This general session of the Energy, Resources and the Environment (ERE) division provides an overview of its multi- and interdisciplinarity, which is essential to tackle challenges of the future. Beside others, this is to provide adequate and reliable supplies of affordable energy and other (geo-)resources, obtained in environmentally sustainable ways, which is the basis for economic prosperity, environmental quality and political stability. This session also features contributions of general interest within the ERE community, which are not covered by other ERE sessions. Aim of this session is to provide an overview of topics within the ERE domain, in particular for colleagues affiliated mainly with other divisions, who are interested in topics within ERE.

This session aims to combine two pertinent topics to address the long-term mitigation of climate change through the removal and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while also implementing strategies to conserve the environment and enhance biodiversity.

The first topic focuses on the environmental and socio-economic implications of low-carbon energy transitions.
Over the last decade, the transition towards low-carbon and renewable energy systems has accelerated significantly around the world to meet internationally agreed climate change targets through the reduction of GHG emissions from the energy sector. This has precipitated expansive land use or environmental change, with subsequent impacts on biodiversity and related ecosystem processes and services.
The aim is to pool environmental, technological, or societal research and gather new evidence and insights from around the world on the effects of low-carbon energy transitions on the environment.

The second topic deals with carbon emissions/removals estimates under Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF), with an emphasis on field measurements, remote sensing and modelling.
LULUCF is the only sector in national GHG inventories that accounts for carbon (C) removals. Therefore, it has been recognised as crucial for reaching long-term climate change mitigation objectives.
The aim is to provide an extensive overview of different methodological approaches that can be used for national scale estimates and highlight some of the main issues regarding data integration and model calibration and validation processes.

The conservation, protection, and fruition of cultural heritage are closely related to the environmental setting and its variability. Historical objects, structures, and sites worldwide interact with a broad diversity of environments, on the surface (outdoors or indoors), underground, or underwater. As the characteristics of the Earth’s systems vary in space and time, also in view of climate change, so does the behavior of the materials shaping the cultural assets.
This session addresses the interaction between cultural heritage and the environment from the interdisciplinary perspective of geosciences, which represent a valuable support for investigating the properties and durability of the component materials (e.g., stones, ceramics, mortars, pigments, glasses, and metals); their vulnerability and changes in weathering dynamics; the influence of key environmental variables associated with climate, microclimate, and composition of air, waters, and soils; the impact of global warming, sea level rise, ocean acidification, and extreme weather events; the techniques and products to improve conservation practices; and the adaptation measures for heritage protection. This session welcomes contributions with an explicit and direct connection with environmental issues and questions. The possible research approaches include but are not limited to field and laboratory analysis and testing; damage assessment, observation, and simulation; modeling of decay and risk scenarios; strategies of monitoring and remote investigation; hardware/software design for collecting and processing environmental databases.

Humanity faces the grand challenge of providing an affordable, safe, stable, and nutritious food supply to a growing and more affluent population in a sustainable and resilient manner. In addition, water scarcity is expected to intensify in the coming years threatening the sustainability of food production and water-related systems. Agri-food system actors - including policymakers, corporations, farmers, traders, and consumers - must meet these challenges while considering potentially conflicting priorities, such as environmental sustainability and water shortage, economic viability, nutritional balance and quality, social equity, and adaptation to environmental extremes and other shocks. Especially, the degradation of conventional water resources (surface water and groundwater) are making the water sector look for alternative sources of water supply. Non-conventional techniques are increasingly being used as an integral part of a long-term water resources strategy.
In this session, we welcome submissions that analyse i) food system solutions and their trade-offs or synergies between or within environmental, economic, and health; ii) the role and use of non-conventional water including technological innovations, public perception, and policy and institutional mechanisms; iii) implications of transformations for food system components in the face of the challenge risen by environmental and/or climate change. The session will include studies providing quantitative methods for assessing multiple environmental, economic or social dimensions, and qualitative methods including in-depth interviews, focus groups, case studies.

