This session provides the opportunity for contributions that fall within the broad spectrum of Rock Physics, but are not directly appropriate to any of the other proposed sessions. We solicit contributions on theory and simulations, instrumentation, laboratory experiments and field measurements, data analysis and interpretation, as well as inversion and modelling techniques.

Petrophysics and geomechanics have been critical tools in the exploitation of naturally occurring fossil fuels. Now that the world is transitioning away from fossil fuels towards sustainable energy and material sources, these same methods still have critical roles to play. The methods remain the same – it is only their applications that have changed, helping to drive the globe towards net zero and beyond. Conventional petrophysics and geomechanics are being applied to new challenges, ensuring that the wheel does not need reinventing.

The aim of this session is to explore and foster the contribution of petrophysics and geomechanics to improve development of sustainable energy and material resources in the transition to low-carbon energy and net zero.

Papers should show research or deployment involving theory, concept, measurement, modelling, testing, validation the deployment of petrophysics and/or geomechanics, from/across angström to basin scales, that has the potential for driving us towards net zero, including pore-scale processes that link fluid flow, geochemistry and geomechanical properties, and studies linking petrophysical and geomechanical properties across multiple scales.

Applications include, but are not limited to, (i) carbon capture and storage, (ii) subsurface energy storage, (iii) geothermal energy, (iv) non-carbon gas exploitation (e.g. helium and white hydrogen), (v) wind energy, (vi) hydroelectric energy, (vi) solar energy, (vii) battery storage for smoothing of Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources (IRES). In each case including provision of critical minerals (e.g., lithium, cobalt, neodymium), engineering and groundwater flow are included.

Approaches may include laboratory measurement, field studies, multi-scale imaging, pore-scale and DRM modelling, reactive flow, reservoir modelling, 3D quantification and dynamic simulation, fracture modelling, heat flow quantification and modelling, reservoir integrity cap-rock studies, quantitative evaluation of porosity, permeability or any other properties or approach.

The development of petrophysical models, which link geophysical measurements such as electrical conductivity or seismic velocity to subsurface parameters like fluid content and hydraulic properties, is critical for characterizing subsurface properties and informing geological reservoir, hydrological, and biogeochemical studies. As geophysical techniques evolve, particularly with the rise of distributed monitoring systems, their application extends beyond static measurements. Increasingly, they are used to study dynamic processes such as fluid flow, solute transport, and biogeochemical reactions. These developments highlight the necessity of refining petrophysical relationships through multidisciplinary approaches that combine theoretical, laboratory, and field-scale studies. Each geophysical method has its own resolution and depth constraints, while complex relationships between physical properties and interfacial, geometrical, and biogeochemical characteristics further complicate the scaling of laboratory experiments to field applications, making it vital to establish accurate, adaptable petrophysical models.

This session invites contributions from diverse research communities to explore new petrophysical models, numerical simulations, laboratory experiments, and field case studies. We aim to foster interdisciplinary discussions on advancing petrophysical relationships and improving our understanding of complex subsurface processes across a wide range of natural and engineering settings, including low-carbon energy technologies and subsurface storage solutions. We encourage submissions focused on georeservoir studies that combine insights from geomechanics, geochemistry, petrophysics, and material science. Additionally, we welcome submissions on the development of cutting-edge experimental apparatus, novel sensor technologies, and innovative methods for simulating in-situ conditions.

A range of low-carbon energy technologies incorporates reservoirs in the subsurface, whether as an energy resource (e.g., diverse types of geothermal energy) or as a storage medium (e.g., hydrogen storage, radioactive waste storage or CO2 sequestration). Due to the depth of these various georeservoirs, monitoring is typically conducted remotely and coupled with laboratory experiments and modeling to understand the complex thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes ongoing in the geo-reservoir. As the level of resolution and range of required measurements continues to grow, in recent decades we have seen a dramatic increase in new experimental facilities being constructed and methods developed to address these conditions and processes. Many of these facilities feature differing and unique components and have been developed to characterize geo-reservoir rocks and investigate the effects of the parameters that are critical to describing anthropogenic influence in the use of the underground (rapid evolution of fluid pressure, evolution of fluid chemistry, temperature variation, etc).
This session is set to address the state-of-the-art in laboratory experiments focused on studies on georeservoirs through geomechanics, geochemistry, petrophysics and materials science. We welcome contributions dealing with the development of novel apparatuses, newly developed sensors, or new experimental procedures to simulate geo-reservoir conditions and investigate rock and fluid properties at representative depths.

