiversity and ecosystem structure.
As an inherently multi-disciplinary subject, we aspire to better understand the complex coupling of biogeochemical cycles and life, the links between mass extinctions and their causal geological events, how fossil records shed light on ecosystem drivers over deep time, and how tectono-geomorphic processes impact biodiversity patterns at global or local scales. We aim to understand our planet and its biosphere through both observation- and modelling-based studies. We also invite contributions on general exoplanet-life co-evolution.

Skeletal remains, like shells, ossicles, corals, bones, or fish otoliths, are valuable archives of physical, chemical, or paleogenetic information, helping us understand ecological and environmental changes over periods ranging from decades to millennia, whether on land or in the ocean. This session invites researchers who employ these archives to reconstruct changes in species and ecosystems in relation to climate variability and/or human impacts across both the deep time and the recent past. We encourage contributions that focus on biotic interactions, species and community dynamics, sclerochronology, isotope geochemistry, trait-based analyses, morphometric approaches, and ancient DNA/sedimentary DNA, in particular conservation-oriented case studies that combine data from modern biota and fossil remains. Complementary paleoecological archives—such as biogeochemical and isotopic signatures from sedimentary succession or archaeological middens—are also welcome, primarily when they document histories of environmental disturbance and its ecological consequences. We also welcome paleobiogeographic reconstructions that explore range shifts, corridor/barrier dynamics, and distributional disequilibria to inform how species’ spatial patterns have responded to past environmental change. In conclusion, by examining long-term records, we can gain insights into the potential consequences of present-day environmental stressors and climate change, reconstruct past dynamics of species and ecosystem changes, including extinction, recovery, and biogeographic shifts, and thus obtain valuable insights that can help us sketch the near-future trajectories of contemporary ecosystems.

The past 500 million years of Earth's history were marked by episodes of mass extinction and other extreme environmental changes that coincided with periods of major volcanic eruptions, bolide impacts, and other uncertain events. Records based on proxy data and other approaches have demonstrated a causal relationship between environmental and geologic or extraterrestrial events. However, our understanding of the wider context and nature of environmental changes before, during, and after these events remains incomplete. This session invites contributions presenting the latest research advances on the end-Ordovician, Late and end-Devonian, end-Permian, end-Triassic, end-Cretaceous, and other periods of biotic crisis and/or global climate, such as Oceanic Anoxic Events or the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. The session aims to bring together researchers from geological, geochemical, geophysical, and biological disciplines to improve our understanding of the cause-effect scenario of the five major mass extinction events as well as other lesser-known events of environmental and climatic crisis

Tree rings are one of nature’s most versatile archives, providing insight into past environmental conditions at annual and intra-annual resolution and from local to global scales. Besides being valued proxies for historical climate, tree rings are also important indicators of plant physiological responses to changing environments and of long-term ecological processes. In this broad context we welcome contributions using one or more of the following approaches to either study the impact of environmental change on the growth and physiology of trees and forest ecosystems, or to assess and reconstruct past environmental change: (i) dendrochronological methods including studies based on tree-ring width, MXD or Blue Intensity, (ii) stable isotopes in tree rings and related plant compounds, (iii) dendrochemistry, (iv) quantitative wood anatomy, (v) ecophysiological data analyses, and (vi) mechanistic modeling, all across temporal and spatial scales.

This session aims to place recently observed climate change in a long-term perspective by highlighting the importance of paleoclimate research spanning the past 2000 years. We invite presentations that provide insights into past climate variability, over decadal to millennial timescales, from different paleoclimate archives (ice cores, marine sediments, terrestrial records, historical archives and more). In particular, we are focusing on quantitative temperature and hydroclimate reconstructions and reconstructions of large-scale modes of climate variability from local to global scales. This session also encourages presentations on the attribution of past climate variability to external drivers or internal climate processes, data syntheses, model-data comparison exercises, proxy system modelling, and novel approaches to producing multi-proxy climate field reconstructions such as data assimilation or machine learning.

Speleothems are key terrestrial archives of regional to global palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes on sub-seasonal to orbital timescales. They provide high temporally resolved records which can be accurately and precisely dated using a variety of proxies, such as stable O and C isotopes and trace elements. Recent efforts have seen the rise in more non-traditional proxies such as fluid inclusion water isotopes, organic biomarkers, pollen, dead carbon fraction etc. This advancement towards quantitative reconstructions of past precipitation, temperature, or other environmental variables and climate patterns are key variables for data-model comparisons and evaluation. Beyond this, caves and karst areas additionally host an enormous suite of valuable proxy archives such as cave ice, cryogenic carbonates, clastic sediments, tufa, or travertine sequences, which complement the terrestrial palaeorecord, and are often associated with important fossils, historical or archaeological findings.

This session aims to integrate recent developments in the field and invites submissions from a broad range of cave- and karst-related studies from orbital to sub-seasonal timescales.
In particular we welcome contributions from:
(1) (quantitative) reconstructions of past climatic and environmental variables to reconstruct precipitation, vegetation, fire frequency, temperature etc. across different climate zones,
(2) field- and lab-based developments of process-based methods to improve our application of proxy variables,
(3) process and proxy-system model studies as well as integrated research developing and using databases such as SISAL (Speleothem Isotope Synthesis and AnaLysis).

We further welcome advancements in related and/or interdisciplinary areas, which pave the way towards robust (quantitative) interpretations of proxy time series, improve the understanding of proxy-relevant processes, or enable regional-to-global and seasonal-to-orbital scale analyses of the relationships between proxies and environmental parameters. In addition, research contributing to current international co-ordinated activities, such as the PAGES working group on Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis (SISAL) and others are welcome.

Climate strongly influences vegetation dynamics, including growth, mortality, reproduction, and structural shifts in plant communities. Conversely, vegetation changes affect the climate through alterations in surface energy balance, water and carbon cycles, and other biogeochemical processes. Investigating past vegetation enables the integration of paleo-proxy data with observational records within vegetation–climate modeling frameworks, extending analyses across longer timescales and a broader range of climate states. Insights gained from past vegetation-climate interactions can help inform projections of future vegetation–climate dynamics.

This session aims to advance our understanding of vegetation–climate interactions, through proxy-based and modeling approaches focused on past climates. We welcome studies that explore, for example, how vegetation shifts influenced regional to global climate change, the extent to which past vegetation reflected climate conditions, and vegetation responses (e.g., distributions, productivity, biodiversity) to past warm and/or high-CO₂ intervals. We also encourage submissions on broader and interdisciplinary topics relevant to past vegetation–climate dynamics.

Carbon plays a special role in the Earth system, as a dominant contributor to the planet’s greenhouse gas budget and radiative emissivity, and as a key biological component. Our understanding of past and future climate depends substantially on our understanding the biogeochemical cycling of carbon across a wide range of reservoirs and timescales, from those relevant to air-sea gas-exchange and biological turnover (seasonal-decadal), to those associated with ocean circulation, mean ocean chemistry change (centennial to multi-millennial), and weathering of the solid Earth (multi-millennial to tectonic). Radio- and stable carbon isotopes have a central role to play in advancing our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of carbon in the Earth system. This session invites contributions that seek to apply or develop the use of radiocarbon and stable carbon isotopes for the study of past Earth system change, using observations, proxy data, or numerical models. Proxy and model studies that bear on the evolving radio- and stable carbon isotope budgets of the Earth’s main surface reservoirs, and on transports within and between these reservoirs, are particularly welcome. The session aims to gather contributors from a wide range of disciplines who share a common interest in understanding past Earth system- and carbon cycle change through the lens of carbon isotopes.

Understanding past and current climate change and life history across the African continent on different timescales is essential for future projections. Climate change in this region has devastating impacts on agriculture and the livelihoods of millions of people. Moreover, Africa preserves the oldest and richest early pre-human fossil records, as well as a rich and detailed archaeological record, a vital resource for understanding our human origins and how we adapt to climate.

Palaeoclimate reconstructions are limited to only some of the African regions. This hampers our understanding of climate variability temporally and geographically. The lack of benchmark climate records also hinders proxy – model data comparisons. To what extent models may under- or overestimate Africa’s hydroclimate and temperature changes is therefore currently poorly known.

Our session invites contributions covering, but not restricted to, 1) modern day climate using observational data and rainfall isotopes exploring teleconnections with interannual modes like El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, 2) palaeoclimate reconstructions using but not limited to: speleothems, and marine or lake sediments, 3) climate model – proxy data comparisons, and 4) the climate impact on mammals, including humans, in Africa. We encourage submissions from early career researchers and African researchers, both on the continent and in the diaspora.

The half-century since the first deep ice core drilling at Camp Century, Greenland, has seen increased spatial coverage of polar ice cores, as well as extensive development in methods of ice sample extraction, analysis and interpretation. Growth and innovation continue as we address pressing scientific questions surrounding past climate dynamics, environmental variability and glaciological phenomena. New challenges include the retrieval of old, highly thinned ice, interpretation of altered chemical signals, and the integration of chemical proxies into earth system models. We invite contributions reporting the state-of-the-art in ice coring science, including drilling and processing, dating, analytical techniques, results and interpretations of ice core records from polar ice sheets and mid- and low-latitude glaciers, remote and autonomous methods of surveying ice stratigraphy, proxy system modelling and related earth system modelling. We encourage submissions from early career researchers from across the broad international ice core science community.

Over the last 1.5 Myr, the rhythm of Earth's glaciations changed from a 40 kyr to a 100 kyr periodicity, crossing the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT). The Beyond EPICA Project has recently collected a new ice core that reaches at least 1.2 million years, and analysis of trace gases, water isotopes and impurities will be carried out during winter 25/26. This session therefore acts as a showcase for the emerging results, which should shed new light on the causes and features of the MPT. Other international projects are also chasing old ice in Antarctica, either by deep coring or from cores in blue ice areas, and this session also offers the opportunity to present their progress and findings. More broadly we would welcome presentations using other proxies that address the MPT, as well as model studies providing insight into the dynamics and drivers of the Earth climate system across the MPT.

Tropical and subtropical South America hosts the richest terrestrial biodiversity on Earth, and plays a pivotal role in global hydrological and carbon cycles. However, these exceptional environments face mounting threats. As an example, the Amazon rainforest, identified as a core tipping element of the climate system, may be pushed towards irreversible degradation by anthropogenic climate change and land-use pressures, further exacerbating the regional precipitation decline. Forestalling and preparing for such future changes require a comprehensive understanding of the past natural climate and vegetation dynamics in (sub)tropical South America, and of their controlling oceanic and atmospheric drivers.
This session explores the latest research results aimed at understanding the variability of tropical and subtropical South American climate and vegetation across Quaternary timescales (from glacial-interglacial, orbital, to millennial and multidecadal timescales), and the land-atmosphere-ocean interactions that control these changes. We welcome works exploring these interactions from high-resolution paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic reconstructions in (sub)tropical South American terrestrial archives (e.g. sediments, speleothems), and marine archives (e.g. sediments, corals) from the adjacent Atlantic and Pacific margins. We also invite contributions investigating Quaternary (sub)tropical South American climate and related land-ocean-atmosphere interactions based on paleoclimate modelling efforts and/or model-data comparisons.

This session explores paleoenvironmental and climatic changes during the Early to Middle Pleistocene Transition (EMPT) between 1.4 and 0.4 Ma. We welcome contributions based on diverse proxies (pollen, molecular biomarkers, loess…), multidisciplinary approaches and model simulations, with the aim of fostering discussion and advancing our understanding of the still poorly understood climate variability during the EMPT.

Different palaeoecological disciplines have collected relevant, site-specific data during the last decades. Much of the palaeoecological data are currently dispersed across different repositories, databases and largely not publicly available. COST action CA23116 - Open Palaeoecological Data (PalaeOpen) aims to meet the challenge of bringing much of these data into the public domain, harmonise their taxonomy and metadata, and make them relevant to nature conservation. By combining domain specific repositories and databases, this action will unlock these data collections and make them available for palaeoecological meta-analysis of ecosystem interactions on a continental scale. This will permit integrated analysis of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem responses to natural and anthropogenic environmental change. This session focuses on terrestrial and aquatic environments, data storage and management, and outreach and education. We welcome all types of proxy data studies, single proxy as well as interdisciplinary data from biological, physical and (bio)chemical proxy data communities.

Currently arid to sub-humid regions are home to >40% of the world’s population, and many prehistoric and historic cultures developed in these regions. Due to the high sensitivity of drylands to also small-scale environmental changes and anthropogenic activities, ongoing geomorphological processes under the intensified climatic and human pressure of the Anthropocene, but also the Late Quaternary geomorphological and paleoenvironmental evolution as recorded in sediment archives, are becoming increasingly relevant for geological, geomorphological, paleoenvironmental, paleoclimatic and geoarchaeological research. Dryland research is constantly boosted by methodological advances, and especially by emerging linkages with other climatic and geomorphic systems that allow using dryland areas as indicator-regions of global environmental changes.
This session aims to pool contributions dealing with past to recent geomorphological processes and environmental changes spanning the entire Quaternary until today, as well as with all types of sedimentary and morphological archives in dryland areas (dunes, loess, slope deposits, fluvial sediments, alluvial fans, lake and playa sediments, desert pavements, soils, palaeosols etc.) studied on different spatial and temporal scales. Besides case studies on archives and landscapes from individual regions and review studies, cross-disciplinary, methodical and conceptual contributions are especially welcome in this session, e.g., dealing with the special role of aeolian, fluvial, gravitational and biological processes in dryland environments and their preservation in deposits and landforms, the role of such processes for past and present societies, methods to obtain chronological frameworks and process rates, and emerging geo-technologies.

Coastal areas are among the most dynamic elements of the physical landscape, strongly influenced by both short-term (e.g., catastrophic meteo-marine events, human impacts) and long-term (e.g., tectonics, climate change, volcanic activity) forcing factors. Therefore, the study of coastal proxies can offer a series of benchmarks for estimating processes and associated timescales.
Among the most studied processes in coastal areas are relative sea-level changes. Any landscape feature whose environment of formation is linked to a former sea level can be used as a sea level index point (SLIP). SLIPs can be of different types: geomorphological (e.g., marine terraces, shoreline angles), biological (e.g., coral reef terraces), sedimentary (e.g., beach deposits, salt marshes or beach ridges).
Although there is a comprehensive understanding of the relative sea-level changes during the Holocene, our knowledge of such dynamics during past interglacials remains limited. This session invites the international sea-level community to present studies broadly related to Quaternary interglacials. We welcome contributions on new fields or remote sensing data, synthesis, and databases specifically related to sea-level changes (including geochronological methods). We also welcome contributions exploring other coastal processes at the same timescale, focusing on wave conditions, extreme coastal events, and coastal modelling.
This session falls under the purview of PALSEA-Next, a working group of the International Union for Quaternary Sciences (INQUA) and Past Global Changes (PAGES).

Lipid biomarkers are widely used to study environmental processes in both modern and ancient (geological) settings. These applications often involve examining the distribution and stable isotopic composition of core lipids—such as n-alkanes, fatty acids, alkenones, sterols, hopanoids, HBIs, HGs, and GDGTs—as well as intact polar lipids. Because the links between biological organic compounds and environmental conditions are complex, it is essential to understand the factors that shape their molecular patterns and isotopic signals across different depositional environments. Key influences include biological sources, physiological changes, transport, post-depositional alterations, and diagenesis.
We welcome studies that advance new biomarkers or methods for applying them to modern environments and the geological past. Such research may focus on tracing carbon dynamics in various systems, reconstructing environmental factors like temperature, rainfall, biogeochemical cycles, human impact, and vegetation variations. Relevant topics include biosynthesis and phylogeny of source organisms, processes of transport and diagenesis, calibrations to environmental parameters, proxy development, and applications for understanding past environmental change.

The radiation budget of the Earth is a key determinant for the genesis and evolution of climate on our planet and provides the primary energy source for life. Anthropogenic interference with climate occurs first of all through a perturbation of the Earth radiation balance. We invite observational and modelling papers on all aspects of radiation in the climate system. A specific aim of this session is to bring together newly available information on the spatial and temporal variation of radiative and energy fluxes at the surface, within the atmosphere and at the top of atmosphere. This information may be obtained from direct measurements, satellite-derived products, climate modelling as well as process studies. Scales considered may range from local radiation and energy balance studies to continental and global scales. In addition, related studies on the spatial and temporal variation of cloud properties, albedo, water vapour and aerosols, which are essential for our understanding of radiative forcings, feedbacks, and related climate change, are encouraged. Studies focusing on the impact of radiative forcings on the various components of the climate system, such as on the hydrological cycle, on the cryosphere or on the biosphere and related carbon cycle, are also much appreciated.

Near-surface wind speed is a key variable in the climate system, linking atmospheric circulation, land–atmosphere interactions, and renewable energy production. Long-term changes in wind speed have been reported from station observations, reanalyses, and climate model simulations, with evidence for both large-scale and regional phenomenon across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can influence climate extremes, alter sectoral risks, and directly affect wind power production, making their understanding critical in the context of a warming world.
Despite significant progress, key challenges remain. These include: (1) identifying and characterizing phenomena and variability in near-surface wind speed across timescales, including extremes and multi-decadal changes; (2) improving the use of station data, reanalyses, and climate model ensembles to quantify historical and projected wind speed changes; (3) attributing observed changes to internal variability, external forcings, and their interactions; (4) assessing uncertainties in model representation of wind speed climatology, variability, and extremes; (5) understanding implications of wind speed changes for wind energy assessments, risks of wind energy droughts, and future renewable energy planning; and (6) advancing methodological approaches, including emergent constraints, detection–attribution frameworks, and statistical or machine learning methods, to improve robustness of results.
We invite contributions addressing near-surface wind speed from multiple perspectives, including observations, reanalyses, climate model simulations, attribution studies, and wind energy applications. Submissions covering novel methods, cross-scale analyses, and interdisciplinary approaches linking climate science and renewable energy are particularly encouraged.