The importance of resilient ecosystems has been addressed by their diversity and increasing anthropogenic pressures. Under climate change, greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants affect ecosystems and material cycles such as energy, water, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients. These lead to many disasters and conflicts among decision-makers in dealing with the development, restoration, and conservation of ecosystems, resulting in imbalances in the water, food, and energy nexus within agricultural and natural ecosystems. Therefore, we need to understand the mechanisms of current material cycles in ecosystems, promote adaptation to pressures and enhance resilience capacity and ecosystem services to reduce related GHG emissions. This session aims to understand the current capacity of resilient ecosystems, share cutting-edge case studies, and further develop the understanding of systems analysis for ecosystem material cycles. This session also covers all aspects of adaptation of agricultural and natural ecosystems to climate change and pollution, including plant-level, field-level, and ecosystem-level methodologies for adaptation.

Geoscience underpins many aspects of the energy mix that fuels our planet and offers a range of solutions for reducing global greenhouse gas emissions as the world progresses towards net zero. The aim of this session is to explore and develop the contribution of geology, geophysics and petrophysics to the development of sustainable energy resources in the transition to low-carbon energy. The meeting will be a key forum for sharing geoscientific aspects of energy supply as earth scientists grapple with the subsurface challenges of remaking the world’s energy system, balancing competing demands in achieving a low carbon future.
Papers should show the use of any technology that was initially developed for use in conventional oil and gas industries, and show it being applied to either sustainable energy developments or to CCS, subsurface waste disposal or water resources.
Relevant topics include but are not limited to:
1. Exploration & appraisal of the subsurface aspects of geothermal, hydro and wind resources.
2. Appraisal & exploration of developments needed to provide raw materials for solar energy, electric car batteries and other rare earth elements needed for the modern digital society.
3. The use of reservoir modelling, 3D quantification and dynamic simulation for the prediction of subsurface energy storage.
4. The use of reservoir integrity cap-rock studies, reservoir modelling, 3D quantification and dynamic simulation for the development of CCS locations.
5. Quantitative evaluation of porosity, permeability, reactive transport & fracture transport at subsurface radioactive waste disposal sites.
6. The use of petrophysics, geophysics and geology in wind-farm design.
7. The petrophysics and geomechanical aspects of geothermal reservoir characterisation and exploitation including hydraulic fracturing.
Suitable contributions can address, but are not limited to:
A. Field testing and field experimental/explorational approaches aimed at characterizing an energy resource or analogue resources, key characteristics, and behaviours.
B. Laboratory experiments investigating the petrophysics, geophysics, geology as well as fluid-rock-interactions.
C. Risk evaluations and storage capacity estimates.
D. Numerical modelling and dynamic simulation of storage capacity, injectivity, fluid migration, trapping efficiency and pressure responses as well as simulations of geochemical reactions.
E. Hydraulic fracturing studies.
F. Geo-mechanical/well-bore integrity studies.

Geo-electromagnetic methods encompass a diverse range, including natural source magnetotelluric, time-domain, and frequency-domain controlled source EM, as well as DC resistivity and Induced Polarization. Their unique sensitivities to the Earth's electric properties span scales from mere meters near the surface to depths reaching tens or even hundreds of kilometers. These methods effectively characterize the subsurface, revealing information on fluid distribution, mineral presence, tectonic activities, and even man-made structures.

While geo-electromagnetic methods have long been pivotal in resource exploration, the emerging challenges of our time—ranging from energy transitions and climate change to urban resilience—open new avenues for applied geo-electromagnetic research. The ability of geo-electromagnetic methods to detect specific geological units and processes proves crucial in understanding and addressing these contemporary challenges.