The upscaling of laboratory results to regional geophysical observations is a fundamental challenge in geosciences. Earthquakes are inherently non-linear and multi-scale phenomena, with dynamics that are strongly dependent on the geometry and the physical properties of faults and their surrounding media. To investigate these complex processes, fault mechanisms are often scaled down in the laboratory to explore the physical and mechanical characteristics of earthquakes under controlled, yet realistic boundary conditions.
However, extrapolating these small-scale laboratory studies to large-scale geophysical observations remains a significant challenge. This is where numerical simulations become essential, serving as a bridge between scales and enhancing our understanding of fault mechanics. Together, laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and geophysical observations are complementary and necessary to understand fault mechanisms across the different scales.
In this session, we aim to convene multidisciplinary contributions that address multiple aspects of earthquake mechanics combining laboratory, geophysical and numerical observations, including:

(i) the interaction between the fault zone and surrounding damage zone;
(ii) the thermo-hydro-mechanical processes associated with all the different stages of the seismic cycle;
(iii) bridging the gap between the different scales of fault deformation mechanisms.

We particularly encourage contributions with novel observations and innovative methodologies for studying earthquake faulting. Contributions from early career scientists are highly welcome.

Rock mass deformation and failure at different stress levels (from the brittle regime to the brittle-ductile transition) are controlled by damage processes occurring on different spatial scales, from grain (µm) to geological formation (km) scale. These lead to a progressive increase of micro- and meso-crack intensity in the rock matrix and to the growth of inherited macro-fractures at rock mass scale. Coalescence of these fractures forms large-scale structures such as brittle fault zones, rockslide shear zones, and excavation damage zones (EDZ) in open pit mining and underground construction. Diffuse or localized rock damage have a primary influence on rock properties (strength, elastic moduli, hydraulic and electric properties) and on their evolution across multiple temporal scales spanning from geological time to highly dynamic phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, slopes and man-made rock structures. In subcritical stress conditions, damage accumulation results in brittle creep processes key to the long-term evolution of geophysical, geomorphological and geo-engineering systems.
Damage and progressive failure processes must be considered to understand the time-dependent hydro-mechanical behaviour of fault damage zones and principal slip zones, and their interplay (e.g. earthquakes vs aseismic creep), volcanic systems and slopes (e.g. slow rock slope deformation vs catastrophic rock slides), as well as the response of rock masses to stress perturbations induced by artificial excavations (tunnels, mines) and loading. At the same time, damage processes control the brittle behaviour of the upper crust and are strongly influenced by intrinsic rock properties (strength, fabric, porosity, anisotropy), geological structures and their inherited damage, as well as by the evolving pressure-temperature with increasing depth and by fluid pressure, transport properties and chemistry.
In this session we will bring together researchers from different communities interested in a better understanding of rock deformation and failure processes and consequence, as well as other related rock mechanics topics. We welcome innovative and novel contributions on experimental studies (both in the laboratory and in situ), continuum / micromechanical analytical and numerical modelling, and applications to fault zones, reservoirs, slope instability and landscape evolution, and engineering applications.

The session focuses on the laboratory characterization and modeling of the thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical (THMC) behaviour of weak/soft rocks and rock masses, i.e., rocks that, due to their intrinsic low mechanical properties and/or to the effect of weathering or deformative processes, have a transitional mechanical behaviour between rocks and soils. They represent a challenge in several geoengineering contexts, due to their low strength, high heterogeneity, high proneness to drastic weathering or fracturing processes, and to the fact that they can develop time-dependent and water-interaction-dependent deformations (e.g., creep, swelling, squeezing).
Despite these materials raised big attention in the geotechnical and rock mechanics scientific communities in the last decades, several questions remain open about the understanding of the complexity that drives their behaviour, posing risks to the safety and longevity of infrastructures and to the stability of natural slopes and seacliffs.
For these reasons, this session proposes to collect contributions about the THMC behaviour of soft rocks and rock masses, welcoming laboratory, modeling and case studies topics, with the objective of revealing our capability of effectively characterize and predict the behaviour of these materials.

This session emphasizes on the investigation of deep geothermal reservoirs with targets encompassing petrothermal, enhanced geothermal, hydrothermal, and close loop systems. We particularly welcome contributions on multi-disciplinary and cross-scale analysis, ranging from experimental studies to numerical analysis of the relevant THMC processes. The session additionally features contributions related to reservoir exploration, monitoring and operation in fractured and faulted reservoirs, including the assessment of their sustainable usage as well as of potential hazards such as induced seismicity.

The role of natural hydrogen (a.k.a. “geological”, or “white” hydrogen) as a potential major contributor to a decarbonized energy system in the future has sparked significant debate in recent years. Geological helium resources, independent of co-production with fossil fuels, have similarly attracted the attention of both scientists and industry professionals, especially when co-located with hydrogen.