Urban areas play a fundamental role in local- to large-scale planetary processes via modification of heat, moisture, and chemical budgets. With urbanization continuing globally, it is essential to recognize the consequences of converting natural landscapes into a built environment. Given the capabilities of cities to serve as first responders to global change, considerable efforts are currently dedicated across cities to monitoring and understanding urban atmospheric dynamics. Various adaptation and mitigation strategies aimed to offset the impacts of rapidly expanding urban environments and influences of large-scale greenhouse gas emissions are developed, implemented, and evaluated. Tools and services tailored to cities that support climate action and resilience are rapidly evolving.
This session solicits submissions from the observational, modelling, and science-based tool development communities. We particularly welcome contributions that bridge natural and social sciences to address urban climate challenges in an integrated way. Submissions may cover urban atmospheric and landscape dynamics, urban-climate conditions under global to regional climate change including uncertainty propagation, processes and impacts due to urban-induced climate change, and the efficacy of various strategies to reduce such impacts. Studies linking urban climate dynamics with human health and well-being under extreme and compound events are especially encouraged. We also welcome techniques highlighting how cities use novel science data products and tools, including urban climate services, that facilitate planning and policies on adaptation and mitigation. Emerging approaches such as digital twins, citizen science, crowdsourcing, AI-based modelling, frugal informatics, and other innovations for climate resilience are highly encouraged.

Phenological changes induced by ongoing climate change are affecting species, ecosystems, and even the global climate by altering species performance, species interactions (potential mismatches and new opportunities in the food web), and water and carbon cycles. Observations of plant and animal phenology as well as remote sensing and modeling studies document complex interactions and raise many open questions about the future sustainability of species and ecosystems. In this session we invite all contributions that address seasonality changes based on plant and animal phenological observations, pollen monitoring, historical documentary sources, or seasonality measurements using climate data, remote sensing, flux measurements, modeling studies or experiments. We also welcome contributions addressing cross-disciplinary perspectives and international collaborations and program-building initiatives including citizen science networks and data analyses from these networks.
This session is organized by a consortium representing the International Society of Biometeorology (Phenology Commission), the Pan-European Phenology Network - PEP725, the Swiss Academy of Science SCNAT, the TEMPO French Phenology Network and the USA National Phenology Network.

The main focus of this session is the global environmental observations using optical imagers, with an emphasis on satellite - based monitoring. Optical imagers play a crucial role in detecting and analyzing large-scale environmental changes across various domains, including the atmosphere, land, ocean, and cryosphere. We aim to bring together contributions directed towards the usage of optical imagers in monitoring environmental variability, evaluating the impacts of climate change, and developing methodological approaches for integrated analysis. The session highlights the potential of new satellite missions including hyperspectral/ polarimetric/ multi-angle spaceborne observations and the importance of international collaboration in advancing global observation capabilities. The list of satellite instruments and their capabilities to be discussed is very broad. It includes EUMETSAT METOP-SG1 mission, JAXA GCOM-C and NASA PACE missions, to name a few.

Hydrometeorological hazards – including droughts, floods, and their compound manifestations – are intensifying in a warming climate, posing unprecedented challenges for disaster risk management, adaptation, and resilience. Persistent heavy rainfall, flash droughts, and rapid drought-to-flood transitions are causing significant societal and economic damages, while human activities such as land-use change, flood control and drought relief add further complexity to their mechanisms and predictability.
This session invites contributions on cutting-edge advances in cooperative observation systems, high-resolution Earth System modeling, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration for improving sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction and early warning of compound hydrometeorological extreme events at regional to local scales.
By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration across observation, modeling, AI, and applications, this session aims to showcase novel methodologies and operational pathways toward building globally resilient societies against hydrometeorological hazards.

Long-term instrumental weather records are limited even in data-rich regions like Europe and North America, and much scarcer elsewhere. Understanding climate change requires a truly global picture, built from observations worldwide. While Europe and North America have records from the early 19th century, most other regions lack comparable data until the early–mid 20th century—a gap of about 100 years. This gap limits our ability to study multi-decadal climate change across much of the globe. Closing it requires renewed efforts to rescue historical observations from data-sparse regions. These data are a key starting point to understand the climate of the past, a reference to validate climate models and an input data for reanalyses.

This session invites abstracts on the identification and rescue of historical weather observations from previously unexplored locations and periods. For example, former European territories and administrative regions, and historical weather records from newly independent countries in Asia and Africa. Contributions may focus on new data sources, innovative methods of data extraction, or applications of rescued data. We particularly welcome work using automated AI/ML workflows, citizen science approaches, best practices and studies applying historical data to understand climate extremes, floods, and other risks. This session will further the work on climate adaptation by taking extreme historical climate events into account.

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow and transient channels of intense water vapor transport in the lower troposphere. They account for 90% of poleward moisture transport and drive high-impact weather extremes all around the globe. Future projections suggest that landfalling ARs will become even more hazardous as they further intensify in a warmer climate. Given the fundamental role of ARs in the global water cycle, relevant research is rapidly expanding across different disciplines. With new data sources and novel methodological approaches, the multidisciplinary AR community has been breaking ground and posing fundamental questions for the understanding of AR processes and impacts.

By bringing together experts from diverse disciplines, this session aims to provide a comprehensive platform for discussing the latest advances in AR science. We invite all contributions that aim at a better understanding of AR uncertainties, processes, and impacts across past, present, and future climates at regional to global scales. Relevant topics of the session include, but are not limited to:

• Observation, identification, and monitoring of ARs
• Physical, dynamical, & microphysical aspects of ARs
• Aerosol & biochemical aspects of ARs
• ARs and the surface energy budget
• Environmental and socioeconomic impacts of AR-induced weather extremes
• ARs as a component of compound events
• AR dynamics and impacts in understudied regions
• Role of ARs in the changing Cryosphere
• Forecasting of ARs
• ARs in past, present, and future climates

Rossby wave dynamics stands at the intersection of several open research questions, ranging from our basic understanding of mid-latitude variability, to the short- and medium-range predictability of high-impact weather events, and to the circulation changes expected from anthropogenic global warming. Rossby waves exist and propagate along vorticity gradients such as the one related to the tropopause-level jet stream, whose complex meandering often "breaks" creating nonlinear circulation features, such as atmospheric blocking.

Recent extreme weather and climate episodes, like heavy rainfall events leading to flash floods, recurrent and concurrent summer heatwaves or unforeseen winter cold spells, highlight the need to improve our understanding of jet streams and of the associated linear and non-linear, planetary and synoptic-scale Rossby wave dynamics in the atmosphere to better constrain the impacts of Rossby waves on extreme weather and climate events.

Abstracts are invited on a wide range of topics, with a focus on, but not limited to, the following areas:

(1) Theoretical developments in the dry and moist dynamics of Rossby waves, wave breaking, atmospheric blocking, and of jet streams acting as atmospheric Rossby waveguides. This includes the role of local and remote drivers (e.g., the tropics, Arctic, or stratosphere) in affecting Rossby wave evolution.
(2) Linkages between extreme weather/climate events and the jet stream, as well as the associated linear and non-linear Rossby wave evolution during such events, including wave breaking, cut-off formation and re-absorption, and atmospheric blocking.
(3) Application of cutting-edge methods to study the multi-scale interaction of Rossby waves from the convective scale to the large-scale dynamics, and its representation in existing weather and climate models (e.g. hierarchical and/or high-resolution modelling, machine learning/AI-based approaches).
(4) Exploring the effect of Rossby wave packets on predictability at lead times from medium range (~2 weeks) to seasonal time-scales. This includes the potential role of blocking and of teleconnections involving Rossby wave propagation.
(5) Projected future changes in planetary or synoptic-scale Rossby waves, or in their future connection to weather and climate events.

Traditionally, hydrologists focus on the partitioning of precipitation water on the land surface into evaporation and runoff, while ignoring factors that influence precipitation. However, more than half of the evaporation globally returns as precipitation on land. Given this important feedback of the water cycle, changes in land-use and water-use, as well as climate variability and change, impact not only the partitioning of precipitation water but also the atmospheric input of water as precipitation, at both remote and local scales.
This session aims to:
i. investigate the remote and local atmospheric feedbacks from human interventions such as greenhouse gasses, irrigation, deforestation, and reservoirs on the water cycle, precipitation and climate, based on observations and coupled modelling approaches,
ii. investigate the use of hydroclimatic frameworks such as the Budyko framework to understand the human and climate effects on both atmospheric water input and partitioning,
iii. explore the implications of atmospheric feedbacks on the hydrological cycle for land and water management.
Applied studies in this session may adopt fundamental characteristics of the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle on different scales. These fundamentals include, but are not limited to, atmospheric circulation, humidity, hydroclimate frameworks, residence times, recycling ratios, sources and sinks of atmospheric moisture, energy balance and climatic extremes. Studies may also evaluate different data sources for atmospheric hydrology and implications for inter-comparison and meta-analysis. Examples of data sources and methodological approaches include observation networks, isotopic studies, conceptual models, Budyko-based hydroclimatological assessments, back-trajectories, reanalysis and fully coupled Earth system model simulations.

Extreme hydrological events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves have been changing considerably under a changing climate. Concurrent and compound events, where extremes occur simultaneously or in succession, have been exacerbating risks to infrastructure, society, economy, and ecosystems. Understanding the evolution of extremes and their concurrent/compound occurrences across spatial and temporal scales, climate drivers influencing these events, and the uncertainty in their characterization remains a critical challenge. Consequently, there is an urgent need for advancements in modeling, monitoring, prediction, and risk assessment to reinforce resilience against extremes and their concurrent/compound occurrences at global, regional, and urban scales. In this session, we welcome research contributions encompassing, but not limited to, the following areas: (1) analysis of changes in the severity, duration, intensity, frequency, and spatial extent of extremes including concurrent/compound events under changing climate conditions; (2) exploration of latest methodologies for characterizing and predicting extreme events, including the application of machine learning techniques; (3) understanding the climate drivers impacting extreme events and their spatial/temporal evolution; (4) characterizing risk, vulnerability, exposure, and adaptive capacity; and (5) quantifying uncertainties in extreme events.

The frequencies and intensities of extreme events such as floods, tropical cyclones, heat waves, droughts etc. are increased in many regions across the globe and now of serious concern due to their socio-economic Impact. Hence understanding of the mechanism, pattern and characteristics of such events have been the focus of many recent studies. This session invites abstracts on observational and numerical modeling studies aimed to enhance the understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics and predictability of the extreme events. This session also welcomes the submissions on model simulations and evaluations aimed to advance the understanding of the physics and dynamics associated with the extreme events. In particular, abstracts are encouraged on regional-scale analysis of the historical extreme events and their projections which would assist the policy makers to build more resilient societies to face the extreme event related disasters.

As our climate system climbs through its current warming path, temperature and precipitation are greatly affected also in their extremes. There is a general concern that climate change may affect also the magnitude and frequency of river floods and, as a consequence, that existing and planned hydraulic structures and flood defences may become inadequate to provide the required protection level in the future. While a wide body of literature on the detection of flood changes is available, the identification of their underlying causes (i.e. flood change attribution) is still debated.
In this session we invite contributions on works on how floods of different kind and their impacts on the landscape are related to climate extremes (of precipitation and temperature) and how these extremes are related to large scale predictors (e.g. climate oscillations, teleconnections). This session invite contributions on (but not limited to) the following questions:
- What are the large scale predictors of climate extremes that are relevant to river floods and their change?
- What is the role of spatio-temporal scales when mapping climate to flood extremes?
- How are climate extremes and river floods of different types related to each other?
Mapping climate to flood extremes is of interest from both theoretical and practical perspectives. From a theoretical point of view, a better understanding of the connection between climate extremes and floods will allow to better attribute flood changes to their underlying causes. From a practical point of view, the identification of climate indices relevant to flood extremes may allow to better incorporate climate projections in the assessment of flood hazard and risk, leading to a more informed selection of adaptation measures compared to what is now possible.

Fire is the primary terrestrial ecosystem disturbance globally and a critical Earth system process. Its frequency and intensity are expected to increase across most regions in the future, posing significant challenges for ecosystems, the carbon cycle, and society. Fire research is rapidly expanding across disciplines, underscoring the need to advance our understanding of fire's interactions with climate, the biosphere, and human systems. This session invites contributions investigating the role of fire in the Earth system at any spatiotemporal scale, using statistical (including AI) or process-based models, remote sensing, field and laboratory observations, proxy records, and data-model fusion techniques. We strongly encourage abstracts on fire's interactions with: (1) weather, climate, atmospheric composition, chemistry, and circulation, (2) vegetation composition and structure and biogeochemical cycle, ocean ecosystems; (3) cryosphere elements and processes (such as permafrost, sea ice), and (4) human health, land management, conservation, and livelihoods. Moreover, we welcome submissions that address: (5) spatiotemporal changes in fire (especially extreme fires) in the past, present, and future, 6) fire products and models, and their validation, error/bias assessment and correction, as well as (7) analytical tools designed to enhance situational awareness for fire practitioners and to improve fire early warning systems.

The interactions between aerosols, climate, weather, and society are among the large uncertainties of current atmospheric research. Mineral dust is an important natural source of aerosol with significant implications on radiation, cloud microphysics, atmospheric chemistry, and the carbon cycle via the fertilization of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Dust impacts snow and ice albedo and can accelerate glacier melt. In addition, properties of dust deposited in sediments and ice cores are important (paleo-)climate indicators.

This interdivisional session -- building bridges between the EGU divisions AS, CL, CR, SSP, BG and GM -- had its first edition in 2004 and it is open to contributions dealing with:

(1) measurements and theoretical concepts of all aspects of the dust cycle (emission, transport, deposition, size distribution, particle characteristics),
(2) numerical simulations of dust on global, regional, and local scales,
(3) meteorological conditions for dust storms,
(4) interactions of dust with clouds and radiation,
(5) influence of dust on atmospheric chemistry,
(6) fertilization of ecosystems through dust deposition,
(7) interactions with the biosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere,
(8) any study using dust as a (paleo-)climate indicator, including sediment archives in loess, ice cores, lake sediments, ocean sediments and dunes,
(9) impacts of dust on climate and climate change, and associated feedbacks and uncertainties,
(10) implications of dust for health, transport, energy systems, agriculture, infrastructure, etc., and early warning systems

We especially encourage the submission of papers that integrate different disciplines and/or address the modelling of past, present, and future climates.

Volcanic aerosol clouds from major tropical eruptions cause periods of strong surface cooling in the historical climate record and are dominant influences within decadal surface temperature trends. Advancing our understanding of the influence of volcanoes on climate relies upon better knowledge of:

(i) the radiative forcings of past eruptions and the microphysical, chemical and dynamical processes which affect the evolution of stratospheric aerosol properties and

(ii) the response mechanisms governing post-eruption climate variability and their dependency on the climate state at the time of the eruption.

This can only be achieved by combining information from satellite and in-situ observations of recent eruptions, stratospheric aerosol and climate modelling activities, and reconstructions of past volcanic histories and post-eruption climate state from proxies.
In recent years the smoke from intense wildfires in North America and Australia has also been an important component of the stratospheric aerosol layer, the presence of organic aerosol and meteoric particles in background conditions now also firmly established.

This session seeks presentations from research aimed at better understanding the stratospheric aerosol layer, its volcanic perturbations and the associated impacts on climate through the post-industrial period (1750-present) and also those further back in the historical record.

Observational and model studies on the stratosphere and climate impacts from the 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga are also especially welcomed.

We also welcome contributions to understand the societal impacts of volcanic eruptions and the human responses to them. Contributions addressing volcanic influences on atmospheric composition, such as changes in stratospheric water vapour, ozone and other trace gases are also encouraged.

The session aims to bring together research contributing to several current international co-ordinated activities: SPARC-SSiRC, CMIP7-VolMIP, CMIP7-PMIP, and PAGES-VICS.

Large-scale atmospheric dynamics and synoptic systems are key drivers of near-surface variables (e.g., air temperature, precipitation), their variability and their extremes such as heatwaves, floods, and droughts. To be prepared for potential future extreme weather events, we need to further study the link between regional extremes and features of the large-scale atmospheric circulation (e.g., circulation patterns, weather regimes, blocking patterns, extra-tropical cyclones, teleconnection indices) and if and how these dynamics are changing. Various linear and non-linear approaches of synoptic climatology (e.g., multiple regression, canonical correlation, neural networks) can be applied to relate the circulation dynamics to diverse climatic and environmental elements and extremes. This session focuses on understanding regional extremes, their link to atmospheric dynamics, and their future evolution under climate change while welcoming contributions from various methodological approaches.
We welcome contributions that explore:
- The links between large-scale atmospheric circulation features (e.g., circulation patterns, weather regimes, blocking patterns, extra-tropical cyclones, teleconnection indices, NAO) and various types of regional extreme weather events (such as heat waves, heavy precipitation, floods, droughts)
- Past, recent and future trends in frequency, intensity, and variability of regional extremes or surface environmental variables and their associated atmospheric features under climate change
- The influence of internal climate variability on the occurrence of regional extreme events associated with large-scale atmospheric circulation features
- The use of innovative methods, including large ensembles, and AI for circulation type classification
This session invites contributions that explore the connections between different types of regional extremes and the atmospheric circulation, as well as studies from general synoptic climatology that focus on the relationship between atmospheric circulation dynamics and near surface environmental variables, their variability, and changes. The aim is to enhance our understanding of the dynamic drivers behind regional extremes in the context of climate change.