This session is envisioned as an annual showcase for the geo-electromagnetic community, highlighting advancements and discoveries in the field. We warmly invite insightful contributions from all areas of geo-electromagnetic research, encompassing methodological innovations, observational discoveries, theoretical perspectives, and case studies. Specifically, we especially welcome submissions that spotlight innovative applications of EM, whether through cutting-edge instrumentation, unique settings, or areas of strategic significance.

Governments increasingly recognize the importance of reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas supply chain as part of a comprehensive climate strategy. Emissions originate from a large variety and number of sources within the supply chain from upstream production, midstream processing and storage or transfer to downstream refining and distribution. Recent advances in emissions detection technology have led scientists to gather spatially and temporally dense data on methane emissions from oil and gas operations along the entire supply chain using various sensors and platforms. This session focuses on methane emissions data collected by innovative methane detection and quantification approaches. Specifically, we are interested in stationary (continuous monitoring systems) and mobile (truck, UAV, plane, and satellite) systems that detect emissions at all stages of the supply chain (production, processing, transmission, and distribution) at varying space and time scales. These studies can focus on improving emissions inventories, demonstrate field performance, analyze the effectiveness of leak detection and repair programs, develop insights on temporal characteristics, or bridge bottom-up top-down gaps in the literature. We are also interested in studies that compare technology performance across platforms and studies that demonstrate practical applications of monitoring and survey methods to mitigate gas migration risks and/or reduce climate impacts.

The effects of climate change highlight the importance of developing a resilient design approach for buildings, both in dense urban areas and rural communities. Nature-based solutions (NBSs) can help in this as an adaptation measure, providing multiple benefits at building scale. Increasing the applications of green walls and green-blue roofs can reduce heat stress, improve rainwater and wastewater management and drive the communities towards the concept of circular economy and self-subsistence.

This session aims to share and discuss the most recent advances in NBSs that increase building resilience and sustainability in the urban environment. Therefore, we aim for a session including researchers from different fields such as engineering and architecture, natural sciences such as microclimatology and meteorology, and social/psychological science. We encourage also those involved in policymaking to submit a contribution, to have an integrated approach to buildings development.

Our focus will primarily be on solutions that not only improve routine building management but also make meaningful contributions to the mitigation s of extreme events, like extreme urban heat stress (UHI/heat events) or extreme precipitation events and local flooding. Submissions may include (but not restricted to) contributions on:

- Laboratory, field measurements and numerical modelling studies (like microclimatic or hydrodynamic simulations) on green walls and green-blue roofs and other NBSs for rainwater management, wastewater treatment, thermal control, edible vegetation production, energy production
- Qualitative research like user- or agent-based approaches that investigate the potentials and effects of NBSs for climate change adaptation and improving thermal comfort, and further challenges of the water-energy nexus on this small/building scale.
- Urban areas mapping (e.g. GIS applications) or modelling for buildings urban management (BIM applications)
- Investment and cost return of NBS application to buildings
- Life-Cycle-Assessment (LCA) analysis
- Quantitative analysis on possible sanitary risks innovative wastewater treatment and reuse solutions at local scale
- Buildings retrofitting projects or real-scale applications
- NBS social acceptance

In essence, our session aims to explore the multifaceted aspects of NBSs in the context of building resilience, with particular emphasis on their impact, feasibility, and sustainability.