To date, a truly interdisciplinary scientific understanding of the subsurface natural hydrogen/helium system is lacking, with knowledge being fragmented across disciplines, and exploration/assessment workflows in their infancy. This session aims to address key subsurface aspects of geological hydrogen/helium systems, soliciting contributions from a broad range of disciplines, covering solid earth geosciences, geochemistry, hydrology, remote sensing and soil system sciences. In particular, the session aims to address:

- Generation potential and migration/possible accumulation processes and fluid pathways
- Geological history of such systems through the Wilson cycle
- Source rock/origin and conversion kinetics, flux estimates and relation to emplacement/host environment through geological time
- Spatial characteristics of geological hydrogen/helium systems - distribution, 3D geometry and their activity through geological time.
- Measurement and instrumentation aspects to detect, characterize, and quantify source, fluxes, shallow subsurface interactions and surface leakage of H2 and He.
- Natural hydrogen/helium occurrences and recent discoveries

Numerous cases of induced/triggered seismicity resulting either directly or indirectly from injection/extraction associated with anthropogenic activity related to geo-resources exploration have been reported in the last decades. Induced earthquakes felt by the general public can often negatively affect public perception of geo-energies and may lead to the cancellation of important projects. Furthermore, large earthquakes may jeopardize wellbore stability and damage surface infrastructure. Thus, monitoring and modeling processes leading to fault slip, either seismic or aseismic, are critical to developing effective and reliable forecasting methodologies during deep underground exploitation. The complex interaction between injected fluids, subsurface geology, stress interactions, and resulting fault slip requires an interdisciplinary approach to understand the triggering mechanisms, and may require taking coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical processes into account.
In this session, we invite contributions from research aimed at investigating the interaction of the above processes during exploitation of underground resources, including hydrocarbon extraction, wastewater disposal, geothermal energy exploitation, hydraulic fracturing, gas storage and production, mining, and reservoir impoundment for hydro-energy. We particularly encourage novel contributions based on laboratory and underground near-fault experiments, numerical modeling, the spatio-temporal relationship between seismic properties, injection/extraction parameters, and/or geology, and fieldwork. Contributions covering both theoretical and experimental aspects of induced and triggered seismicity at multiple spatial and temporal scales are welcome.

Faults and fractures are critical components of geological reservoirs, exerting significant control over the physical and mechanical properties of subsurface formations. Their influence on fluid behaviour and fluid-rock interactions plays a crucial role in the success and safety of geoenergy applications, including geothermal energy, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and subsurface energy and waste storage.

Recent advancements in field observations, monitoring technologies, and laboratory experiments have deepened our understanding of how faults and fractures impact deformation processes, rock failure, and fault/fracture (re-)activation. These discontinuities act as conduits or barriers for fluid flow, transport and heat flow, leading to complex interactions that can either enhance or impair reservoir performance. Of particular concern are the changes in the thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) properties due to hydraulic stimulation and fluid circulation within faulted and fractured zones, which can alter transmissibility and influence the stability of these structures.

Understanding these dynamics is crucial for predicting and mitigating risks associated with induced seismicity, leakage, and other subsurface hazards. Furthermore, insights gained from these studies are essential for improving the accuracy of numerical models, which are used to predict fault behaviour at reservoir scales and guide the design and management of geoenergy projects.

We invite contributions from researchers who are exploring the role of faults and fractures in subsurface systems, particularly those involved in applied or interdisciplinary studies related to low-carbon technologies. We are particularly interested in research that bridges the gap between laboratory-scale measurements and field-scale processes, and that employs a diverse range of methods, including but not limited to outcrop studies, in-situ experiments and monitoring, subsurface data analysis, and laboratory investigations. Interdisciplinary approaches that integrate geological, geophysical, and engineering perspectives are especially welcome.

The session aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of faults and fractures on subsurface energy systems, showcasing innovative methods for their characterisation and management.

From the real-time integration of multi-parametric observations is expected the major contribution to the development of operational t-DASH systems suitable for supporting decision makers with continuously updated seismic hazard scenarios. A very preliminary step in this direction is the identification of those parameters (seismological, chemical, physical, biological, etc.) whose space-time dynamics and/or anomalous variability can be, to some extent, associated with the complex process of preparation of major earthquakes.
This session wants then to encourage studies devoted to demonstrate the added value of the introduction of specific, observations and/or data analysis methods within the t-DASH and StEF perspectives. Therefore, studies based on long-term data analyses, including different conditions of seismic activity, are particularly encouraged. Similarly welcome will be the presentation of infrastructures devoted to maintain and further develop our present observational capabilities of earthquake related phenomena also contributing in this way to build a global multi-parametric Earthquakes Observing System (EQuOS) to complement the existing GEOSS initiative.
To this aim this session is not addressed just to seismology and natural hazards scientists but also to geologist, atmospheric sciences and electromagnetism researchers, whose collaboration is particular important for fully understand mechanisms of earthquake preparation and their possible relation with other measurable quantities. For this reason, all contributions devoted to the description of genetic models of earthquake’s precursory phenomena are equally welcome.