The demand for local-scale weather and climate information is rapidly increasing in the face of climate change and growing societal vulnerabilities. Convection-permitting models (CPMs) with kilometer-scale grid spacing have become indispensable for investigating extreme events, fine-scale processes, and their climate responses. While CPMs have traditionally been applied to regional domains, advances in computing now make global storm-resolving simulations possible, enabling explicit representation of convective storms and other mesoscale phenomena.

This session highlights the opportunities and challenges of kilometer-scale climate modelling across both regional and global domains. We aim to showcase how high-resolution models enhance the representation of local processes, illuminate cross-scale interactions, and improve understanding of extremes. By bringing together the regional CPM community (e.g. CORDEX Flagship Pilot Studies) and the emerging global storm-resolving community (e.g. DYAMOND, nextGEMS, Destination Earth, EERIE), the session seeks to foster dialogue, synergy, and collaboration. Contributions using variable-resolution frameworks, which connect regional detail with the global Earth system context are also of interest.

We invite submissions that:
1. Apply regional or global CPMs to advance understanding of extremes and demonstrate added value over coarser models.
2. Bridge regional and global frameworks through nesting or variable resolution approaches.
3. Investigate cross-scale feedback between convection and large-scale circulation.
4. Assess climate change signals and scale-dependent extreme event responses.
5. Advance evaluation, model development, and understanding of biases in CPMs.
6. Address uncertainty and computational challenges, including ensembles and novel strategies for long-term simulations.

By uniting diverse initiatives, this session aims to push the frontiers of extreme events research and climate process understanding at unprecedented resolution, while building stronger links between regional and global modelling communities.

Attribution research in the context of climate change investigates the extent to which human influence, via different factors, contributes to changes and events in the climate system and their impacts on natural, managed, and human systems. Disentangling external forcing and climate variability as well as isolating climate change impacts from other drivers is a challenging task engaging various approaches.

The field of Detection and Attribution (D&A) identifies historical changes over long timescales, typically multi-decadal, of weather and climate as well as their impacts. D&A specifically quantifies the contributions of various external forcings as their signal emerges from internal climate variability. Driven by complex mechanisms, internal variability can itself change under external forcing, complicating D&A analyses and the projection of future changes. Moreover, event attribution (EA) assesses how human-induced climate change is modifying the frequency and/or intensity of extreme weather events (e.g. a heatwave), their impacts (e.g., economic loss or loss of life associated with flooding), or events from an impact perspective (e.g., a crop failure). These and other analyses focusing on attributing impacts combine observations with model-based evidence or process understanding. The attribution of climate change impacts is particularly complex due to the influence of additional non-climatic human influences.

This session highlights recent studies from the broad spectrum of attribution research that address some or all steps of the climate-impact chain from emissions to climate variables, to impacts in natural, managed, and human systems and aims to explore the diversity of methods employed across disciplines and schools of thought. It also covers a broad range of applications, case studies, current challenges of the field, and avenues for expanding the attribution research community. It specifically also includes studies that focus on the influence of specific externally forced changes as well as separating, quantifying, and understanding internal variability as both constitute a key uncertainty in climate attribution.

Presentations will cover common and new methodologies (improved statistical methods, statistical causality, Artificial Intelligence) using single climate realisations, large ensembles, or other methods to derive counterfactuals, on single climate variable or compound/cascading events, on impacts on natural, managed, or human systems.

Mediterranean climate regions of the world are located in transitional midlatitude zones like the Mediterranean basin, western North America and small coastal areas of western South America, southern Africa and southern Australia. This transitional character makes them highly exposed to climate change, and they have been already experiencing significant shifts due to global warming, including hotter, drier summers and more erratic precipitation. These changes heighten risks such as prolonged and recurrent droughts and wildfires, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and threats to sectors such as agriculture and human health. In response, adaptation strategies are emerging worldwide—ranging from water-efficient farming and wildfire management to urban greening, ecosystem restoration, and policies promoting climate resilience.

This session intends to strengthen exchanges among the communities studying the Mediterranean climate regions of the world. The goal is to promote a multi-disciplinary approach to identify and prepare shared solutions and practices, to safeguard both natural systems and human livelihoods in one of the world’s most climate-sensitive regions. Understanding the past, characterizing the present and modeling the future are essential steps to estimate the risks and to assess the impacts of climate changes, including solutions for sustainable adaptation. Studies of observed past changes and/or future climate projections focused on physical (including extremes, teleconnections, hydrological cycle) and biogeochemical (including biodiversity) aspects of Mediterranean climate regions are welcome. Similarly, climate change related social aspects, including indigenous knowledge in mitigating climate risks, are well received. Analyses where multiple Mediterranean climate-type regions are considered and compared are highly appreciated.

As a multidisciplinary MedCLIVAR session, we encourage contributions from a broad range of disciplines and topics dealing with dynamics and processes of the climate system, sectoral impacts of climate change, climate change adaptation and innovative methods and approaches in climate sciences.

Solar Radiation Management (SRM) refers to climate intervention technologies which propose to temporarily modify Earth’s radiative budget to offset climate risks associated with climate change. These include stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), marine cloud brightening (MCB), and cirrus cloud thinning (CCT), among others. In all cases, the tightly coupled complex interplay between chemistry, radiation and dynamics especially with respect to aerosol-cloud interactions, make the regional and global impacts of these proposals highly uncertain. These uncertainties cascade into assessment of human and ecosystem relevant impacts, including but not limited to our understanding of the agricultural, ecological, or socio-political ramifications of large-scale adoption.

This session focuses on advances in the natural science of climate intervention which seeks to identify or reduce sources of uncertainty related to SRM. This may include climate modeling studies, idealized process investigations, experimental results, or observations of natural analogues. We welcome submissions from across the natural sciences as well as the social sciences, including impacts assessment or governance related to SRM strategies. We are particularly interested in work which focuses on understanding and constraining uncertainty related to regions or communities that are especially vulnerable to climate change, and we encourage early career or new members of the research community to consider applying.

The historical changes in the global climate systems are mainly attributed to the joint or individual influence of the internal variability and external forcing. By utilizing observational dataset or single realization of the climate models, it is difficult to differentiate the true forced component from the noisy internal variability of the climate system. Both initialized and uninitialized large ensemble climate simulations provide parallel climate realizations: they capture the range of possible trajectories of the climate under both internal variability and external forcing. Their primary value lies in disentangling the anthropogenic signals from internal variability and enabling more robust detection and attribution. Large ensembles support diverse applications, including the estimation of time of emergence, risk assessment of extreme events and compound events, projection of the climate modes of natural variability and its teleconnections, quantifying model uncertainty, testing the robustness of future projections, evaluating tipping points and climate hysteresis, and studying Earth system feedback, such as those in the carbon cycle. Thus, the extensive availability of ensemble data makes them well-suited for deep learning applications and the development of climate emulators.
The climate emulator development has rapidly advanced in recent years with the innovative statistical and machine learning approaches. The computationally efficient climate emulators are a good tool for modelling the forced response and internal variability of the part of the climate system. Although the output of typical emulators has a limited number of variables; its use for evaluating scenario uncertainty, geoengineering applications, impact assessment, policy making, and high-resolution regional projections is quite prominent in the recent times.
This session welcomes a broad range of contributions focused on the analysis of large ensemble datasets and climate emulators spanning all components of the climate system. It specifically covers topics: (a) the detection and attribution of climate change, (b) new statistical and machine learning methodologies to identify the forced change and internal variability, (c) assessment of model uncertainty and climate projection, (d) geoengineering studies, (e) development and applications of the climate emulators, and (f) tipping point and climate hysteresis.

In addition to strong emission reductions, Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) strategies are critical to avoid exceeding the temperature limits of the Paris Agreement. At the same time, large-scale CDR deployment might be in conflict with reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), e.g. massive expansion of bioenergy production conflicts with SDG 2 “zero hunger”, and sustainability considerations are increasingly seen as vital for the success of CDR strategies. CDR approaches, including afforestation and reforestation, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE), and direct air capture with CCS (DACCS), must scale to remove up to several hundreds of Gt of CO2 in order to reach net-zero as fast as possible. Robust and optimised monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems are essential in order to enable reliable carbon accounting and guarantee the capacity to continuously and consistently detect the early emergence of CDR-related signals and potential side-effects.

In this session, we invite modelling or observation based contributions on the detection of climatic and biogeochemical signals and their attribution to CDR deployment at different timescales. For example, changes in features of variability, such as, long-term trends, seasonal or diurnal cycles of carbon cycle components but also of variables that could reveal CDR-related side effects (e.g. ocean oxygen, nutrient availability, soil moisture, land-surface properties, etc.).

We welcome studies employing marine mesocosm CDR experiments, pilot CDR field sites, or modelling of novel CDR scenarios and CDR practices. We also welcome studies that use observational networks - including innovative use of existing monitoring networks, such as Argo floats, established land and ocean time series or ICOS data, that can provide insights into CDR potential and impacts. Implementation of machine learning algorithms, optimal fingerprinting or innovative time-of-emergence analysis for MRV are particularly encouraged.

The objective of this session is to gather an understanding of emerging monitoring practices with potential to advance the scientific foundations for robust MRV, and to explore opportunities and challenges for responsible, large-scale implementation of CDR.

Anthropogenic and natural aerosols play key roles in driving climate change over a range of spatial and temporal scales, both close to emission sources and also remotely through teleconnections. Aerosols can directly interact with radiation by scattering and absorption and indirectly through modulating cloud properties, and thereby modify the surface and atmospheric energy balance, cloud dynamics and precipitation patterns, and the atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Changes in regional aerosol emissions accelerate greenhouse gas-driven climate changes in some regions, counteract them in others, and may interact with natural variability to further stress human and ecological systems. However, our understanding of these impacts still lags those due to greenhouse gases. The poor aerosol integration in many climate risk and impact studies currently leads to potentially dangerous omissions in projections of near-term climate change impacts.

This session addresses: the strong and spatially complex trends in temperature, hydroclimate, air quality, and extreme events driven by aerosol changes over the historical era, and those expected in the near future; the interplay between aerosol-driven changes and those induced by other forcing factors; and their extensions to climate risk and impact studies. We encourage contributions based on model and observation-based approaches to investigate the effects of aerosols on regional decadal climate variability and extremes, tropical-extratropical interactions and teleconnections, and the interactions with modes of variability such as the NAO, ENSO, AMV, and PDO. This year we especially welcome studies focusing on the climate effects of African air pollution, notably how absorbing aerosols influence Sub-Saharan precipitation, and any analyses using the RAMIP dataset. We also welcome focused studies on aerosol influences on monsoon systems, midlatitude and Arctic responses, extreme temperature and precipitation, atmospheric and oceanic circulation changes, tropical cyclones, and daily variability, using for example CMIP6 projections, large ensemble simulations, or specifically designed experiments. We also encourage studies focusing on climate risk and concrete regional impacts on nature and society resulting from changes in anthropogenic and natural aerosol emissions.

Regional monsoons have profound impacts on water, energy, and food security. Monsoons cause severe floods and droughts as well as undergoing variability on subseasonal, seasonal-to-decadal and palaeoclimate time scales. In addition to their profound local effects, monsoon variability also causes global-scale impacts via teleconnections, and the monsoons are linked together as part of the global monsoon via the divergent circulation, with aspects of coherent variability and interactions with planetary scale transports of heat and moisture.

Monsoons are complex phenomena involving coupled atmosphere-ocean-land interactions and remain notoriously difficult to forecast at NWP, subseasonal and seasonal scales, casting doubt also on our future climate projections. A better understanding of monsoon physics and dynamics and their response to forcing, with more accurate simulation, prediction and projection of monsoon systems is therefore of great importance.

This session invites presentations on any aspects of monsoon research in present-day, future and palaeoclimate periods, involving observations, modelling, attribution, prediction and climate projection. Topics ranging from theoretical works based on idealized planets and ITCZ frameworks to the latest field campaign results are equally welcomed, as is work on impacts, extremes and compound weather events, NWP modelling, S2S and decadal forecasting, and the latest CMIP findings to help inform the IPCC AR7.

Atmospheric processes in both the tropics and midlatitudes are central to shaping weather, climate, and extreme events in the subtropics. The complexity of these processes and their interactions give rise to a unique hydroclimate characterized by strong spatial gradients, distinct seasonal cycles, and high sensitivity to variability and change. Subtropical regions are global hotspot regions of climate change, and yet, remain plagued by large uncertainty in climate model simulations. They are also home to a large share of the world’s population, including communities in the Global South that are disproportionately at risk from extreme events and climate change. Despite their societal and scientific importance, subtropical weather and climate processes remain comparatively understudied.

This session invites contributions that advance process understanding and prediction of weather and climate with a particular focus on the subtropics. We welcome studies based on observations, theory, numerical models, and machine learning. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
• Atmospheric processes shaping clouds, circulation patterns, dust and air pollution transport, and surface weather such as tropical–extratropical interactions, subtropical jet fluctuations, Rossby wave dynamics, transient eddies, monsoon circulations, and convergence zones.
• Weather, climate, and compound extremes – droughts, heatwaves, wildfires, heavy precipitation, flooding, dust storms, and windstorms – spanning their drivers, future changes, and impacts on society and ecosystems.
• The water cycle – rainfall, evapotranspiration, and moisture transport – modulated by weather systems such as cyclones, cutoff lows, cold air outbreaks, mesoscale convective systems, easterly waves, and atmospheric rivers.
• Coupled interactions between Earth system components, including land-atmosphere and ocean-atmosphere feedbacks, and the role of sea surface temperature patterns in shaping subtropical climate.
• Climate variability and remote linkages with ENSO, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), and the Hadley circulation.
• Observations and climate model simulations addressing past and future changes in regional circulation patterns and surface weather, and novel approaches for identifying model biases and for reducing uncertainties in projections.

Semi-arid regions are among the most vulnerable environments to climate change, characterized by limited water resources, high hydrological variability, and susceptibility to extreme events such as droughts, heatwaves, and intense precipitation. These extremes pose severe threats to water security, ecosystem stability, and socio-economic development. A critical yet not fully understood driver of this variability is the remote and local influence of ocean-atmosphere interactions (e.g., ENSO, IPO, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole) on the energy and water cycles of these regions.

Mid-latitude cyclones and storms are key drivers of weather variability, extremes, and associated socio-economic impacts across densely populated regions of the globe. Understanding their observed and projected trends is crucial for improving climate diagnostics, risk assessments, and adaptation strategies in a warming climate. This topic therefore addresses both fundamental scientific challenges and urgent societal needs by linking physical processes, climate change signals, and potential impacts.

This session encourages contributions covering mid-latitude storm systems, including but not limited to the following topics:

• Fundamental dynamics of cyclones - in all different stages of their life cycle - and their mesoscale features (fronts, jets, precipitation structures, dry intrusions)
• Representation of mid-latitude storms in AI-based weather and climate models
• Diagnostics of observed and projected trends in cyclone frequency, intensity, and storm tracks; including potential insights from contributions from measurement campaigns
• Predictability and forecasting on synoptic to sub-seasonal time scales
• Innovative methods, including AI/ML approaches, for cyclone detection, classification, or impact assessment
• Storm-related impacts, vulnerabilities, and risk-transfer mechanisms under a changing climate

By bringing together communities working on dynamics, diagnostics, impacts, field campaigns, and new methodologies, this session aims to provide a comprehensive platform for advancing our understanding of mid-latitude cyclones and their role in the past, present, and future climate system.

We invite research on the application and development of high-resolution (kilometer-scale) climate models over complex mountainous terrain. What are the next steps needed in model development and improvement and what are the observational gaps where further data are needed for model validation?

Mountains cover approximately one-quarter of the total land surface on the planet, and a significant fraction of the world’s population lives within them, in their vicinity, and downstream. Orography critically affects weather and climate processes at all scales and, in connection with factors such as land-cover heterogeneity, is responsible for high spatial variability in mountain weather and climate. This session showcases research that contributes to improving our understanding of weather and climate processes in mountain and high-elevation areas around the globe, as well as their modification induced by global environmental change. This includes the interaction of mountain weather and climate with the terrestrial cryosphere.

We welcome contributions describing the influence of mountains on the atmosphere on meteorological and climate time scales, including terrain-induced airflow, orographic gravity waves, orographic precipitation, land-atmosphere exchange over mountains, forecasting, and predictability of mountain weather. We also encourage theoretical, modeling and observational studies on orographic gravity waves and their effects on the weather and the climate. Furthermore, we invite studies that investigate climate processes and climate change in mountain areas based on monitoring and modeling activities. Particularly welcome are contributions that connect with and address the interdisciplinary objectives of the Elevation-Dependent Climate Change (EDCC) working group of the Mountain Research Initiative.