Hydroclimatic conditions and availability of water resources in space and time constitute important factors for maintaining adequate food supply, the quality of the environment, and the welfare of citizens and inhabitants, in the context of a post-pandemic sustainable growth and economic development. This session is designed to explore the impacts of hydroclimatic variability, climate change, and temporal and spatial availability of water resources on different factors, such as food production, population health, environment quality, and local ecosystem welfare.
We particularly welcome submissions on the following topics:
• Complex inter-linkages between hydroclimatic conditions, food production, and population health, including: extreme weather events, surface and subsurface water resources, surface temperatures, and their impacts on food security, livelihoods, and water- and food-borne illnesses in urban and rural environments.
• Quantitative assessment of surface-water and groundwater resources, and their contribution to agricultural system and ecosystem statuses.
• Spatiotemporal modeling of the availability of water resources, flooding, droughts, and climate change, in the context of water quality and usage for food production, agricultural irrigation, and health impacts over a wide range of spatiotemporal scales.
• Smart infrastructure for water usage, reduction of water losses, irrigation, environmental and ecological health monitoring, such as development of advanced sensors, remote sensing, data collection, and associated modeling approaches.
• Modelling tools for organizing integrated solutions for water supply, precision agriculture, ecosystem health monitoring, and characterization of environmental conditions.
• Water re-allocation and treatment for agricultural, environmental, and health related purposes.
• Impact assessment of water-related natural disasters, and anthropogenic forcing (e.g. inappropriate agricultural practices, and land usage) on the natural environment (e.g. health impacts from water and air, fragmentation of habitats, etc.)

Chemistry and aerosols play a major role in determining surface air quality, the Earth’s energy budget, and climate change. Conversely, climate change affects atmospheric abundances of trace gases and aerosols through composition-climate interactions. This session focuses on these interactions with a particular emphasis on the impacts of a move to a hydrogen economy.

Hydrogen has been suggested as a promising candidate for decarbonizing various sectors, such as transportation, industry and energy production in a transition to a low-carbon society. A hydrogen economy presents opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change, but it also poses significant challenges and has many associated uncertainties. Although hydrogen is not a greenhouse gas itself, leakages to the atmosphere lead to impacts on other greenhouse gases and aerosols. The atmospheric hydrogen budget is uncertain. This is mainly because of uncertainties in its largest sink, uptake by microbes in soils, but many other source and sink terms are also not well known. This session welcomes contributions to better understand the hydrogen budget and the potential impacts of widening hydrogen use, including through: using observations; quantification of the indirect climate effects from hydrogen emissions on methane, ozone, stratospheric water vapour and aerosols; measurements and quantification of hydrogen leakages; and scenarios of possible future hydrogen economies, including the associated co-benefits of reducing fossil fuel emissions for the climate and environment.

Transitioning our food systems to become more sustainable requires a quantitative and integrative understanding linking agricultural practices and impacts. A further requirement is a capacity to monitor the performance of farms in achieving biodiversity and climate objectives. Agricultural policies require such monitoring to track progress towards their environmental goals, including nature restoration.

In this session, we invite contributions that focus on quantitative evaluation, indicators, and sustainability assessment frameworks for monitoring purposes. This includes novel methods that for example gather in-situ data through citizen science, use farm management information systems, surveys, or use remote sensing to observe changes in farm management and environment including landscape and biodiversity. Modelling approaches that evaluate trade-offs with food production, quantification of agroecosystem services, GHG accounting, and methodologies for carbon farming certification schemes in cropland and grassland are also welcome.

Contributions can be at different levels, from pixels to parcels, from farms to landscapes, and from regions to continents. Linking these levels is relevant in order to relate individual farm measures to (inter)national policy objectives.

Climate change represents one of the defining societal challenges of the 21st century. However, the response to this challenge remains largely inadequate across the board. Adaptation or mitigation measures taken by countries or companies fall short of what is required to ensure a safe and healthy life for populations around the globe, both today and in the future. The shortfall in climate action has led to a sharp increase in climate lawsuits globally, either to receive compensation for suffered climate damages or to force decision makers to commit to the necessary emissions reductions. In this session, we invite contributions that help bridge the communication gap between science and law in the courtroom. Contributions can include outreach or communication efforts, new scientific methods that can support legal efforts, and inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives on how to integrate geoscience insights in litigation. We also welcome contributions that reflect on how questions of climate change and impact attribution, responsibility, human rights, and burden sharing of efforts can be effectively translated across disciplinary boundaries.