Seismic attenuation, which integrates the study of scattering and absorption phenomena, is a physical process that significantly influences the propagation of seismic waves through the Earth, from crust to core, and within planetary bodies. It is also a crucial measurement used in ground motion and seismic source modelling, as well as in hazard assessments. Through the last 40 years, advances in theoretical and computational models, alongside improvements in rock physics measurements, have greatly enhanced our understanding of the physical processes causing and increasing seismic attenuation. Once coupled with the deployment of seismic arrays better suited to measuring seismic amplitudes, these improvements have led to outstanding attenuation tomography models, which give us unprecedented insight into the structure of the crust, mantle, and core. Today, we can distinguish between coherent and incoherent contributions to seismic attenuation, allowing us to apply techniques developed in atmospheric and nuclear physics to measure and image attenuation at all Earth scales.
This session will bring together experts in the field of seismic attenuation. The session will focus on:
• Theoretical and open-source computational advancements in understanding and modelling viscoelastic wave propagation, including seismic scattering and seismic absorption, in heterogeneous media;
• Techniques that utilise seismic attenuation to eliminate trade-offs in seismic source measurements;
• Understanding the impact of seismic attenuation on earthquake ground motion as a function of both distance and frequency;
• Measurements and data processing techniques to obtain total, scattering and intrinsic attenuation parameters within rocks, crustal faults and fractures, and planetary bodies;
• Research linking seismic attenuation to the conversion of energy into other forms, such as heat, especially in the context of geothermal resources and volcanic hazard assessment;
• Tomographic methods using seismic attenuation, scattering, and absorption as attributes, including in combination with seismic velocity, to understand and interpret the Earth's structure and dynamics.

Fluid-rock interactions play a pivotal role in shaping crustal dynamics and influencing subsurface engineering processes. From the shallow sedimentary rocks down to the deep magmatic and metamorphic rocks, fluids govern aspects such as deformation localization, earthquake genesis, and the emergence of metamorphic reactions and rheological weakening. In most cases, there is a dynamic feedback between fluids, deformation and metamorphism at all scales. Fluids are critical not only for creating robust models of the solid Earth but also for advancing subsurface engineering endeavors like geothermal energy recovery, hydrogen storage and extraction as well as permanent carbon storage.
As we navigate through the ongoing energy transition, enhancing these interactions for maximum geo-resource efficacy is a vital priority. The legacy inscribed within rock records paints a vivid picture of intricate interplay between mineral reactions, fluid flow and deformation—testaments to the often-intense nature of fluid-rock interactions.
This session aims to draw the current picture of the advances and challenges, whether conceptual, methodological, or experimental when considering the role of fluid-rock interactions. We invite contributions that utilize an array of methodologies, ranging from natural observations, microstructural assessments, and geochemical analyses to rock mechanics, all intertwined with modelling techniques. This modelling can span from ab initio simulations to continuum scale simulations, ensuring a comprehensive exploration of fluid-rock/mineral interactions. Contributions that harness the power of artificial intelligence and its subsets are particularly encouraged.

Tectonic faults accommodate plate motion through various styles of seismic and aseismic slip spanning a wide range of spatiotemporal scales. Understanding the mechanics and interplay between seismic rupture and aseismic slip is central to seismotectonics as it determines the seismic potential of faults. In particular, unraveling the underlying physics controlling these deformation styles bears a great deal in earthquake hazard mitigation, especially in highly urbanized regions. We invite contributions from observational, experimental, geological, and theoretical studies that explore the diversity and interplay among seismic and aseismic slip phenomena in various tectonic settings, including the following questions: (1) How does the nature of creeping faults change with the style of faulting, fluids, loading rate, and other factors? (2) Are different slip behaviors well separated in space, or can the same fault areas experience different failure modes? (3) Is there a systematic spatial or temporal relation between different types of slip?