Clouds play an important role in the Polar climate due to their interaction with radiation and their role in the hydrological cycle linking poleward water vapour transport with precipitation. Cloud and precipitation properties depend on the atmospheric dynamics and moisture sources and transport, as well as on aerosol particles, which can act as cloud condensation and ice nuclei. These processes are complex and are not well represented in the models. While measurements of cloud and precipitation microphysical properties in the Arctic and Southern Ocean/Antarctic regions are challenging, they are highly needed to evaluate and improve cloud processes representation in the models used for polar and global climate and cryosphere projections.

This session aims at bringing together researchers using observational and/or modeling approaches (at various scales) to improve our understanding of polar tropospheric clouds, precipitation, and related mechanisms and impacts. Contributions are invited on various relevant processes including (but not limited to):
- Drivers of cloud/precipitation microphysics at high latitudes,
- Sources of cloud nuclei both at local and long range,
- Linkages of polar clouds/precipitation to the moisture sources and transport, including extreme transport events (e.g., atmospheric rivers, moisture intrusions),
- Relationship of moisture/cloud/precipitation processes to the atmospheric dynamics, ranging from synoptic and meso-scale processes to teleconnections and climate indices,
- Interactions between clouds and radiation, including impacts on the surface energy balance,
- Impacts that the clouds/precipitation in the Polar Regions have on the polar and global climate system, surface mass and energy balance, sea ice and ecosystems.

Papers including new methodologies specific to polar regions are encouraged, such as (i) improving polar cloud/precipitation parameterizations in atmospheric models, moisture transport events detection and attribution methods specifically in the high latitudes, and (ii) advancing observations of polar clouds and precipitation.

Achieving the climate goals of the Paris Agreement requires deep greenhouse gas emissions reductions towards a net-zero world. Advancements in mitigation-relevant science continuously inform the strategies and measures that society pursues to achieve this goal. This session aims to further our understanding of the science surrounding the achievement of net-zero emissions and the Paris Agreement mitigation goal with particular interest in remaining carbon budgets, emission pathways entailing net-zero targets, carbon dioxide removal strategies, overshoot and reversibility, the theoretical underpinnings of these concepts, and their policy implications.

We welcome studies exploring all aspects of climate change in response to ambitious mitigation scenarios, including climate overshoot through scenarios that pursue net negative emissions and a reversal of global warming. In addition to studies exploring the remaining carbon budget and the transient climate response to cumulative emissions of CO2 (TCRE), we welcome contributions on the zero emissions commitment (ZEC), effects of different forcings and feedbacks (e.g. permafrost carbon feedback), non-CO2 contributions to stringent climate change mitigation (e.g. non-CO2 greenhouse gases, and aerosols), and climate and carbon-cycle effects of carbon removal strategies, including their implications for policy.

We invite contributions that use a variety of tools, including fully coupled Earth System Models (ESMs), Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), or Simple Climate Models (SCMs) and climate emulators. Interdisciplinary contributions from the fields of climate policy and economics focused on applications of carbon budgets, net-zero pathways, and their wider implications are also encouraged.

The Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C sets ambitions for global climate action to avoid the most devastating impacts of climate change. However, due to past and present climate inaction, exceeding a global mean temperature increase of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels has become almost inevitable. This has led to an increased interest in so-called overshoot pathways that exceed a global warming level before returning to or below 1.5°C in the long-run, commonly facilitated by deploying carbon dioxide removal methodologies that potentially enable net-negative emissions.
These prospects raise important questions in relation to Earth system feedbacks under overshoot pathways such as: How will Earth System processes evolve under overshoot pathways? What is the likelihood of rapid or abrupt change (including tipping points) occurring due to overshoot? What are the consequent risks for society and the natural environment? And, how reversible will these changes be if global mean temperature returns to a lower level at some later date?
Further, it is important to understand the feasibility and side-effects of large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal that are necessary to return the Earth system to safer temperatures post-overshoot: What would it take to pursue such an overshoot pathway and what are the climatic, economic and ecological consequences of large-scale CDR?
In this session, we welcome abstract submissions on global climate dynamics under peak and decline pathways, on regional to global climate impacts in overshoot scenarios, and mechanisms of non-linearity, particularly the risk of rapid/abrupt Earth system change. We welcome Integrated Assessment, Earth system and impact model experiments focused on overshoot pathways, including investigation of carbon dioxide removal, and realization of warming in overshoot pathways with Earth System Models. We also invite analysis focusing on consequences in a wide range of sectors, from ocean dynamics to the cryosphere, biodiversity and biosphere changes to human systems and economic consequences of overshoot. Contributions that consider the socio-economic conditions and feasibility of overshoot scenarios, climate effects of large-scale carbon dioxide removal, as well as the implications of overshoots for climate change adaptation planning are also strongly encouraged.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key component of the Earth system, responsible for large-scale oceanic heat and salt redistribution. As a potential tipping element, it plays a vital role in regulating climate variability and abrupt transitions. Multiple lines of evidence from observations, reconstructions, and CMIP5/6 ensemble simulations point to a long-term weakening consistent with anthropogenic warming, and several studies indicate that the risk of a substantial slowdown or even collapse within this century may be underestimated.
While debates continue over the extent to which the observed weakening reflects internal variability, the risks associated with a substantially weakened or collapsed AMOC are profound—particularly for regional climate systems and socio-economic consequences. Despite its potential to trigger widespread disruptions, the AMOC’s vulnerability remains underappreciated and underprepared for by most policy frameworks.
This session welcomes contributions from observational and modeling perspectives and encourages interdisciplinary studies that link ocean dynamics to atmospheric processes, climate extremes, and societal impacts. In particular, we welcome contributions that:
• diagnose AMOC variability, trends, and mechanisms across timescales;
• link ocean dynamics to atmospheric circulation, extreme events, and compound risks;
• reveal impacts on ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles;
• develop decision-relevant tools and policy guidance—such as, prediction and early-warning indicators and adaptation/risk-management strategies.
Interdisciplinary, cross-scale studies—from process-level understanding and theory to high-resolution modeling and data-driven approaches—are also warm welcome. Our overarching aim is to advance robust science while informing preparedness for a potentially weaker AMOC.

Extreme weather and climate conditions, such as recent events unprecedented in the observational record, have extensive impact globally. Some of these events would have been nearly impossible without human-made climate change, and broke records by large margins. Furthermore, compounding hazards and cascading risks resulting from these high-impact extremes are becoming evident. Continued warming does not only increase the frequency and intensity of such extremes, it also potentially increases the risk of crossing tipping points and triggering abrupt unprecedented impacts. To increase preparedness for high-impact climate events, developing novel methods, models and process-understanding that capture these hazards and their associated impacts is paramount.

This session aims to bring together the latest research quantifying and understanding high-impact climate events in past, present and future climates. We welcome studies across all spatial and temporal scales, and covering compound, cascading, and connected extremes as well as worst-case scenarios, with the ultimate goal to provide actionable climate information to increase societal preparedness to such extreme high-impact events.

We invite work addressing high-impact extreme events via, but not limited to, model experiments and intercomparisons, diverse storyline approaches such as event-based or dynamical storylines, climate projections including large ensembles and unseen events, insights from paleo archives, and attribution studies. We also especially welcome contributions focusing on physical understanding of high-impact events, on their ecological and socioeconomic impacts, as well as on approaches to potentially limit societal impacts.

The session is sponsored and closely linked to the World Climate Research Programme lighthouse activitIES on 'Understanding High-Risk Events' and 'Explaining and Predicting Earth System Change'.

The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that stretched from central China to the Pamir Mountains, through Central Asia and Arabia to India and Rome, and played a key role in facilitating economic, cultural, political and religious exchanges between East and West. The central part of the Silk Road, located in arid Central Asia, is highly sensitive to environmental changes. Climate and environmental changes, especially changes in water availability, could significantly influence the spatio-temporal distribution of the Silk Road network, trans-Eurasian exchanges and human migration, as well as the civilizational development. This session seeks to enhance comprehension of how environmental change influenced trans-Eurasian exchange and Silk Road civilization by fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. By uniting historians, archaeologists, geneticists, and climatologists, we aim to leverage methodological advancements and identify relevant data towards a coordinated database to drive an intellectual revolution in Silk Road studies. Through interdisciplinary dialogue, we encourage innovative questions and perspectives that advance research in this field.

Climate services challenge the traditional interface between users and providers of climate information as it requires the establishment of a dialogue between subjects, who often have limited knowledge of each-other’s activities and practices. Increasing the understanding and usability of climate information for societal use has become a major challenge where economic growth, and social development crucially depends on adaptation to climate variability and change.

To this regard, climate services do not only create user-relevant climate information, but also stimulate the need to quantify vulnerabilities and come up with appropriate adaptation solutions that can be applied in practice. This session invites contributions from all fields in which climate information is used in decision-making processes, including agriculture, renewable energy, banking, water management, tourism and any other societal sector dependent on climate information.

The operational generation, management and delivery of climate services poses a number of new challenges to the traditional way of accessing and distributing climate data. With a private sector growing and playing an increasingly important role as a service provider, it is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of publicly funded climate data, information and services, as well as the standardisation process for climate services.

This session aims to gather best practices and lessons learnt, for how climate services can successfully facilitate adaptation to climate variability and change by providing climate information that is tailored to the real user need.
Contributions are encouraged from public and private climate services providers, as well as from international efforts (GFCS, CSP, …); European Initiatives (HEU, ERA4CS, C3S, ClimatEurope, ECRA, JPI-Climate…) as well as national, regional and local experiences.

Projections of climate change impacts from emissions scenarios are often hindered by the cost of running Earth system models, downscaling outputs, and driving process-based impact models. New generations of statistical, physical, and hybrid climate change emulators aim to reduce these bottlenecks by generating projections of climate change and its associated impacts more efficiently, capturing global, regional, and extreme-event responses. This capability is transforming the assessment of climate change impacts and risks by enabling rapid, policy-relevant analyses for sectors such as natural systems, agriculture, water resources, economics, energy systems and human health.

This session invites contributions of developments in climate change emulation as well as their applications to projecting climate impacts, highlighting opportunities and challenges for robust and computationally efficient climate risk assessments. This includes simple climate models, probabilistic emulation techniques and machine learning approaches, including traditional pattern scaling, as well as benchmarking efforts that aid in interpretability and consistency between emulation methods. To foster interdisciplinary exchange, we also encourage submissions from reduced complexity modeling approaches for climate impact projections.

Limiting global temperature rise requires achieving net-zero CO2 emissions - where sources of carbon emissions are balanced on net by sinks. Achieving net-zero GHG emissions, as outlined in Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement, goes further: sinks of carbon outweigh sources resulting in net-negative CO2 emissions. Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) will be critical to achieving both milestones and CDR approaches are gaining prominence in both national target setting as well as corporate net-zero strategies.

There are a wide variety of CDR approaches, ranging from the conventional, like reforestation and ecosystem restoration, to the more novel, like Direct Air Capture with CCS, Enhanced Rock Weathering, and Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement, which have yet to be proven at scale. We welcome contributions that highlight critical aspects of the use of CDR approaches in climate mitigation strategies with a focus on the potential and co-benefits of different methods at various scales, sustainability limits and feasibility of different options in portfolios of approaches, and the risks of different strategies - either to people, the environment, or of CO2 rerelease due to loss of durable storage or other sustainability goals. Contributions that touch on societal aspects in particular CDR policies and governance, including the impact of carbon markets and the ability to Monitor, Report, and Verify (MRV) removals are also encouraged.

We invite a broad range of approaches and perspectives, spanning studies using fully coupled Earth System Models (ESMs), Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), as well as economic and social science methods.

Understanding past climate and natural hazards has long been central to geoscience and climatology. In today’s era of accelerating climate change and geopolitical instability, it is vital to move beyond physical processes to societal responses, especially pathways of just transition. This concept refers to shifts toward sustainable and resilient systems that also ensure social equity, economic stability, and environmental health. Though the term is modern, history offers many examples—responses to extreme weather, resource scarcity, agricultural crises, or environmentally driven industrial restructuring—that reveal the conditions, trade-offs, and obstacles behind both successful and failed transitions. This session examines how to reconstruct and analyze such historical cases, from the recent past to the last millennium, using interdisciplinary sources:
Paleoclimate archives tracing variability, extremes, and long-term changes.
Historical records such as legal, administrative, and economic documents, correspondence, maps, migration and agricultural data, colonial archives, and oral histories showing social, economic, and political dimensions.
Archaeological and architectural evidence including settlement patterns, building structures, and material remains of adaptation and resilience.
We invite contributions combining climatic and geoscientific data with socio-economic and political perspectives to explore how environmental pressures intersected with governance, livelihoods, and social justice. Topics may include:
• Community adaptation to climate stresses and hazards across the last millennium;
• Equity and justice in adaptation measures—succeeded or failed;
• Evolution of governance, technology, and resource management during transitions;
• New approaches for systematic analysis of past just transitions.
The aim is to build evidence-based pathways for managing future climate risks in socially equitable and geopolitically informed ways.
We welcome submissions from historians, archaeologists, climatologists, geoscientists, anthropologists, economists, social and political scientists, as well as policy experts, heritage practitioners, and community researchers. Proposals that bridge climate and hazard reconstructions with socio-political outcomes, or that introduce new methods for extracting and integrating data on just transitions, are especially encouraged.

Developing effective, efficient, and equitable climate adaptation strategies requires a deep understanding of how physical hazards translate into localized, human-centered impacts. While identifying areas of concentrated physical risk is a critical first step, achieving resilience demands more granular assessments of inequalities, socio-economic vulnerability and adaptive capacity. This session aims to bridge the gap between hazard-focused risk identification, detailed social and economic vulnerability and impact analyses, actionable, adaptation strategies at different levels of governance
We place particular emphasis on the multifaceted human impacts of climate change - beyond traditional damage-cost metrics - encompassing health, livelihoods, well-being, and other critical dimensions of human life. The session will showcase insights from European climate risk assessments which develop science-based, impact-driven decision-support tools to enhance local and regional adaptive capacity. These projects integrate physical and social sciences, promote Nature-Based Solutions, support multi-level climate governance, and employ participatory approaches to co-produce adaptation pathways aligned with the EU Mission on Adaptation to Climate Change by 2030, but longer time horizons are also envisaged.
We invite contributions that:
-present innovative, interdisciplinary methods for assessing climate risk that integrate physical hazard data with socio-economic vulnerability and adaptive capacity analysis.
- explore equity-focused socio-economic evaluations, including capability-based approaches to understand how climate change affects what individuals and communities can do and be.
- investigate the role of Nature-Based Solutions in building resilience.
- examine cross-sectoral and cascading impacts of extreme events on human systems.
- showcase community-based and participatory methods (e.g., stakeholder consultations, Living Labs) for co-developing transformative adaptation strategies.
- demonstrate decision-support tools that translate complex risk assessments into actionable local adaptation and mitigation plans.
By bringing together diverse perspectives, empirical evidence, and methodological innovations, this session will advance the science–policy interface for climate adaptation, contributing to climate-resilient development pathways for metropolitan and regional contexts across Europe and beyond.

Cultural heritage - whether coastal, underwater, landscape, or urban - is increasingly exposed to the cascading effects of climate change and natural hazards. As the frequency and intensity of extreme events rise, so does the urgency to rethink how we assess, manage, and protect heritage in a changing world.
This session, co-organised by the Horizon Europe Green Cluster (RescueME, THETIDA, TRIQUETRA, STECCI), invites contributions that explore transdisciplinary approaches to heritage resilience, integrating insights from climate science, disaster risk management, social sciences, and heritage studies. We particularly welcome work that addresses the complex interplay between cultural landscapes, underwater heritage, and climate-related risks, and that advances co-creation with communities and stakeholders as a central strategy for sustainable adaptation.
We encourage submissions that showcase innovative digital tools - including decision support systems, AI applications, serious gaming, and immersive technologies (AR/VR) - as well as modelling techniques for risk analysis and scenario planning. The session also seeks to highlight governance frameworks, participatory methods, and living lab approaches that foster inclusive, evidence-based decision-making and long-term resilience. Depending on session interest and attendance, conveners may explore the option of proposing a related special issue in a peer-reviewed journal (Heritage Science, STOTEN, Climate Risk Management or similar).
Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
• Integrated risk assessment models for heritage exposed to climatic, natural, and anthropogenic hazards
• Co-creation and participatory methods for stakeholder engagement, including serious gaming and tabletop exercises
• Digital innovations for heritage monitoring, management, and communication (e.g., AI, AR/VR, digital twins)
• Governance structures and policy tools for heritage resilience and sustainability
• Underwater and coastal heritage risk assessment and protection strategies
• Cultural landscapes as dynamic systems of climate adaptation and community identity
• Living labs and knowledge co-production for heritage risk and resilience
• Multi-hazard and compound risk modelling for heritage sites
• Decision support systems and early warning tools tailored to heritage contexts

This session explores the use and advancement of socioeconomic scenarios in addressing complex challenges of our time. Integration of scenarios has transformative potential that address health and climate challenges, inform policy and give an insight into possible future worlds. We invite contributions developing scenarios narratives, quantifying them and using them in practice.