Geoscience knowledge and practices are essential for effectively navigating the complexities of the modern world. They play a critical role in addressing urgent global challenges on a planetary scale (including, climate change and its social, humanitarian, and health impacts), informing decision-making processes and guiding education at all levels. However, the response to these challenges remains largely inadequate across the board.
By equipping both citizens and the wider societal stakeholders with the necessary knowledge background, geosciences empower them to engage in meaningful discussions, shape policies, contribute to reduce inequities and injustice, and implement solutions for local, regional, and global social-environmental problems. Within this broad scope, geoethics strives to establish a shared ethical framework that guides geoscientists’ engagement with sensitive and significant issues concerning the interaction between geoscience and society.
This session will cover a variety of topics, including theoretical and practical aspects of geoethics, ethical issues in professional practice, climate and ocean education, geoscience communication, and strategies for bridging the gap between geosciences and society.
This session is co-sponsored by the International Association for Promoting Geoethics, the Commission on Geoethics of the International Union of Geological Sciences and the Chair on Geoethics of the International Council for Philosophy and Human Sciences (www.geoethics.org).

Wind and solar power are the predominant new sources of electrical power in recent years. Several countries or regions regularly exceed 100% of variable renewable energy in their grids. By their very nature, wind and solar power, as well as hydro, tidal, wave and other renewable forms of generation are dependent on weather and climate. Modelling and measurement for resource assessment, site selection, long-term and short term variability analysis and operational forecasting for horizons ranging from minutes to decades are of paramount importance.
The success of wind power means that wind turbines are increasingly put in sites with complex terrain or forests, with towers extending beyond the strict logarithmic profile, and in offshore regions that are difficult to model and measure. Major challenges for solar power are notably accurate measurements and the short-term prediction of the spatiotemporal evolution of the effects of cloud field and aerosols. Planning and meteorology challenges in Smart Cities are common for both.
For both solar and wind power, the integration of large amounts of renewable energy into the grid is another critical research problem due to the uncertainties linked to their forecast and to patterns of their spatio-temporal variabilities.
We invite contributions on all aspects of weather dependent renewable power generation, e.g.:
• Wind conditions (both resources, siting conditions and loads) on short and long time scales for wind power development.
• Long term analysis of inter-annual variability of solar and wind resource
• Typical Meteorological Year and probability of exceedance for wind and solar power development,
• Wind and solar resource and atlases.
• Wake effect models and measurements, especially for large wind farms and offshore.
• Performance and uncertainties of forecasts of renewable power at different time horizons and in different external conditions.
• Forecast of extreme wind events and wind ramps.
• Local, regional and global impacts of renewable energy power plants or of large-scale integration.
• Dedicated wind measurement techniques (SODARS, LIDARS, UAVs etc.).
• Dedicated solar measurement techniques (pyranometric sensors, sun-photometer, ceilometer, fish-eye cameras, etc.) from ground-based and space-borne remote sensing.
• Tools for urban area renewable energy supply strategic planning and control.
Other related topics will be considered by the conveners.

This session addresses spatial and temporal modelling of renewable energy systems, both in a prospective as well as in a retrospective manner. Therefore, contributions which model the characteristics of future renewable energy systems are equally welcome as contributions which assess the characteristics of the past performance of renewable energies. Session contributions may reach from purely climate based assessments of simulated renewable generation time series, over assessments of land use to full energy system models used to better understand energy systems with high shares of renewables.

Studies may for instance:
Show the spatial and temporal variability of renewable energy sources, including resource droughts and complementarity between technologies and locations
Assess the resilience of energy systems to weather and climate extreme events, with a focus on infrastructure and resource adequacy
Derive scenarios for the spatial allocation of renewable energies based on climatic, technical, economic, or social criteria
Assess past spatial deployment patterns of renewables
Assess past impacts on land cover and land-use, including impacts on biodiversity and other environmental indicators
Explore and quantify impacts of wind and solar PV power deployment on the social and natural environment in a spatially explicit way
Derive integrated scenarios of energy systems with high shares of renewables (Including systems from the local scale e.g. in form of local Energy Communities to the national or continental scale).