Many regions of the Earth, from crust to core, exhibit anisotropic fabrics which can reveal much about geodynamic processes in the subsurface. These fabrics can exist at a variety of scales, from crystallographic orientations to regional structure alignments. In the past few decades, a tremendous body of multidisciplinary research has been dedicated to characterizing anisotropy in the solid Earth and understanding its geodynamical implications. This has included work in fields such as: (1) geophysics, to make in situ observations and construct models of anisotropic properties at a range of depths; (2) mineral physics, to explain the cause of some of these observations; and (3) numerical modelling, to relate the inferred fabrics to regional stress and flow regimes and, thus, geodynamic processes in the Earth. The study of anisotropy in the Solid Earth encompasses topics so diverse that it often appears fragmented according to regions of interest, e.g., the upper or lower crust, oceanic lithosphere, continental lithosphere, cratons, subduction zones, D'', or the inner core. The aim of this session is to bring together scientists working on different aspects of mechanical anisotropy to provide a comprehensive overview of the field. We encourage contributions from all disciplines of the earth sciences (including mineral physics, seismology, magnetotellurics, geodynamic modelling) focused on mechanical anisotropy at all scales and depths within the Earth.

The structure and dynamics of the core of planets is essential to understand the planet's thermal, compositional and orbital evolution. This session seeks to showcase recent observational, theoretical and experimental developments in understanding the properties and dynamics of Earth's and terrestrial planetary cores.

We welcome contributions from seismology, mineral physics, geochemistry, geodetic observations, numerical modeling, and all related fields following theoretical, numerical, observational or experimental approaches aimed at providing input towards the global goal of deciphering the history and properties of terrestrial planetary cores.

Geological and geophysical data sets convey observations of physical processes governing the Earth’s evolution. Such data sets are widely varied and range from the internal structure of the Earth, plate kinematics, composition of geomaterials, estimation of physical conditions, dating of key geological events, thermal state of the Earth to more shallow processes such as natural and "engineered" reservoir dynamics in the subsurface.

The complexity in the physics of geological processes arises from their multi-physics nature, as they combine hydrological, thermal, chemical and mechanical processes. Multi-physics couplings are prone to nonlinear interactions ultimately leading to spontaneous localisation of flow and deformation. Understanding the couplings among those processes therefore requires the development of appropriate numerical tools.

Integrating high-quality data into physics-based predictive numerical simulations may lead to further constraining unknown key parameters within the models. Innovative inversion strategies, linking forward dynamic models with observables, and combining PDE solvers with machine-learning via differentiable programming is therefore an important research topic that will improve our knowledge of the governing physical parameters.

We invite contributions from the following two complementary themes:

#1 Computational advances associated with
- Alternative spatial and/or temporal discretisation for existing forward/inverse models
- Scalable HPC implementations of new and existing methodologies (GPUs / multi-core)
- Solver and preconditioner developments
- Combining PDEs with AI / Machine learning-based approaches (physics-informed ML)
- Automatic differentiation (AD) and differentiable programming
- Code and methodology comparisons (benchmarks)

#2 Physics advances associated with
- Development of partial differential equations to describe geological processes
- Inversion strategies and adjoint-based modelling
- Numerical model validation through comparison with observables (data)
- Scientific discovery enabled by 2D and 3D modelling
- Utilisation of coupled models to explore nonlinear interactions

The research output presented in this session can be submitted to the ongoing Special Issue (SI) in the EGU journal of Geoscientific Model Development (GMD): https://www.geoscientific-model-development.net/articles_and_preprints/scheduled_sis.html

Sitting under a tree, you feel the spark of an idea, and suddenly everything falls into place. The following days and tests confirm: you have made a magnificent discovery — so the classical story of scientific genius goes…

But science as a human activity is error-prone, and might be more adequately described as "trial and error", or as a process of successful "tinkering" (Knorr, 1979). Thus we want to turn the story around, and ask you to share 1) those ideas that seemed magnificent but turned out not to be, and 2) the errors, bugs, and mistakes in your work that made the scientific road bumpy. What ideas were torn down or did not work, and what concepts survived in the ashes or were robust despite errors? We explicitly solicit Blunders, Unexpected Glitches, and Surprises (BUGS) from modeling and field or lab experiments and from all disciplines of the Geosciences.

Handling mistakes and setbacks is a key skill of scientists. Yet, we publish only those parts of our research that did work. That is also because a study may have better chances to be accepted for publication in the scientific literature if it confirms an accepted theory or if it reaches a positive result (publication bias). Conversely, the cases that fail in their test of a new method or idea often end up in a drawer (which is why publication bias is also sometimes called the "file drawer effect"). This is potentially a waste of time and resources within our community as other scientists may set about testing the same idea or model setup without being aware of previous failed attempts.

In the spirit of open science, we want to bring the BUGS out of the drawers and into the spotlight. In a friendly atmosphere, we will learn from each others' mistakes, understand the impact of errors and abandoned paths onto our work, and generate new insights for our science or scientific practice.