This session invites contributions focused on the understanding, modeling, and prediction of extreme events in weather, climate, and broader geophysical systems, from both theoretical and applied perspectives. We aim to bring together researchers from the traditional geophysical sciences with those working in mathematical, statistical, and dynamical systems approaches, fostering an interdisciplinary dialogue and discussions.
By highlighting the complementary nature of physical intuition and mathematical formalism, this session seeks to advance our understanding of the processes that give rise to extremes, improve predictive capabilities, and assess the extremes' societal and environmental impacts.
Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
- Variability and projected changes in extremes under climate change
- Representation and performance of climate models in simulating extreme events
- Attribution of extreme events
- Emergent constraints on extreme behavior
- Predictability of extremes across meteorological to climate timescales
- Connections between extremes in dynamical systems and observed geophysical extremes
- Theoretical and applied studies of extremes in nonlinear and chaotic systems
- Downscaling techniques for extreme events
- Linking the physical dynamics of extreme events to their impacts on society and ecosystems.
We particularly encourage submissions that bridge disciplines, propose novel methodologies, or offer new insights into the mechanisms and consequences of extreme geophysical phenomena. We encourage submissions from the "Transdiscipinary Newtork to bridge Climate Science and Impacts on Society" (FutureMED) and the "Seasonal-to-decadal climate predictability in the Mediterranean: process understanding and services" (MEDUSSE) COST action communities.

Rapid urbanization is intensifying heat-related challenges in global cities, with significant impacts on human health, energy demand, urban infrastructure systems, and long-term urban sustainability. This session emphasizes the critical role of geospatial data including remote sensing, numerical modeling, in-situ measurements, spatial statistics, and socio-economic datasets in advancing the characterization, monitoring, and mitigation of urban heat.
We invite contributions from geospatial science, urban climatology, environmental science, data science, artificial intelligence, and urban studies. The session seeks to highlight innovative approaches that use geospatial data and analytics to quantify urban heat dynamics, evaluate environmental and societal impacts, and support strategies for resilience and sustainability in cities.

Topics of interest include (but are not limited to):
1. AI based methods to monitor, model, and predict urban heat patterns,
2. Geospatial approaches for monitoring and mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect,
3. Integrated analysis of urban heat with air quality, health, energy use, and socio-economic factors,
4. Spatial modeling of cooling demand, carbon emissions, and resource efficiency under heat stress,
5. Geospatial analytics for evaluating green infrastructure and nature-based cooling solutions,
6. Climate resilience and adaptation strategies centered on heat-risk reduction,
7. Integration of multi-source datasets (satellite, airborne, in-situ, and socio-economic) for comprehensive assessments of urban heat impacts and responses.

We particularly encourage discussions on the challenges and opportunities of combining advanced geospatial analytics with AI to deliver deep insights into urban climate, resilience pathways, and sustainable planning strategies.

Geoscientists play a key role in providing essential information for decision-making processes that consider environmental, social, and economic consequences. Therefore, their responsibilities go beyond scientific analysis. Global challenges such as climate change, resource management, and disaster risk reduction urge geoscientists to extend their role beyond research and ethically engage in public efforts. Geoethics provides a framework to reflect on the ethical, social, and cultural implications of geoscience in both research and practice, guiding responsible action for society and the environment. It also encourages the scientific community to move beyond purely technical solutions, embracing just, inclusive, and transformative approaches to socio-environmental issues.
This session aims to explore, through case studies and discussion, how geoethics can shape responsible behaviors and policies in geosciences. We welcome theoretical, methodological, and practical contributions addressing a wide spectrum of issues, such as:
• Ethical and social aspects in geosciences, at the interface between geosciences, society, politics, and decision-making processes
• Responsible and sustainable management of georesources (surface and groundwater, soil, rocks, minerals, and energy)
• Ethical and social aspects in geo/environmental education and geoscience communication
• Geoethics in natural hazards, georisks, and disaster reduction
• Ethical and social relevance of geoheritage, geodiversity, geo-conservation, geotourism, and geoparks
• The role of geosciences in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
• Ethical and social issues related to climate change
• Ethical aspects in new geoscience frontiers (such as geoengineering and deep-sea mining)
• Ethical implications in data lifecycle management, big data, and the use of AI in geosciences
• Ethical questions across various geoscience disciplines, including economic geology, engineering geology, hydrogeology, paleontology, forensic geology, medical geology, and planetary geosciences
• Integrity in research and practice in geosciences, publication ethics, and professionalism
• Issues of inclusivity, diversity, harassment, discrimination, and disability in geosciences
• Incorporating Indigenous and local knowledge into geosciences
• Geoscience neo-colonialism
• Ethical and social issues in international geoscience cooperation
• Philosophy of geosciences and the history of geoscientific thought

Noam Chomsky has said that humanity is approaching its most dangerous period. Earth and its main irresponsible invasive species have reached a state of unprecedented emergency.

This session aims to address the vital space between science and societal change—a space defined by the intertwined challenges of how we educate and communicate:
o about the increasingly dangerous human and planetary predicament that we face (individually and as a species),
o about devastating global heating (climate change) and ocean degradation, and
o about the accelerating destructive impact of humanity on the very resources that it needs to survive.

We believe that climate, ocean and geoethics literacy must become the focus of all education and training, in all subjects, at all levels, accompanied by vital skills, such as long-term critical thinking, science mindset and resisting denial. Also, strategic communication must mobilize public awareness, shape discourse around specific issues like sea-level rise and marine biodiversity, and create the conditions for clear policy formation and immediate political will. All good communication educates, and all good education involves clear communication.

We invite abstracts on a broad range of topics that bridge any of the above issues and that show promise in progressing positively towards viable, realistic, geoethical and science-based solutions. This includes:
• Novel and traditional pedagogical approaches for educating about climate change, ocean degradation, ecocide, policy, war and other topics.
• The integration of geoethics into climate and ocean curricula.
• Strategies for fostering dialogue, developing intercultural understanding and promoting peace.
• Geoscience pedagogical and curricular innovations and traditional methods.
• Geo-communication and public engagement, such as visualising ocean data, telling compelling stories about climate impacts and using digital outreach.
• Education, communication and strategies for: policy and stakeholder-governance dialogue, the lay public, policymakers, coastal communities and industry leaders.

This session invites you to share your research, practice, experience, action and vision for how our local and global communities can build a more conscious and engaged society ready to safeguard our planet's vital resources upon which humanity depends for survival.

Climate change is one of the defining societal challenges of the 21st century, and its impacts increasingly affect communities worldwide. Despite growing evidence, political and societal responses remain inadequate for mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage, resulting in persistent vulnerabilities, more frequent and intense extreme weather events, and accumulating impacts on societies and ecosystems. This shortfall in climate action has prompted citizens and organizations to pursue legal action—seeking remedies for climate-related damages and putting pressure on decision-makers to commit to and implement meaningful emission reductions. Among many important recent developments, the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has highlighted the crucial role of climate science in litigation and policymaking, specifying that climate action must be grounded in the best available scientific evidence. This interdisciplinary session invites contributions that advance the integration of insights from the geosciences into legal practice. We welcome new scientific methods to support legal arguments, as well as inter- and transdisciplinary approaches on the integration of scientific insights in climate litigation, and on the effective communication of scientific findings to legal practitioners and the broader society. Submissions may also address questions of climate change and impact attribution, responsibility, human and environmental rights, burden sharing of efforts, translation between science and law, and science communication, that link beyond disciplinary boundaries. Please note that all first authors of an abstract to any Programme Group (PG) within the General Assembly are allowed to also submit a second regular abstract to an Education and Outreach Session (EOS)-led session like this one.

We invite contributions which discuss possible connections between the astronomical forcing and transitions in the dynamics of the Earth system, including global: extinctions, anoxia, global glaciations, regime changes, and more regional events. We aim at bringing together contributions which are either based on observations, on theoretical arguments, or both. We welcome submissions which explore the climate system response to orbital forcing, and that analyse the stability of these relationships under different climate regimes or across evolving climate states. This includes the Cenozoic (e.g. mid Pleistocene transition, Pliocene-Pleistocene transition, Miocene vs Pliocene), old the other periods of the Phaneorozoic and before. We also particularly welcome submissions which explore the effects of astronomical forcing on expression and amplification of millennial variability.

The large-scale atmospheric circulation is an essential component of the climate system. Understanding the drivers, variability and the dynamical processes of this circulation is important for improving global and regional climate projections under anthropogenic climate change, and for predicting the associated impacts on extreme weather and climate events.

This session encourages theoretical, modelling and observational research on the large-scale atmospheric circulation, including (but not limited to) the following topics:

-Response of the large-scale atmospheric circulation to climate change, including shifts and changes in intensity of the jet stream, Hadley and Walker cells, intertropical convergence zone, and monsoons;
-Changes in storm track intensity and structure in response to climate change and/or internal variability;
-Representation of the large-scale atmospheric circulation in climate models: inter-model variability, model biases, and methodologies for reducing uncertainty in model projections;
-Novel metrics and analysis methods for studying the large-scale atmospheric circulation;
-Interactions between the different components of the large-scale circulation, including tropical-extratropical interactions and teleconnection patterns;
-Role of moisture in the large-scale atmospheric circulation;
-Energy transport by the large-scale atmospheric circulation;
-Stratospheric-tropospheric interactions affecting the large-scale circulation.

Earth’s atmosphere and oceans interact through mechanical, radiative, and chemical processes. The emergent coupled atmospheric and oceanic circulations control fundamental properties of Earth’s climate, across spatial and temporal scales. In particular, the coupled circulations mediate teleconnections between remote regions, link cloud microphysical processes with global dynamics, and allow for delayed influence of elements in Earth’s climate system through ocean memory. Fundamental understanding of the coupled large-scale circulation remains a key challenge, critical for our ability to explain past climate variations and to make reliable predictions of the climate response to present-day forcings. In particular, systematic dynamic and thermodynamic biases persist through generations of coupled climate models, indicating gaps in our understanding of processes related to the coupled large-scale circulation. Among others, these include tropical precipitation biases (the “double ITCZ bias”), biased representation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and sea surface temperature biases in the Indian Ocean. Such biases hinder the representation in climate models of key coupled modes of variability and limit the ability of climate models to capture present and future climate variations.
We invite contributions aiming at process-based understanding of the coupled large-scale circulation across past, present, and future climates, addressing any of the following or similar topics: regional teleconnections, systematic biases in coupled climate models, non-local effects of air-sea interaction on AMOC variability, influence of the Indian Ocean on the Asian monsoon, and the coupled dynamics of the Hadley and Walker circulations.

Land–atmosphere interactions often play a decisive role in shaping climate extremes. As climate change continues to exacerbate the occurrence of extreme events, a key challenge is to unravel how land states regulate the occurrence of droughts, heatwaves, intense precipitation and other extreme events. This session focuses on how natural and managed land surface conditions (e.g., soil moisture, soil temperature, vegetation state, surface albedo, snow or frozen soil) interact with other components of the climate system – via water, heat and carbon exchanges – and how these interactions affect the state and evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer. Moreover, emphasis is placed on the role of these interactions in alleviating or aggravating the occurrence and impacts of extreme events. We welcome studies using field measurements, remote sensing observations, theory and modelling to analyse this interplay under past, present and/or future climates and at scales ranging from local to global but with emphasis on larger scales.

The climate system exhibits complex variability across multiple timescales, from extreme weather events to long-term change. A key component of this complexity arises from teleconnections - recurring patterns in the atmosphere and ocean that strongly influence regional climate signals. These teleconnections may be linked to periodic modes of variability (ENSO, IOD, QBO, AMV, PDV, etc.) or to responses driven by anthropogenic forcing (e.g. tropical Pacific warming pattern, North Atlantic warming hole, sea ice loss, etc.). But disentangling the origin and regional impacts of teleconnections is challenging due to the interplay between internal variability and external forcing. Statistical, dynamical, and advanced modelling approaches have already provided many insights, and are now increasingly integrated with data-driven methods. This session aims to bring together researchers applying any combination of these approaches to investigate teleconnections and their role in driving climate variability and change across timescales, particularly how variability on different timescales is connected.

We welcome contributions addressing one or more of the following themes:
disentangling variability in teleconnections and their influence on regional climate, including their dynamics and predictive potential;
assessing the role of large-scale circulation changes in driving future regional climate change,
understanding discrepancies between simulated and observed climate variability and teleconnections, including potential improvements arising from advances in model resolution, process representation and emulators.
understanding changes in teleconnection patterns arising from strong external forcing.

This session emphasizes the physical interpretability of statistical and modelling results along with the accurate, context-appropriate use of statistical tools in physics-centered climate research. Studies that employ innovative methods to bridge statistical analysis and physical understanding – such as machine learning, causal inference methods, storyline approaches, Bayesian framework, or novel diagnostics for teleconnections – are encouraged.

Description: Modelling past climate states, and the transient evolution of Earth’s climate, remains challenging. Time periods such as the Paleocene, Eocene, Pliocene, the Last Interglacial, the Last Glacial Maximum or the mid-Holocene span across a vast range of climate conditions. At times, these lie far outside the bounds of the historical period that most models are designed and tuned to reproduce, providing valuable additional constraints on model sensitivities. Yet our ability to predict future climate conditions and potential pathways to them is dependent on our models' abilities to simulate a realistic range of climate variability as it occurred in Earth’s history. Thus, our geologic past is ideally suited to test and evaluate models against data, so they may be better able to simulate the present and make more reliable future climate projections.

We invite contributions on palaeoclimate-specific model development, tuning, simulations, and model-data comparison studies. Simulations may be targeted to address specific questions or follow specified protocols (as in the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project – PMIP or the Deep Time Model Intercomparison Project – DeepMIP). They may include or juxtapose time-slice equilibrium experiments and long transient climate simulations (such as over the last millennium). Comparisons may include different time periods (e.g., deep time, Quaternary, historical as well as future simulations), and focus on comparison of mean states, spatial gradients, circulation or modes of variability using different models, or contrast model results with reconstructions of temperature, precipitation, vegetation or circulation tracers (e.g. δ18O, δD or Pa/Th).

Presentation and discussion of results using CMIP7 models and experiments that from part of PMIP7 are particularly encouraged. However, we also solicit comparisons across time periods, between models and data, and analyses of underlying mechanisms of change as well as contributions introducing novel model or experimental designs that allow to improve future projections.

The African continent hosts a wide variety of climates, ranging from tropical rainforests to arid deserts, and its complex seasonal rainfall patterns are shaped by monsoons and regional features. Climate variability has a profound impact on water availability, agriculture, and livelihoods across the continent. As climate changes, improving our understanding of rainfall patterns and their drivers becomes essential for building resilience and adapting to climate change.

However, significant biases persist in climate models regarding the representation of monsoon systems, and projections of their future evolution remain uncertain. Improving our understanding of the mechanisms driving monsoon circulations, land–atmosphere interactions, and convection processes is therefore essential to enhance the simulation of monsoon systems and climate across Africa.

This session welcomes contributions on all aspects of African climate, including S2S to decadal prediction, centennial changes, and work emphasising physical processes and numerical modelling. We also welcome studies on climate-related applications using Natural Language Processing and other ML/AI techniques. We invite presentations on operational applications and observational networks. Papers which connect African climate change and variability to human health, food and water security, and socio-economic development are welcome.

The stability of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic ice sheet plays a critical role in global ocean circulation, climate dynamics, the marine carbon cycle and global sea level. While reconstructions of southern, high-latitude paleoclimate are still sparse, recent years have seen much progress, including a multitude of land- and sea-based coring efforts, major IODP expeditions and work on legacy sediment cores. This session aims to bring together researchers working on understanding key climate processes across all sectors of the Southern Ocean and/or Antarctic ice sheet dynamics, their interaction with each other and associated impacts on global climate. We invite contributions from a broad range of numerical modeling studies and proxy reconstructions, including surface ocean changes, deep water circulation, upper-ocean stratification, sea ice, nutrient distribution and utilization, lithogenic inputs and oceanic frontal migration as well as ice sheet retreat/advance and meltwater supply. Studies may address a wide range of timescales from tectonic and orbital to millennial. We also welcome submissions that compare recent observations with paleoclimate records or that advance methods and approaches for reconstructing polar paleoclimate.

Hybrid statistical–dynamical approaches have emerged as a promising avenue to improve our understanding of the climate system and to enhance the prediction of its variability on multiple timescales. They combine the strengths of dynamical and statistical models, preserving the physical consistency of numerical models, while benefiting from statistical and data-driven methodologies to address key model deficiencies (e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio, biases in spatio-temporal variability, unresolved sub-grid processes, and limited resolution). Despite recent progress, their potential remains underexploited and further improvements are required for hybrid approaches to achieve their full potential.

This session aims to bring together the latest advances in the hybrid approaches to (i) improve our understanding of climate system and its variability, (ii) enhance climate predictions on multiple timescales, and (iii) translate these advances into more reliable climate services for diverse users (e.g., health, energy, agriculture, water).

With these objectives in mind, we welcome contributions on, but not limited to: subsampling and filtering strategies to enhance predictions of climate variability and extremes on different timescales (including process-constrained projections); advanced machine learning (ML) and causal discovery techniques for validation, bias-correction and downscaling of dynamical model outputs; hybrid multimodel ensemble approaches such as supermodelling to improve climate model simulations; transfer learning to leverage climate model outputs and expand ML training datasets; physics-informed ML parametrization of sub-grid processes; hybrid surrogate models that emulate or correct specific components of dynamical models; and impact/service oriented studies that deploy hybrid pipelines to support decision-making, such as hybrid seasonal forecasts and early warning systems based on ML or causal discovery techniques.

This session covers climate predictions from seasonal to multi-decadal timescales and their applications. Continuing to improve such predictions is of major importance to society. The session embraces advances in our understanding of the origins of seasonal to decadal predictability and of the limitations of such predictions. This includes advances in improving forecast skill and reliability and making the most of this information by developing and evaluating new applications and climate services.
The session welcomes contributions from dynamical models, machine-learning or other statistical methods and hybrid approaches. It will investigate predictions of various climate phenomena, including extremes, from global to regional scales, and from seasonal to multi-decadal timescales (including seamless predictions). Physical processes and sources relevant to long-term predictability (e.g. ocean, cryosphere, or land) as well as predicting large-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with teleconnections will be discussed. Analysis of predictions in a multi-model framework, and ensemble forecast initialization and generation will be another focus of the session. We are also interested in approaches addressing initialization shocks and drifts. The session welcomes work on innovative methods of quality assessment and verification of climate predictions. We also invite contributions on the use of seasonal-to-decadal predictions for risk assessment, adaptation and further applications.

A longstanding pursuit in climate science is to better understand Earth’s climate sensitivity, which
quantifies how global mean surface temperature responds to changes in radiative forcing. Uncertainty
in climate sensitivity arises primarily due to uncertainty in radiative feedbacks, which can be influenced
by a large range of processes including cloud microphysics, large-scale circulation of the atmosphere and
ocean, or the pattern of surface temperature changes. This session solicits work on theory, modeling,
and observations related to Earth’s climate sensitivity, with a particular focus on recent advances in
understanding the causes and impacts of the surface temperature pattern effect. The pattern effect
describes how surface temperature changes with identical global mean values can have hugely different
effects on the radiation budget depending on their spatial distribution, having significant implications
for interpreting temperature changes from observations, paleo-climate proxies, and climate-change
projections.
We welcome contributions related, but not limited, to:
• Radiative feedbacks and their modulation by surface warming patterns
• Air-sea interactions and ocean dynamics relevant to surface temperature patterns
• Process studies of feedbacks from clouds and moist processes
• Ocean heat uptake and transient climate sensitivity
• Theoretical models of climate sensitivity
• Interbasin interactions and teleconnections spanning scales from sub-basin to global
This session serves as an exchange platform for the often more separated ocean and atmosphere communities, and we especially encourage contributions from the ocean community.

Slow-varying components of the climate system such as land, ocean, and ice are known to integrate short-lived forcings into longer-term memory that persists on timescales ranging from weeks to millennia. This session focuses on advancing our understanding of memory in the climate system through identifying new sources of memory, developing novel approaches to define and quantify memory, and exploring its role in driving variability across seasonal to centennial scales. We welcome contributions from observational, numerical modeling, or hybrid methods that explain how memory emerges, evolves, and influences the dynamics of the climate system, including (but not limited to) studies that:

- Develop theoretical models of memory for dynamical systems
- Demonstrate how coupling affects the persistence and predictability of climate states
- Apply concepts of memory to explain past climate variations
- Discuss the implications of memory and integrated forcings for future warming

To address societal concerns over rising sea levels, associated extreme events, and their impacts on coastal communities, ecosystems, and the global economy, it is essential to understand the drivers and contributions to these changes. This session responds to this need by inviting research from the international sea level community that advances knowledge of past, present, and future changes in global and regional sea levels, extreme events, and coastal impacts.
The session focuses on studies that explore the physical mechanisms of sea level rise and variability, as well as the underlying drivers, across timescales ranging from paleo records to high-frequency phenomena to long-term projections, using observations and/or model simulations. Research on linkages between sea level variability, heat and freshwater content, ocean dynamics, land subsidence, ice-sheet and glacier mass loss, and terrestrial water storage is welcome. We encourage studies addressing future sea level changes, including high-end projections from rapid ice-sheet mass loss, and those assessing short-, medium-, and long-term coastal impacts and their broader implications.

Recent advances in high-performance computing have enabled climate models to resolve processes at smaller scales, leading to a new generation of simulations that can explicitly capture km-scale atmospheric and oceanic dynamics like storms and eddies. Traditional low-resolution climate models rely on the use of eddy parameterizations in the ocean, and convective parameterizations in the atmosphere that can partially interrupt the coupling between small and large scale dynamics. Global storm- and eddy- resolving models, by largely removing the need for such parameterizations, allow us to probe the rectified effect of small-scale processes on the large-scale climate system. This new modeling frontier offers unprecedented opportunities to uncover the importance of small-scale processes in the ocean, atmosphere, and at the air-sea interface in Earth’s climate.

In this session, we welcome submissions on the added value of high-resolution ocean, atmosphere, or coupled modeling, and the importance of small-scale processes in shaping the Earth’s climate. This includes studies at global to regional scales and over all timescales, from multidecadal variability to extreme events. We also welcome contributions addressing current limitations and challenges in km-scale modeling, such as persistent model biases, computational costs, and the complexities of initializing and validating models. Studies using models from coordinated projects such as NextGEMS, EERIE, DestinE and WarmWorld, and other similar efforts are encouraged.

Climate change has long shaped the distribution, adaptation, and extinction of terrestrial life. Past climate variability drove large-scale migrations, evolutionary innovations, and ecosystem restructuring, while modern human activities have added unprecedented pressures to biodiversity and habitats. Understanding the intricate connection between climate and life is essential for monitoring the ongoing biodiversity crisis and developing effective future conservation strategies.

This session explores how climate influences terrestrial life and ecosystems across timescales – from deep-time events to present, and the future challenges. We welcome multidisciplinary studies that integrate paleoecology, ecology, climate science, evolutionary biology, and conservation. Topics of interest include,

- Extinctions: drivers and ecological impacts
- Biodiversity shifts and emerging trends
- Vegetation and biome dynamics
- Climate- and human-induced habitat degradation
- Adaptation strategies of species and ecosystems
- Insights from advanced observations and climate-ecosystem models

By bridging past, present, and future perspective, this session aims to forge collaborations and cross-disciplinary dialogue on climate–life interactions.

Stable and radiogenic isotopic records have been successfully used for investigating various terrestrial and marine sequences in term of special events including geological boundaries, fossils, evaporative rocks, palaeosols, lacustrine, loess, caves, peatlands. The session includes contributions using isotopes along with sedimentological, biological, paleontological, mineralogical, chemical records in order to unravel past and present climate and environmental changes or as tracers for determining the source of phases involved. Directions using triple isotopes, clumped isotopes, biomarkers and non-traditional stable isotopes are welcomed.
The session invites contributions presenting an applied as well as a theoretical approach. We welcome papers related to reconstructions (at various time and space scales), fractionation factors, measurement methods, proxy calibration, and verification.

Understanding the dynamics of climate variability across timescales requires going beyond the limited span of the instrumental record. This session highlights synergies between paleoclimate data and models to improve the quantification, interpretation, and simulation of variability from decadal to millennial and longer timescales. By integrating data- and model-based perspectives, we aim to advance how climate variability is represented, constrained, and understood across scales.

We particularly invite contributions along four complementary axes:
(1) Model evaluation and development: using paleoclimate constraints for tuning, retuning, and benchmarking variability across scales.
(2) Data assimilation and reconstruction: exploiting theoretical and numerical models to enhance reconstructions through spatial and cross-variable covariance structures.
(3) Empirical analyses across scales: including scaling, fractal, and multifractal approaches.
(4) Theoretical frameworks: conceptual and mathematical models that reproduce scaling behaviour in space and time, generate different forms of variability, and describe the scale- and state-dependence of climate dynamics.

We encourage contributions from the PAGES Climate Variability Across Scales (CVAS) working group and related communities, while welcoming all research that leverages paleoclimate information, models, or theory to deepen our understanding of climate variability across scales.

Ice sheets play an active role in the climate system by amplifying, pacing, and potentially driving global climate change over a wide range of time scales. The impact of interactions between ice sheets and climate include changes in atmospheric and ocean temperatures and circulation, global biogeochemical cycles, the global hydrological cycle, vegetation, sea level, and land-surface albedo, which in turn cause additional feedbacks in the climate system. This session will present data from climate proxies and direct measurements and modelling results that examine ice sheet interactions with other components of the climate system over several time scales, ranging from millennial to centennial and even decadal timescales to investigate climate variability. Among other topics, issues to be addressed in this session include ice sheet-climate interactions from glacial-interglacial cycles, the role of ice sheets in Cenozoic global cooling and the mid-Pleistocene transition, reconstructions of past ice sheets and sea level during warmer and colder periods than pre-industrial times, the current and future evolution of the ice sheets, and the role of ice sheets in abrupt climate change.

The atmospheric water cycle is a key component of the climate system, and links across many scientific disciplines. Processes interact with dynamics at different scales throughout the atmospheric life cycle of water vapour from evaporation to precipitation. This session sets the focus on understanding the interaction between processes, their dynamics and characteristics of the water cycle, covering the entire atmospheric life cycle from evaporation, atmospheric moisture transport, to cloud microphysics and precipitation processes as observed from in-situ and remote sensing instrumentation, recorded by paleo-/climate archives, and as simulated by models for past, present and future climates.

We invite studies

* focusing on the understanding and impacts of features of the atmospheric water cycle related to weather systems, with a special focus on the role of Atmospheric Rivers, Cold-Air Outbreaks, Warm Conveyor Belts, Tropical Moisture Exports, and the global Monsoon systems;

* investigating the large-scale drivers behind the past, ongoing and future variability and trends within the atmospheric water cycle, from field campaigns (CAESAR, NAWDIC, (AC)3, ISLAS, etc.), long-term observations, reanalysis data, regional to global model simulations, or (isotopic) data assimilation;

* reconstructing past hydroclimates based on paleo-proxy records from archives such as ice cores, lake sediments, tree-rings or speleothems;

* applying methods such as tagged water tracers and Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics to identify source-sink relationships and to evaluate model simulations of the water cycle;

* using the isotopic fingerprint of atmospheric processes and weather systems to obtain new mechanistic insights into changes in the water cycle;

* describing the global and regional state of the atmospheric water cycle (e.g. monsoon systems) with characteristics such as the recycling ratio, life time of water vapour, and moisture transport properties.

We particularly encourage contributions linking across neighbouring disciplines, such as atmospheric science, climate, paleoclimate, glaciology, and hydrology.

Atmospheric blocking, often characterised as “persistent anticyclones”, hinders the movement of weather systems in the mid-latitudes, as it blocks the flow of the westerlies. It is an important precursor of several extreme weather events such as heat waves, cold air outbreaks, flash floods, and prolonged drought conditions. Despite the term being coined for the first time in 1904, and studied over the century since, there is still a lack of explanation of the full life cycle of blocking events. Theoretical constraints limit our ability to accurately predict blocking events across scales and lower our confidence in future climate change projections. At the same time, we need to discuss how the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events interacts with changing blocking frequency. Hence there are many topics, both in terms of meteorology and climate science, that we need to understand better.
We invite studies focusing on:
1. Model representation of atmospheric blocking events in the past, present and future climates
2. High-impact extreme weather events linking ‘Blocking’ or ‘Persistent circulation patterns’ as a precursor
3. Novel blocking detection methods
4. Theoretical advancements in understanding atmospheric blocking events
5. Relationship of blocking to different modes of climate variability
6. Impact assessment of atmospheric blocking-induced extreme weather events
7. Updated climatology and trends of blocking events in different regions across both hemispheres, using model and observations
8. Unconventional blocking regimes or blocking-like patterns and their impact in ‘High-’ and ‘Low-Latitude’
9. Monitoring and forecasting blocking events using Numerical Weather Prediction models
10. Statistical or machine learning models improving blocking forecasts

The Quaternary Period (last 2.6 million years) is characterized by frequent and abrupt climate swings and rapid environmental change. Studying these changes requires accurate and precise dating methods that can be effectively applied to environmental archives. Different methods or a combination of various dating techniques can be used depending on the archive, time range, and research question. Varve counting and dendrochronology allow for the construction of high-resolution chronologies. In contrast, radiometric methods (radiocarbon, cosmogenic in-situ, U-Th) and luminescence dating provide independent anchors for chronologies that span longer timescales. We particularly welcome contributions that aim to (1) reduce, quantify, and express dating uncertainties in any dating method, including high-resolution radiocarbon approaches; (2) use established geochronological methods to answer new questions; (3) use new methods to address longstanding issues, or; (4) combine different chronometric techniques for improved results, including the analysis of chronological datasets with novel methods, e.g., Bayesian age-depth modeling. Applications may aim to understand long-term landscape evolution, quantify rates of geomorphological processes, or provide chronologies for records of climate change and anthropogenic effects on Earth's system.

Over recent decades we have gained a robust understanding of climate change fundamentals, but its specific and localized impacts are anything but certain. The need to provide boundary conditions for forecasting and computational modelling has increased the importance of quantitative methods in the field of palaeoenvironmental, palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrological reconstruction.

Continental environmental archives (e.g., speleothems, lake and river sediments, peatlands, and vertebrate and invertebrate remains) are often highly temporally resolved (sub-decadal to seasonal) and provide more direct information about atmospheric and hydrological processes than marine archives. The wide variety of continental archives allows for intercomparison and ground-truthing of results from different environments, while multi-proxy reconstructions from the same archive can disentangle local and supra-regional environmental conditions. This approach is particularly useful when dealing with high spatial variability, signal buffering, nonlinearities, and uncertainties in the proxy sensitivity.

This session aims to highlight recent advances in the use of innovative and quantitative proxies to reconstruct past environmental change on land. We welcome studies of all continental archives, including but not limited to carbonates (cave deposits, palaeosols, snails), sediments (lakes, peatlands, rivers, alluvial fans), and biological materials (tree rings, fossil assemblages, bones, biomarkers). If you calibrate physical and chemical proxies that incorporate modern transfer functions, perform forward modelling and/or geochemical modelling to predict proxy signals, or attempt at quantitative estimates of past temperature and palaeohydrological dynamics you are most welcomed in our session! We invite reconstructions of temperature and hydrologic variability, palaeoclimate data assimilation, and monitoring and modelling studies leading to calibration or simply better understanding of climate proxies. We are also keen to learn about limitations, failed approaches and negative results. Our session provides a forum for discussing recent innovations and future directions in the for continental palaeoenvironmental studies on seasonal to multi-millennial timescales.

Understanding past climate variability is essential for predicting future climatic conditions in a global warming scenario This task is particulary challenging because it involves multiple interacting factors, including atmospheric dynamics, oceanic currents, variations in solar radiation, and human influences. For reliable climate reconstruction using lake sediments, the testing and calibration of proxy response have proven to be an excellent tool in order to decipher the process controlling sediment transportation and deposition within the lake basin in response to climate variability on varied time scales in the region. However, due to the non-stationarity of the proxy response, it is often difficult to develop a consistent and universal proxy, leading to challenges in interpreting long-term climatic trends with high precision. Therefore, it is important to develop a comprehensive understanding of the field-lab-data approach for reconstructing long-term climate variability.
The session focuses on the application of various climate-sensitive proxies (e.g., pollen, lipid biomarkers, organic and inorganic geochemistry, isotopes) and techniques in lake sediments for understanding of climate variability over a wide temporal range. In this session we invite contributions from researchers working with the multiproxy approach for understanding past and present climatic conditions and discuss the uncertainties associated with proxy data for climate reconstruction. This session will help researchers to better understand (i) the strengths and limitations of various climate-sensitive proxies; (ii) the methodologies for integrating multiproxy data to create more robust climate reconstructions; (iii) the challenges in interpreting proxy data due to non-stationarity and regional variability; and (iv) the potential advancements in analytical techniques that could improve the precision and accuracy of climate reconstructions.

Reconstruction of past interactions between climate and environment is among the key grand challenges of Earth System Science. The focus on past environmental and climatic reconstruction on subannual to multi-decadal timescales has been growing in light of rapid changes in the climate system due to global warming and the increasing occurrence of extreme events. The goal is that climate and environmental interactions from the past can be studied in the same resolution as current and projected trends of the 21st century (i.e., seasonal, annual and decadal resolution). However, obtaining high-resolution qualitative and quantitative information from annually or even seasonally laminated climate archives remains challenging due to the limitations of conventional analytical methodologies.
Recent developments in imaging techniques laid the foundations for a unique opportunity to unlock paleoclimate signals from geological archives at µm-resolution. These techniques can continuously explore geochemical and mineralogical compositions on the sample surface at µm-resolution and include, for example, micro X-Ray Florescence (μXRF) scanning, Hyperspectral Imaging, Mass Spectrometry Imaging, or (Micro-)Computed Tomography (μCT and CT) scanning. When applied to annually resolved paleoclimate archives, imaging techniques provide 2D- or 3D- μm-scale maps of proxy distribution, paving the way to generate qualitative and quantitative information of subannually to interannually resolved climate and environmental evolution. Moreover, the unprecedented resolution of these techniques has great potential to contribute to a variety of fields in Earth System Sciences beyond climate reconstruction, including investigation of diagenetic processes and microbial communities, tracking of environmental contamination or detecting cryptotephras.
This session welcomes all contributions that utilize imaging techniques on, preferably but not exclusively, seasonally or annually resolved climate archives in various fields of Earth System Sciences. We encourage the submission of abstracts on research dedicated to method developments of imaging-based proxy applications, data postprocessing and calibration, and the combination of complementary or congruent imaging techniques. We especially hope that this session will also appeal to a broader audience of geoscientists who do not focus on developing imaging techniques but who might present research supported by high-resolution scanning/imaging data.