Here are some ideas for contributions that we would love to see:
- Ideas that sounded good at first, but turned out to not work.
- Results that presented themselves as great in the first place but turned out to be caused by a bug or measurement error.
- Errors and slip-ups that resulted in insights.
- Failed experiments and negative results.
- Obstacles and dead ends you found and would like to warn others about.

--
Knorr, Karin D. “Tinkering toward Success: Prelude to a Theory of Scientific Practice.” Theory and Society 8, no. 3 (1979): 347–76.

This session provides the opportunity for contributions that fall within the broad spectrum of Geomagnetism, but are not directly appropriate to any of the other proposed sessions. We solicit contributions on theory and simulations, instrumentation, laboratory experiments and field measurements, data analysis and interpretation, as well as inversion and modelling techniques.

The session covers all methods and case histories related to measuring, processing and modelling potential field anomalies for geological, environmental and resources purposes. It will concern gravity and magnetic data from satellite missions to airborne and detailed ground-based arrays. Contributions presenting instrumental, theoretical and computational advances of data modelling/processing techniques as well as new case studies of geophysical and geological interest are welcome. This session will also encourage presentations on compilation methods of heterogenous data sets, multiscale and multidisciplinary approaches for natural resources exploration and geological gas storage purposes, and other environmental applications. Potential field applications in exploration and geological interpretation of magnetic anomalies, jointly with other geodata, are warmly welcome.

Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) pose a significant threat to grounded infrastructures such as high-voltage transformers, oil and gas pipelines and rail networks. Understanding their impact is vital for safeguarding critical national infrastructures and minimizing potential economic consequences. GICs are generated by geoelectric fields induced in the resistive subsurface of the Earth during periods of rapid changes of the Earth's magnetic field, typically during geomagnetic storms. However, an increasing body of evidence suggests that GICs can occur also during periods of nominally quiet conditions. We seek contributions from studies that measure (directly or indirectly) or model GICs in grounded infrastructure, assess the potential hazard and vulnerability of the infrastructures and advance the development of reliable models for forecasting the potential impacts of severe space weather events.

This session invites contributions in the field of electromagnetic (EM) geophysical methods, covering applications across a broad spectrum of scales—from near-surface investigations to deep mantle studies. We welcome research focused on advancing instrumentation and data acquisition techniques that enable more precise measurements, as well as innovations in mathematical and numerical methods that enhance the efficiency and accuracy of data processing, modeling, and inversion. These methods should be applicable to a wide range of settings, including ground-based, offshore, airborne, and satellite-based missions. Key areas of interest include, but are not limited to, studies utilizing EM techniques for:

1. The use of natural and controlled EM sources for geophysical research.
2. Global electromagnetic induction and its implications for understanding Earth's conductivity and its internal structure.
3. Regional-scale imaging, particularly in tectonic, magmatic, or volcanic systems, which may involve tracking changes in geological features over time.
4. Applications aimed at resource exploration, such as the detection and characterization of hydrocarbon, geothermal, and mineral resources.
5. Investigations into the near-surface structure for applications relevant to environmental monitoring, urban development, and hydrological studies.
6. Studies on geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and their effects on technological infrastructure.
7. Investigations into space weather phenomena and their interactions with the Earth’s magnetosphere.
8. Research related to the geomagnetic field, leveraging data from observatories and long-term monitoring stations to explore its dynamics and secular variations.

We are also interested in contributions that integrate EM methods with other disciplines, particularly multi-disciplinary studies that combine data from rock physics, geophysical techniques (seismic, gravity, etc.), geochemical analyses, and geological investigations. Such integration is critical for unraveling the complexities of subsurface structures and their temporal evolution. We aim to bring together researchers and practitioners working across diverse scales and applications of EM geophysical methods, encouraging the exchange of ideas, methodologies, and findings that push the boundaries of current knowledge and technological capability.

Launched in November 2013, the ESA Earth Explorer Swarm satellite trio has provided, for one solar cycle, continuous accurate measurements of the magnetic field, accompanied by plasma and electric field measurements, precise navigation, and accelerometer observations.
The polar-orbiting Swarm satellites are augmented with absolute magnetic scalar and vector data from the low-inclination Macau Science Satellite 1 (MSS-1, since May 2023, 41° inclination, covering all Local Times within 2 months) and with absolute scalar field measurements from the CSES satellite (since 2018, fixed 02/14 LT near-polar orbit) which significantly extend the data coverage in space and time.
In addition, the ESA Scout NanoMagSat constellation consisting of one near-polar and two 60° inclination satellites, is now also in the pipeline, with a sequence of launches planned to start at the end of 2027 for full operation in 2028. It will acquire absolute vector magnetic data at 1 Hz, very low noise scalar and vector magnetic field data at 2 kHz, electron density data at 2 kHz and electron temperature data at 1 Hz. It will also acquire navigation data, enabling top-side TEC retrieval, and collect ionospheric radio-occultation profiles.