The assemblage composition, shell morphology and geochemistry of planktic foraminifera serve as vital tools to aid the interpretation of past oceanographic archives. Planktic foraminifera are also an important component of the marine carbon cycle. This session brings together interdisciplinary research that explores the biology, ecology, and biomineralization of planktic foraminifera as well as their use in the development and application of traditional and new geochemical, morphological, and biological proxies.
We welcome contributions that are based on culturing experiments, plankton tows and/or surface sediments to deepen our understanding of foraminiferal life processes – including calcification, symbiosis, and environmental sensitivity – as well as studies that advance the calibration, validation, and innovative applications of foraminiferal-based proxies. We are particularly interested in work that bridges modern observations with paleoceanographic reconstructions, explores methodological developments (e.g., culturing, geochemical analyses, machine learning), or integrates foraminiferal data into Earth system models.
This session aims to foster dialogue between biologists, geochemists, micropaleontologists, and modelers to strengthen the link between living foraminifera and their fossil record, and to improve our understanding of past marine environments and climate dynamics.

Regional climate modeling has experienced tremendous growth in the last decades, encompassing a large and diverse scientific community. Regional climate models (RCMs) can be run on a wide range of scales, from hydrostatic to convection-resolving resolutions, supporting various applications. This session welcomes papers on methodological developments in regional climate modelling, performance analysis of RCMs, use of RCMs for regional processes studies, past and future climate projections as well as studies on extreme events and impact assessment. Additionally, the session encourages submissions related to the CORDEX program, including the analysis of CORDEX-CORE experiments and simulations within the framework of different CORDEX Flagship Pilot Studies. We anticipate that this session will provide a platform for discussing the progress of RCM-related research and fostering future collaborations.

Reducing uncertainty in climate and Earth system models requires combining advanced uncertainty quantification with optimal use of observations. Challenges remain in identifying dominant sources of uncertainty, calibrating model parameters in the presence of structural error, and designing observations that maximize model constraint. Recent advances in machine learning surrogates, such as perturbed parameter ensembles (PPEs) and statistical emulation, Bayesian inference, and Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) provide new opportunities for bridging models and observations to improve predictive skill. We welcome contributions spanning large ensembles and sensitivity analysis, statistical and machine-learning-based emulation, Bayesian calibration and history matching, emergent or process-based constraints, structural-error quantification, and optimal observational design, including studies that use multi-model ensembles to advance these aims, as well as integrated model–observation workflows applied from global to regional scales and across the full range of physical climate, atmospheric composition, and coupled Earth system processes.

Land surface processes play a key role shaping the Earth climate. As a core component of state-of-the-art Earth System Models (ESMs), the representation of these processes critically influences and enables climate feedbacks that are essential for predictions and future climate-change projections, as investigated in international multi-model initiatives such as CMIP6 & CMIP7. However, land hydrology and its numerous interactions with other components of the Earth system (biosphere, biogeochemical cycles, anthropogenic disturbances/practices) is rather poorly represented in most state-of-the-art ESMs, potentially inducing erroneous responses to anthropogenic climate forcings at global, regional and local scales. For instance, ESMs do not represent the decline of groundwater levels that is increasingly observed in water-limited regions, threatening the subsistence of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, and thus leading to the risk of ecosystem shifts and to progressive levels of desertification.
This session is therefore open to observational and modeling contributions aimed at progressing the understanding and the modeling of the hydrological, biophysical and biogeochemical processes and couplings in land surface models. Particular attention will be dedicated to the representation of the interaction between hydrological processes and the biosphere (including the human component) to properly characterize the carbon-water nexus as well as the effects of land-based mitigation/adaptation options to climate change (e.g. involving management of forests, crops and irrigation practices, etc).
The overarching aim of this session is to provide an open and collaborative space that allows to bridge disciplinary gaps between members of the different communities involved in modeling the land surface for climate prediction and climate-change studies. We especially encourage contributions highlighting future priorities, innovative strategies and emerging opportunities to drive the development of next-generation ESMs.

Extreme events pose major challenges for science and decision-making, demanding methods that are both robust and tail-aware. This session provides an interdisciplinary platform for researchers applying Extreme Value Theory (EVT) and related approaches to exchange ideas, connect across disciplines, and showcase advances that improve the inference and prediction of extremes, with particular emphasis on environmental and geoscientific applications.
We welcome contributions spanning theory, methodology, and applications, with a particular focus on, but not limited to:
Advancing EVT methods
• Tail-copulas, Pareto processes, spectral measures, χ/χ̄ diagnostics
• Extreme quantile regression, hybrid EVT- quantile regression models, non-stationary tail models
• EVT-constrained ML or hybrid physics–ML models
Applying EVT to extremes in the real world
• Compound, connected, and cascading extremes (drought–flood sequences, heatwave clusters, storm surges, etc.)
• Spatial and temporal clustering of events using object-tracking or spell detection
• EVT-aware downscaling, bias correction, and model evaluation
Bridging EVT with services
• Synthetic event generation and scenario design for stress-testing systems
• Tail-focused calibration/validation and skill scores
• Uncertainty quantification relevant to hazards, risk, and exposure
Additional topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
• EVT-based calibration and validation of extremes
• Tail-focused verification methods (extremal scoring rules, return-level skill, reliability in the tails)
• Applications to extremes in reanalyses, climate models, and hydrology services
We particularly encourage contributions that bridge EVT with climate, hydrology, and infrastructure risk applications, including decision-relevant uncertainty quantification and studies of compound or cascading extremes. Submissions may include new methodological developments, open datasets and tools, or real-world case studies.

In recent years, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have emerged as powerful weather forecasting tools, including for weather and climate extremes and related events. Data-driven algorithms applied across different temporal and spatial scales have shown great promise in predicting phenomena such as hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, and droughts, while also improving the accuracy and timeliness of climate projections.

This session seeks contributions exploring the development and application of ML or ML-enhanced algorithms for forecasting weather and climate at multiple spatial and temporal scales and for detecting and anticipating extreme weather and climate events. We welcome studies that address the use of AI for short-and medium-range meteorological forecasts, extended-range forecasts, sub-seasonal to seasonal climate forecasts, or longer-term climate projections, spanning local to global spatial scales.

We particularly encourage submissions that connect extremes to their societal and environmental impacts, such as impacts on infrastructure, ecosystems, health, or energy systems.Contributions that integrate ML with physical mechanisms to advance the representation of climate variables in numerical models or climate datasets are also highly encouraged.

By bringing together experts from AI, data science, meteorology, climate science, and impact modelling, this session aims to foster interdisciplinary collaborations that push the boundaries of forecasting and understanding extreme weather and climate events, as well as their impacts. We encourage submissions from early-career scientists, established researchers, and industry professionals alike.

The recent revolution of data-driven forecasting systems based on artificial intelligence (AI) has opened new research possibilities in weather forecasting, climate science, and various other areas. At the same time, many open questions remain–such as how to properly evaluate the model outputs in terms of generalizability under climate change, whether models extrapolate to unseen extremes, and to what extent they are consistent with physical principles. This session focuses on new scientific approaches emerging from this AI revolution, limitations of current models, and strategies to overcome them. We encourage submissions that explore a wide range of topics, including evaluations of outputs and comparisons to numerical models, technical advancements in initial condition optimization or model fine-tuning, novel techniques from explainable AI, and other relevant studies. Bringing together experts from AI, climate sciences, statistics, and applied math will foster interdisciplinary collaborations and guide scientific progress in this quickly evolving field of research.

Climate Information Services (CISs) have significant potential to empower decision-makers in taking climate-smart actions and reducing the impacts of water and climate-related risks. These provide timely and relevant information, derived from sub-seasonal to seasonal forecasts to support early warning of droughts, floods, heatwaves, and water scarcity, as well as longer-term climate projections to support adaptation planning and management. Substantial advances have been made in recent decades in sub-seasonal to seasonal forecasting and climate modelling, and integrating these into global and regional CISs, ranging from natural hazard early warning systems (EWSs) to platforms, dashboards, and mobile applications that support sector-specific decisions in agriculture, water resources, energy, tourism, and transportation.
Despite these advances, challenges remain in crossing the "last mile"—ensuring the uptake and use of CISs by end-users. Barriers include limited understanding of user needs and decision-making processes, insufficient recognition of local and traditional knowledge, and gaps in co-creation with users. Research increasingly shows that more human-centred approaches and stronger engagement with local stakeholders can enhance the credibility, salience, and legitimacy of services, leading to greater preparedness and adaptation.
This session provides a platform to showcase grounded research and innovative developments in CISs that advance early warning and decision support across hazards and sectors. We welcome contributions on the co-creation of CISs, integration of local and scientific knowledge, development of multi-hazard EWSs, Decision Support Systems, dashboards, and sector-specific applications (e.g., farmer support apps). We particularly encourage abstracts presenting concrete cases where CISs are integrated into real-world decision-making processes across management or livelihood systems, demonstrating how information from (sub)-seasonal forecasts and climate predictions directly shapes choices, actions and outcomes. Contributions may include action-based, multi-disciplinary research showing tangible impacts through improved uptake of advance warning, enhanced decision-making, better preparedness for climate extremes, or clear links to policy and governance processes. The session aims to facilitate knowledge exchange among scientists, practitioners, and users to foster more effective, inclusive, and adaptive climate information services.

Climate modeling is pushing the frontier towards increasingly complex, high-resolution earth system models (ESMs). At the same time, nonlinearities and emergent phenomena in the climate system are often studied by means of conceptual models, which offer qualitative understanding and permit theoretical approaches. Recent advancements in statistical and physical emulators—ranging from reduced-complexity climate models to machine learning-based techniques—are enabling rapid and computationally efficient assessments of climate trajectories, impacts and risks.

Between these approaches, a persistent “gap between simulation and understanding” (Held 2005, see also Balaji et al. 2022) challenges our ability to transfer insight from conceptual models to reality, and distill the physical mechanisms underlying the behavior of state-of-the-art ESMs. This calls for a concerted effort to learn from the entire model hierarchy—or rather, model spectrum—, striving to understand the differences and similarities across its various levels of complexity for increased confidence in climate prediction.

In this session, we invite contributions from all subfields of climate science that showcase how different modeling approaches advance our understanding of the Earth system and its components, and/or highlight inconsistencies in the model spectrum. We also welcome studies exploring a single modeling approach, as we aim to foster exchange between researchers working on different rungs of the model complexity ladder. Contributions may employ dynamical systems models, physics-based low-order models, explainable machine learning, fast climate models and Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs), simplified or idealized setups of ESMs (radiative-convective equilibrium, single-column models, aquaplanets, slab-ocean models, idealized geography, etc.) full ESMs, and km-scale models.

Processes and phenomena of interest include, but are not limited to:
* Earth system response to climate forcing
* Tipping behavior and critical transitions (e.g. Dansgaard-Oeschger events)
* Coupled modes of climate variability (e.g. ENSO, AMV, MJO)
* Emergent and transient phenomena (e.g. cloud organization)
* Extremes and predictability

Over recent decades, geochronological techniques such as cosmogenic nuclides, thermochronology, radiocarbon and luminescence dating have improved in accuracy, precision and temporal range. Developments in geochronological methods, data treatment and landscape evolution models have provided new insights into the timing, rates and magnitude of earth surface processes. The combination of geochronological data from different techniques with numerical modeling has enormous potential for improving our understanding of landscape evolution.

This session includes studies ranging from erosion rates, sediment provenance, burial and transport times, bedrock exposure, surface uplift rates, cooling histories and landscape dynamics to technical developments and novel applications of key Quaternary geochronometers such as cosmogenic nuclides and luminescence. We welcome contributions that apply novel geochronological methods, that combine geochronological techniques with numerical modeling or landscape evolution analyses, and that highlight the latest developments and open questions in the application of geochronometers to landscape evolution problems.

Europe is warming faster than any other continent, with climate-related hazards such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, and wildfires becoming more frequent and intense. These events not only pose direct threats to human systems but also trigger cascading effects across ecosystems, biodiversity, and biogeochemical cycles. This panel discussion explores the complex interplay between climate change and compounding natural hazards—such as wildfires, landslides, and extreme weather—and their cascading impacts on ecological systems, biogeochemical processes, and carbon dynamics. It will examine how these interactions affect ecosystem services, resilience and adaptation, drawing on insights from ecological modelling, Earth observation, and multi-risk analysis.

To effectively address these complex and cascading risks, the session also draws on expertise in governance and science-policy communication, recognising that scientific insights must be translated into actionable strategies, informed decision-making, and inclusive policies that enhance societal and ecological resilience.

This session brings together experts in ecological modelling, Earth Observation, multi-risk assessment, governance, and science-policy communication, including members of the EGU Climate Hazards Task Force. Panellists will respond to questions from the chairs and the audience, addressing how scientific research can better inform policy, what tools are needed to anticipate complex hazard-ecosystem interactions, and how to foster resilience in the face of uncertainty. The session aims to bridge disciplinary boundaries and spark dialogue between scientists, policymakers, and civil society, encouraging a shift from reactive to proactive risk and ecosystem management.

Warming-induced greenhouse gas emissions (WIE) are a blind spot in climate science and climate policy and affect estimates of the remaining carbon budget inferred by the Transient Climate Response to Cumulative Emissions (TCRE), assumptions related to Earth system stability and the Zero-Emissions Commitment (ZEC), and will also require additional mitigation efforts to maintain a safe climate. This session invites scientists using experimental, observational, and modeling techniques to understand greenhouse-gas climate feedbacks from permafrost, wetlands, wildfires, vegetation and soils, and coastal and marine ecosystems to reduce uncertainties and better inform climate policy and mitigation. The session aims to explore linkages between warming-induced emissions and policy and mitigation activities related to maintaining climate stability and recovery.

Understanding and predicting the climate system, especially high-impact events such as extremes and tipping points, is an urgent task due to the ongoing climate crisis. This session highlights contributions at the interface of Earth sciences, mathematics, and physics that bring new perspectives and methods to environmental and geoscientific challenges. We are particularly interested in advances that improve the theoretical understanding of complex climate dynamics, enhance numerical modelling with both theory-informed and data-driven approaches, develop innovative data analysis techniques, and quantify the impacts and uncertainties associated with global warming.
Specific topics include: extreme events, tipping points, dynamical systems , statistical mechanics, model reduction techniques, model uncertainty and ensemble design, PDEs, stochastic processes, numerical methods, parametrisations, data assimilation, and machine learning. We invite contributions both related to specific applications as well as more speculative and theoretical investigations. We particularly encourage early career researchers to present their interdisciplinary work in this session.

Sitting under a tree, you feel the spark of an idea, and suddenly everything falls into place. The following days and tests confirm: you have made a magnificent discovery — so the classical story of scientific genius goes…

But science as a human activity is error-prone, and might be more adequately described as "trial and error". Handling mistakes and setbacks is therefore a key skill of scientists. Yet, we publish only those parts of our research that did work. That is also because a study may have better chances to be accepted for scientific publication if it confirms an accepted theory or reaches a positive result (publication bias). Conversely, the cases that fail in their test of a new method or idea often end up in a drawer (which is why publication bias is also sometimes called the "file drawer effect"). This is potentially a waste of time and resources within our community, as other scientists may set about testing the same idea or model setup without being aware of previous failed attempts.

Thus, we want to turn the story around, and ask you to share 1) those ideas that seemed magnificent but turned out not to be, and 2) the errors, bugs, and mistakes in your work that made the scientific road bumpy. In the spirit of open science and in an interdisciplinary setting, we want to bring the BUGS out of the drawers and into the spotlight. What ideas were torn down or did not work, and what concepts survived in the ashes or were robust despite errors?

We explicitly solicit Blunders, Unexpected Glitches, and Surprises (BUGS) from modeling and field or lab experiments and from all disciplines of the Geosciences.

In a friendly atmosphere, we will learn from each other’s mistakes, understand the impact of errors and abandoned paths on our work, give each other ideas for shared problems, and generate new insights for our science or scientific practice.

Here are some ideas for contributions that we would love to see:
- Ideas that sounded good at first, but turned out to not work.
- Results that presented themselves as great in the first place but turned out to be caused by a bug or measurement error.
- Errors and slip-ups that resulted in insights.
- Failed experiments and negative results.
- Obstacles and dead ends you found and would like to warn others about.

For inspiration, see last year's collection of BUGS - ranging from clay bricks to atmospheric temperature extremes - at https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU25/session/52496.

Quantitative forecasts of hydrogeomorphic processes and topography are greatly valuable to prepare for and mitigate land-surface changes under climatic and environmental changes. They also enhance the basic understanding of the processes by measuring and quantifying “natural experiments” of climate-surface dynamics. The recent revolution in climate and topographic data availability, together with advances in computational resources and methodology, enables the “Earthcasting”, namely, forecasting testable hydrogeomorphic and topographic changes under various changing conditions.
This session aims to explore the mechanistic understandings and methodologies to translate paleo, modern, and projected (future) climate data sets to hydrogeomorphic processes and topographic changes across temporal and spatial scales.
We welcome scientific contributions that focus on phenomena driven by weather and climate, ranging from discrete events (such as rainfall extremes and heatwaves), multi-year to multi-centuries trends in climatic attributes (such as temperature/rainfall), and paleo climate changes. We cover a wide range of near-surface hydrological and geomorphic processes and landforms, including (but not restricted to) floods, river delta and coastal evolution, hillslope failures and landslides in mountain landscapes, fluvial erosion/aggradation, glacial and periglacial processes, wildfire-driven erosion, and soil loss. Our focus also extends to studies on changes in near-surface hydrological properties, ecosystems, and their linkages.
We invite contributions showing novel theoretical, conceptual, and computational approaches to analyzing local to regional scale climate data sets derived from field-installed instruments, remote sensing, climate models, and weather generators, and the integration of these products with measurements and/or models of hydrogeomorphic processes and topographic changes. Studies that present calibration and validation methodologies for Earth's surface forecasts are especially welcome. Also, studies that demonstrate the application and social value of the predictability of Earth surface systems and processes are well-received.

This session invites innovative Earth system and climate studies employing geodetic observations and methods. Modern geodetic observing systems have been instrumental in studying a wide range of changes in the Earth’s solid and fluid layers at various spatiotemporal scales. These changes are related to surface processes such as glacial isostatic adjustment, the terrestrial water cycle, ocean dynamics, and ice-mass balance, which are primarily due to changes in the climate. To understand the Earth system response to natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change, different time spans of observations need to be cross-compared and combined with several other datasets and model outputs. Geodetic observables are also often compared with geophysical models, which helps in explaining observations, evaluating simulations, and finally merging measurements and numerical models via data assimilation.

We look forward to contributions that:
1. Utilize geodetic data from diverse geodetic satellites, including altimetry, gravimetry (CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE, and GRACE-FO, SWOT), navigation satellite systems (GNSS and DORIS) or remote sensing techniques that are based on both passive (i.e., optical and hyperspectral) and active (i.e., SAR, Sentinel, NISAR) instruments.
2. Cover a wide variety of applications of geodetic measurements and their combination to observe and model Earth system signals in hydrological, ocean, atmospheric, climate, and cryospheric sciences.
3. Show a new approach or method for separating and interpreting the variety of geophysical signals in our Earth system and combining various observations to improve spatio-temporal resolution of Earth observation products.
4. Work on simulations of future satellite missions (such as MAGIC and NGMM) that may advance climate sciences.
5. Work towards any of the goals of the Inter-Commission Committee on "Geodesy for Climate Research" (ICCC) of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG).

We are committed to promoting gender balance and ECS in our session. With the author consent, highlights from this session will be shared on social media with a dedicated hashtag during the conference in order to increase the impact of the session.

Geodesy contributes to atmospheric science by providing some of the essential climate variables of the Global Climate Observing System. Water vapor is currently under-sampled in meteorological and climate observing systems. Thus, obtaining more high-quality humidity observations is essential for weather forecasting and climate monitoring. The production, exploitation, and evaluation of operational GNSS Meteorology for weather forecasting is well established in Europe thanks to a long-lasting cooperation between the geodetic community and the meteorological services. Improving the skill of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, e.g., to forecast extreme precipitation, requires GNSS products with higher spatio-temporal resolution and shorter turnaround. Homogeneously reprocessed GNSS data (e.g., IGS repro3) have high potential for monitoring water vapor climatic trends and variability. Advances in SLR atmospheric delay modelling are using NWP data and 3D ray-tracing to improve tropospheric corrections. With shorter orbit repeat periods, SAR measurements are a source of information to improve NWP models. Additionally, emerging LEO-PNT missions offer capabilities for atmospheric and environmental monitoring due to their dense geometry, rapid revisit times and new signals that will be defined. Their integration with GNSS and other geodetic techniques could open new possibilities for real-time correction models. Reflected signals of GNSS and future LEO-PNT provide additional opportunities for remote sensing of the Earth system. GNSS-R contributes to environmental monitoring with estimates of soil moisture, snow depth, ocean wind speed, sea ice concentration and can be used to retrieve near-surface water vapor. We welcome, but do not limit, contributions on:
-Estimates of the neutral atmosphere using ground- and space-based geodetic data
-Retrieval and comparison of tropospheric parameters from multi-GNSS, VLBI, DORIS and multi-sensor observations
-Nowcasting, forecasting, and climate research using RT and repro tropospheric products, employing NWP and machine learning
-Assimilation of GNSS tropospheric products in NWP and in climate reanalysis
-Production of SAR tropospheric parameters and assimilation in NWP
-Homogenization of long-term GNSS, VLBI tropospheric products
-Detection and characterization of sea level, snow depth, and sea ice changes, using GNSS-R
-Monitoring of soil moisture and ground-atmosphere boundary interactions using GNSS data

Are you unsure about how to bring order in the extensive program of the General Assembly? Are you wondering how to tackle this week of science? Are you curious about what EGU and the General Assembly have to offer? Then this is the short course for you!

During this course, we will provide you with tips and tricks on how to handle this large conference and how to make the most out of your week at this year's General Assembly. We'll explain the EGU structure, the difference between EGU and the General Assembly, we will dive into the program groups and we will introduce some key persons that help the Union function.

This is a useful short course for first-time attendees, those who have previously only joined us online, and those who haven’t been to Vienna for a while!

During the past 75 years, radiocarbon dating has been applied across a wide range of disciplines, including, e.g. archaeology, geology, hydrology, geophysics, atmospheric science, oceanography, and paleoclimatology, to name but a few. Radiocarbon analysis is extensively used in environmental research as a chronometer (geochronology) or as a tracer for carbon sources and natural pathways. In the last two decades, advances in accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have enabled the analysis of very small quantities, as small as tens of micrograms of carbon. This has opened new possibilities, such as dating specific compounds (biomarkers) in sediments and soils. Other innovative applications include distinguishing between old (fossil) and natural (biogenic) carbon or detecting illegal trafficking of wildlife products such as ivory, tortoiseshells, and fur skins. Despite the wide range of applications, archives, and systems studied with the help of radiocarbon dating, the method has a standard workflow, starting from sampling through the preparation and analysis, arriving at the final data that require potential reservoir corrections and calibration.

This short course will provide an overview of radiocarbon dating, highlighting the state-of-the-art methods and their potential in environmental research, particularly in paleoclimatology. After a brief introduction to the method, participants will delve into practical examples of its application in the study of past climates, focusing on the 14C method and how we arrive at the radiocarbon age.
Applications in paleoclimate research and other environmental fields
Sampling and preparation
Calibration programs
We strongly encourage discussions around radiocarbon research and will actively address problems related to sampling and calibration. This collaborative approach will enhance the understanding and application of radiocarbon dating in the respective fields.

In the past years, the analysis of compound events has emerged as an essential step to enhance our knowledge of and response to multi-hazard high-impact events that occur simultaneously or sequentially, causing interconnected or aggravated impacts. Compound events involve two (or more) events happening together. These can be independent events (in which the outcome of one event has no effect on the probability of the other), or dependent events (when the outcome of one event affects the probability of another). Compound weather, climate or hydrological events refer to combinations of multiple drivers or hazards that may lead to large impacts and disasters. These events can be related to extreme conditions (e.g. storms, heatwaves, floods and droughts), or to combinations of events that are not themselves extremes but lead to an extreme event or significant impact when combined.
In this Short Course, we will introduce compound events, their types (preconditioned, multivariate, temporally compounding, and spatially compounding events), and the methods used to detect and characterize them. We will highlight the advantages and limitations of statistical methods (regression, multivariate statistics, and classification), empirical approaches based on large datasets, high-dimension approaches such as copulas, and complex network-based techniques that help to identify non-trivial spatio-temporal patterns of extreme events.
The Short Course will focus on sharing experience from a wide range of applications worldwide, state-of-the-art methodological approaches, open access code and datasets, and will allow participants to discuss their own challenges in detecting, characterizing and assessing the risk of compound events in diverse contexts (climate, atmospheric, hydrologic, ocean and natural hazards sciences).

This short course will train you how to use robust Machine Learning methods to do statistical downscaling of coarse climate model scenarios. A sample dataset will be used: daily surface temperature from one Global Climate Model of the CMIP6 database (historical and future climate time periods), along with a high resolution reanalysis.
Introduction on climate statistical downscaling
Methodology: classical and Machine-Learning based
Steps to perform downscaling
Sample datasets
Results
All material will be made available online, and a sample Jupyter Notebook will be provided.

The Meteorological Archival and Retrieval System (MARS) is the world’s largest meteorological archive and ECMWF's main data repository. It stores operational weather analyses and forecasts, reanalyses, observations and research experiments that support a wide range of Earth system science applications.
This short course provides a practical introduction of MARS archive to the new users of the archive. Participants will learn how to explore the MARS data catalogue to identify datasets relevant to their research. The session will demonstrate how to construct and run MARS requests to download data efficiently.
Through step by step examples, attendees will gain a clear understanding of the archive’s structure and the main concepts behind exploring the data and retrieving the data they need for their research.

The study and attribution of extreme weather and climate events has increasingly moved toward process-based approaches that explicitly account for the atmospheric dynamics leading to an event. Indices issued from dynamical systems theory enable one such approach. These indices rely on identifying past atmospheric situations with similar dynamics -- so called analogues. They quantify the similarity of large-scale circulation patterns between extreme events, informing on the extremes' predictability and on how the occurrence and characteristics of the events change in time.
This short course will introduce the theory and calculation of analogue-based dynamical systems indices, and show how they can be applied to study the predictability of extreme events, and attribute their occurrence to climate change (as implemented in the ClimatMeter platform). We will further explore the potential for attribution of climate impacts impacts. The course will combine a methodological overview with real-world applications.

Earth System Sciences (ESS) datasets, particularly those generated by high-resolution numerical models, are continuing to increase in terms of resolution and size. These datasets are essential for advancing ESS, supporting critical activities such as climate change policymaking, weather forecasting in the face of increasingly frequent natural disasters, and modern applications like machine learning.

The storage, usability, transfer and shareability of such datasets have become a pressing concern within the scientific community. State-of-the-art applications now produce outputs so large that even the most advanced data centres and infrastructures struggle not only to store them but also to ensure their usability and processability, including by downstream machine learning. Ongoing and upcoming community initiatives, such as digital twins and the 7th Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7), are already pushing infrastructures to their limits. With future investment in hardware likely to remain constrained, a critical and viable way forward is to explore (lossy) data compression & reduction that balance efficiency with the needs of diverse stakeholders. Therefore, the interest in compression has grown as a means to 1) make the data volumes more manageable, 2) reduce transfer times and computational costs, while 3) preserving the quality required for downstream scientific analyses.

Nevertheless, many ESS researchers remain cautious about lossy compression, concerned that critical information or features may be lost for specific downstream applications. Identifying these use-case-specific requirements and ensuring they are preserved during compression are essential steps toward building trust so that compression can become widely adopted across the community.

This short course is designed as a practical introduction to compressing ESS datasets using various compression frameworks and to share tips on preserving important data properties throughout the compression process. After completing the hands-on exercises, using either your own or provided data, time will be set aside for debate and discussion to address questions about lossy compression and to exchange wishes and concerns regarding this family of methods. A short document summarising the discussion will be produced and made freely available afterwards.

You would like to discover a simple, powerful and user-friendly software to visualize and process 2-D datasets in a few clicks? PyAnalySeries allows for efficient visualization and processing of 2-D datasets, in particular time-series, without any programming skills. Its simplicity and user-friendly visualization interface make it an extremely valuable software both for research applications and teaching activities.
PyAnalySeries is the new multi-platform version of the former and now obsolete time-series processing program called “AnalySeries” (Paillard et al., 1996). Written in Python, PyAnalySeries is easily portable across platforms (e.g. Linux, MacOS and Windows). Importing 2-D datasets is simple by copy-pasting from an open worksheet. A user-friendly graphical interface and efficient shortcuts rapidly create various types of 2-D data graphs (e.g. plots on the same or different X or Y axes), which can be interactively modified and exported as final figures. PyAnalySeries also gives access to a full set of astronomical series (e.g. precession, obliquity, eccentricity) and insolation series (for a given date or an integrated interval) from several references. The software provides the original possibilities of resampling and smoothing 2-D data, as well as that of interpolation-based correlation with different records of two archives simultaneously, which is classically used to derive age models in paleoclimate studies. PyAnalySeries is available with Open Access on our GitHub repository (https://github.com/PaleoIPSL/PyAnalySeries) and Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/records/15238083). Users are strongly encouraged to post questions and share suggestions of improvement on the GitHub space of discussion.
Beyond its original use in processing paleoclimatic data, PyAnalySeries is useful for any kind of 2-D datasets, such as elemental concentrations on river waters over time, the processing of electromagnetic radiation, any meteorological and climatic time series, biostatistics, sensors, economics. It is also a didactic platform useful in hands-on teaching activities. This makes it a valuable tool for training the next generation of Earth scientists.
During the short course, we will explain to users how to download and install the software, and show the main functionalities of PyAnalySeries using typical 2-D datasets. We also invite participants to bring their own 2-D data and try this simple time-series processing program by themselves.

In April 2023, EPOS, the European Plate Observing System launched the EPOS Data Portal (https://www.ics-c.epos-eu.org/), which provides access to multidisciplinary data, data products, services and software from solid Earth science domain. Currently, ten thematic communities provide input to the EPOS Data Portal through services (APIs): Anthropogenic Hazards, Geological Information and Modelling, Geomagnetic Observations, GNSS Data and Products, Multi-Scale Laboratories, Near Fault Observatories, Satellite Data, Seismology, Tsunami and Volcano Observations.
The EPOS Data Portal enables search and discovery of assets thanks to metadata and visualisation in map, table or graph views, including download of the assets, with the objective to enable multi-, inter- transdisciplinary research by following FAIR principles.
This short course will introduce the EPOS ecosystem and demonstration of integrated virtual research environment where users can stage their data and run Jupyter Notebooks, either from existing examples or their own. We see this interactive coding and development environment as a gate towards faster scientific progress and enabling open science.
It is expected that participants have scientific background in one or more scientific domains listed above. The training especially targets young researchers and all those who need to combine multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary data in their research. The use of the EPOS Platform will simplify data search for Early Career Scientists and potentially help them in accelerating their career development. Feedback from participants will be collected and used for further improvements of the EPOS system.

Why this short course
Earth and environmental sciences thrive on data diversity: from ocean temperatures to biodiversity records, from climate indicators to geological observations. Yet, this very diversity can also be a barrier: different datasets are described with different standards, stored in different formats, and are difficult to connect across research infrastructures. The ENVRI-Hub provides a set of tools to overcome these challenges. It offers researchers a unified framework to discover, access, and reuse complex and multidisciplinary data.

This short course will give researchers a practical introduction to how ENVRI-Hub workflows can directly support their own projects, to build more reproducible and impactful science.

What researchers will learn
By joining this short course, researchers will:
- Get a clear picture of why Essential Variables matter in Earth and environmental sciences and how variable harmonisation improves scientific collaboration;
- Explore datasets through different pathways, including LLM-based search;
- Draft a mini workflow using curated Jupyter notebooks to map and query essential variables and visualise results;
- Share ideas with peers on how ENVRI-Hub workflows could advance their own research projects.

Interactive format
This 1h45min researcher-focused applied training session will blend live demonstrations, guided practice with curated tools, and participation discussions.

The interactive outline will engage participants by offering them an opportunity to:
- Navigate the ENVRI-Hub services and datasets: knowing what’s available and what fits their needs;
- Understand how to integrate ENVRI-Hub analytical tools into their research workflows: from data discovery and annotation to analysis and sharing;
- Present research use cases by reflecting on common challenges and benefits across domains

Who should join
This short course is tailored for:
- Researchers in Earth and environmental sciences, project coordinators, and data scientists looking to improve their data workflows;
- Anyone interested in applying interoperable approaches to interdisciplinary research;
- Anyone with basic familiarity with Python/Jupyter.

Whatever your discipline, your geoscience is important. It can change thinking and practice in the world if you communicate it well! So that we all learn how to be the best communicators we can, and to get proper credit for new approaches that really work and inspire, it is important to publish the research on best practice. This session is to help you publish about the tools, tips and techniques you use to create impact in your educational, outreach, or engagement (e.g. with government, industry) work.

The session is a task-led workshop and will consist of roughly 10 mins of us talking, followed by 15 mins of Q&A, then we will break into group-based activities to build your confidence led by an editor of the journal Geoscience Communication editor, sitting around 3-4 tables.

It doesn’t matter if you know very little already. No question is too basic, and no prior knowledge is needed.

Hands on activities to build your confidence will include:
'Plan a project' - sketch out a project plan (e.g. a flow chart) for research-led communication.
'Help me with my idea' - a safe space to get 1-to-1 input from a Geoscience Communications editor.
'Editor for the day' - understand reviewing infinitely better by doing a paper review of a GC insights article.

The questions can answer include:
How do I get started? - I’ve got a great outreach idea, but how do I do it as research and contribute to best practice?
How do I collect evidence / data? – The guts e.g. methods & statistics
What does robust ‘research’ about communication look like? i.e. what a paper needs.

We hope the workshop will benefit burgeoning communicators at any career stage. Or, if you’re an experienced geoscience communication practitioner, then we can help you get the reputational benefit that comes with publication.

Global challenges, such as climate change and natural hazards, are becoming increasingly complex and interdependent, and solutions have to be global in scope and based on a firm scientific understanding of the challenges we face. At the same time, Science and technology are playing an increasingly important role in a complex geopolitical landscape. In this difficult setting, scientific collaboration can not only be used to help address global challenges but also to foster international relations and build bridges across geopolitical divisions. Science diplomacy is a broad term used both to describe the various roles that science and researchers play in bridging geopolitical gaps and finding solutions to international issues, and also the study of how science intertwines with diplomacy in pursuing these goals.

During this Short Course, science diplomacy experts will introduce key science diplomacy concepts and outline the skills that are required to effectively engage in science diplomacy. They will also provide practical insights on how researchers can actively participate in science diplomacy, explore real-life examples of science diplomacy, and highlight resources where participants can learn more about science diplomacy moving forward.

This Short Course is of interest to researchers from all disciplines and career levels.