This session invites contributions on investigations in geomagnetism, ionospheric and thermospheric sciences related to Earth and near-Earth processes, with focus on existing and planned Low-Earth-Orbiting satellites. Combined analyses of satellite- and ground-based or model data are welcome.

Extreme geophysical events, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes, and strong magnetic storms, may produce intense effects on the ground, in the atmosphere, and in the ionosphere before, during, and after their occurrence. The present orbiting satellite missions of Swarm and CSES, primarily dedicated to studying the electromagnetic fields and the plasma of the ionosphere, are an essential opportunity to build bridges between different domains and integrate other data from the ground to improve our capability to follow the preparation, occurrence, and evolution of these extreme events. The joint observational approach includes analyzing the anomalies in different geophysical fields, including satellite, GPS, and in-situ observations. A recent example was the big 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption when the effects of this event on the atmosphere and ionosphere were found worldwide. Other significant effects are expected during the preparation and the occurrence of large-magnitude earthquakes. Coordinated studies of extreme geophysical events can provide new insights into Earth’s geosphere coupling channels. This session welcomes studies of extreme events from space and ground and attempts to integrate, model, and interpret the effects detected in separate geolayers.

A wide range of geo-electromagnetic methods, including natural source magnetotelluric, time-domain, and frequency-domain controlled source EM, as well as DC resistivity and induced polarization are uniquely sensitive to the Earth’s electrical properties and are capable of probing from shallow depths near the surface to even hundreds of kilometers into the Earth's crust. They are invaluable for revealing subsurface structures, fluid distributions, mineral resources, tectonic features, and even engineered infrastructure. Traditionally essential in resource exploration, geo-electromagnetic methods are now becoming increasingly relevant in addressing new global challenges related to energy systems, the impacts of climate change, environmental problems, and urban development and resilience.

This session serves as an annual platform for showcasing the latest advancements in geo-electromagnetic research. We encourage contributions from a broad range of topics, including methodological breakthroughs, novel field observations, theoretical advancements, and case studies. This year, we particularly welcome submissions that highlight innovative uses of geo-electromagnetic methods in emerging areas—whether through state-of-the-art instrumentation, unconventional applications, or studies with significant societal or environmental relevance.

The Earth’s magnetic field is produced by dynamo action in the liquid iron core, which has profound influence on our habitable planet. One of the most striking manifestations of the geodynamo are complete reversals of the dipole. Numerical simulations indicate that the lower mantle has a manifold impact on the dynamo whereby the absolute value and pattern of the heat flux through the core-mantle boundary affects the field strength, field geometry and reversal rate. However, neither the structure and the long-term evolution of the lower mantle and the core, nor the coupling between the two, are well understood. Moreover, field strength and reversal rate likely influence the survival and evolution of magnetoreceptive organisms, especially magnetotatic bacteria. We invite contributions that aim at understanding the long-term evolution of the geomagnetic field and Earth's core dynamics, deep mantle dynamics and its influence on the geodynamo. This interdisciplinary session aims to bring together paleomagnetists, seismologists, dynamo modellers, mantle dynamicists, mineral physicists, and biologists.

Modelling the subsurface structure of planetary bodies using gravity and magnetic data has been extensively applied across a range of celestial bodies, including the Earth, Moon, terrestrial planets (i.e., Mars, Mercury, Venus), and icy satellites (e.g., Ganymede, Europa, Callisto and Enceladus). In combination with measurements of surface topography and shape, the interior properties of celestial bodies, such as thickness and density of internal layers, can be inferred. These studies are pivotal for the understanding of their geological evolution. This session will explore the latest methods and approaches in developing planetary gravity and magnetic field models, conducting topographical analyses, and carrying out data modelling techniques to unravel the internal structures of planets and satellites. Contributions spanning various aspects of planetary research, including theoretical studies, observational data, and the development of potential field solutions are welcome. Additionally, presentations on innovative data processing and interpretation methods, advances in subsurface modeling techniques, and specific case studies of geological interest are encouraged. New insights from the analysis of potential field data from past missions, combined with contributions on the preparation and anticipated findings from recent and upcoming missions (e.g., BepiColombo, JUICE, Europa Clipper, Veritas, EnVision), as well as advanced applications, will offer the community a comprehensive understanding of this dynamic area of planetary research.

Planetary convection provides many challenges, regarding the equation of state (EoS), the coefficients of transport of momentum, heat and different species, and the governing equations. The non-linear transport of momentum causes turbulence (in the restricted sense) but the non-linear transport of heat and mass causes also a range of temporal and spatial scales, chaotic mixing, enhanced transport. Compressibility (cf. EoS), planetary rotation, dynamo action are all circumstances affecting planetary convection. In addition, the interaction between planetary envelopes, at the ICB or CMB for instance, have been shown to affect convection on one or both sides of the boundaries, with or without melting and crystallization. Mathematical, numerical and experimental studies are welcome within this broad subject.

The session is a tribute to Jean-Pierre Valet (1954 – 2024). We kindly invite contributions in the field of geomagnetism, and paleomagnetism, including topics related to the Earth's geodynamic, short- and long-term variations of the Earth’s magnetic field or any kind of contribution that the innovator and revolutionary scientific output of Jean-Pierre have inspired.

The recent methodological and instrumental advances in paleomagnetism and magnetic fabric research further increased their already high potential in solving geological, geophysical, and tectonic problems. Integrated paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric studies, together with structural geology and petrology, are very efficient tools in increasing our knowledge about sedimentological, tectonic or volcanic processes, both on regional and global scales. This session is intended to give an opportunity to present innovative theoretical or methodological works and their direct applications in various geological settings. Especially welcome are contributions combining paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric data, showing novel approaches in data evaluation and modelling to reconstruct and analyze paleogeography on the regional to global scale across all timescales.

Examining historic and prehistoric variations in the geomagnetic field provides insights into processes occurring from the core-mantle boundary to the planet's core. Investigating the paleomagnetic field also enhances our ability to predict future changes, which in turn affects the climate and has implications for life on Earth and human technology. Over the past two hundred years, the Earth's magnetic field has exhibited a global decrease of about 10%. Moreover, regions with weakened magnetic fields, or magnetic anomalies, such as the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), have evolved, with a new minimum emerging near the South African coast. Indirect records from archaeological materials, volcanic rocks, sediments, and speleothems are essential for studying the ancient geomagnetic field, covering different time scales, from secular variation to magnetic reversals. In this session, we welcome abstracts that contribute to the advancement of our understanding of geomagnetic field variations in terms of time scale (short and long) and spatial scale (e.g., magnetic anomalies). Applications extend to the fields of geomagnetism, stratigraphy, volcanology, chronology, climate, geobiology, and geospace.

The study of rock magnetism in both natural and synthetic materials provides valuable insights into the magnetic properties of iron-bearing minerals and their responses to various physical, chemical, and environmental processes.
This session aims to serve as an open forum for the exploration of magnetism in natural materials in its most comprehensive sense. We seek studies that investigate the magnetic properties of minerals found in diverse terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks. The goal is to apply this knowledge to tackle key challenges in Earth and planetary sciences and broaden the scope of their applications in geosciences.

The evolution of continents, oceans, and plate boundaries provides a crucial surface boundary condition to understand processes of Earth's environmental evolution and its interior dynamics. This session invites contributions that utilise diverse methodologies to reconstruct and analyse palaeogeography, spanning from regional to global scales, with an emphasis on Precambrian time. These approaches may include, but are not limited to, palaeomagnetism, matching geology such as radiating dyke swarms, detrital zircon provenance analysis, and the utilisation of palaeogeographic full-plate models. These methods can incorporate innovative techniques like artificial intelligence and machine learning. Beyond welcoming research that enhances the community’s ability to improve palaeogeographic reconstructions, we also encourage submissions that examine the interaction of certain palaeogeographic concepts with palaeoclimatic and geodynamic consequences.

Earth’s cryosphere demonstrates itself in many shapes and forms, but we use similar geophysical and in-situ methods to study its wide spectrum: from ice-sheets and glaciers, to firn and snow, sea ice, permafrost, and en-glacial and subglacial environments.
In this session, we welcome contributions related to all methods in cryospheric measurements, including: advances in radioglaciology, active and passive seismology, geoelectrics, acoustic sounding, fibre-optic sensing, GNSS reflectometry, signal attenuation, and time delay techniques, cosmic ray neutron sensing, ROV and drone applications, and electromagnetic methods. Contributions can include field applications, new approaches in geophysical or in-situ survey techniques, or theoretical advances in data analysis processing or inversion. Case studies from all parts of the cryosphere, including snow and firn, alpine glaciers, ice sheets, glacial and periglacial environments, alpine and arctic permafrost as well as rock glaciers, or sea ice, are highly welcome.
This session will give you an opportunity to step out of your research focus of a single cryosphere type and to share experiences in the application, processing, analysis, and interpretation of different geophysical and in-situ techniques in these highly complex environments. This session has been running for over a decade and always produces lively and informative discussion. We have a successful history of PICO and other short-style presentations - submit here if you want a guaranteed short oral!