The objective of the session is to provide an insight into recent advances in the field of renewable energy system modeling. The session welcomes research dedicated to climatic and technical issues, environmental impact assessments, and policy-making, forecasting and real time applications concerning renewable energy systems.

Pumped Hydropower Storage (PHS) already provides significant contributions to flexibly storing excess energy from intermittent renewable sources and the electric grid in the context of the energy transition to renewable sources.
The objective of the PHS sub-session is to determine the potentials for a further development and expansion of PHS applications by:
• Integration and hybridisation of intermittent renewable energy sources with PHS
• Potentials for reusing and modernising existing facilities in the water sector, existing reservoirs and sea water plants, open-pit and underground mines
• Concepts for rural and decentralised PHS implementation
• Environmental and social impacts of PHS resulting from its integration with new conceptual approaches
• Additional social and environmental benefits of PHS, including irrigation and drinking water provision, flood and drought risk management, etc.
• Economic drivers and market-dependent requirements for additional benefits and to increase technology export potentials
• Impacts of climate change on the availability of water and the technological mitigation of reservoir volume losses due to sedimentation and evaporation
• Legal considerations and accelerating approval processes
• Attraction of young professionals to maintain engineering knowledge

Energy system modelling (ESM) is a critical tool for understanding and optimizing the complex interactions within modern energy systems. EMS provides framework and modelling techniques to analyses the intricate interplay between various energy sources, system infrastructure, technologies, and policies.

The ESM sub-session aims to explore the significance of EMS in facilitating sustainable energy transitions by discussing:
- Key components and areas of energy system modelling, including integrating renewable sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric power, and geothermal combined with energy storage, small-scale energy generation technologies, and grid management systems.
- Various modelling techniques, from optimization and simulation to scenario analysis, including forecasting energy demand, evaluating infrastructure requirements, and assessing the effects of policy interventions.
- The role of stakeholders in the energy system modelling process, from modelling framing and data collection to influences on modelling analysis and selection of modelling parameters.

A worldwide transition towards “Net zero” requires electrification of diverse sectors over the coming decades. In addition to replacing existing fossil fuel-fired power plants with low-carbon energy resources, especially wind, solar and hydropower, additional capacity will need to be added. Renewable resources vary at a wide range of time scales, from minute-wise, seasonal, to interannual. Different variabilities and their spatio-temporal distribution can have their specific impacts on renewable energy systems, day-to-day operation, strategic planning and the design of “Net zero” pathways. In a changing climate, the availability patterns of renewable energy resources on various timescales are expected to change. Furthermore, considerable uncertainty underlies prediction of long-term changes in the spatio-temporal patterns of renewable resources. While energy demand often has daily and seasonal patterns that also depends on weather, this is also subject to variability and change. Given that the balance between demand and generation of electricity must always be maintained for grid reliability, there is a critical need for interdisciplinary dialogue between the climate science community and energy modeling research groups to explore renewable resource variability, in present and future scenarios, and resulting challenges for electricity grid management worldwide. It is important to identify critical challenges associated with balancing the demand and renewable generation, as well as identify methods and opportunities to address the challenges in the context of a wide range of uncertainties.

Studies may include (but are not limited to):

• Different ways to address the present seasonality of renewable resources and their expected changes in the future
• Uncertainties associated with future resource availability patterns
• Balancing of demand and supply of energy in present and future using different techniques such as bulk energy storage, maintaining an excess of wind-solar capacity, and demand-side management
• Economics and policy implications of the methods to maintain grid reliability
• Spatio-temporal complementarity between the availability patterns of different renewable energy resources
• Methods to maximize techno-economic synergies between different renewable resources and their hybridisation in the context of variability
• Data needs from climate science based modelling, to advance understanding of renewable energy sources

Clean-Energy Transition is a central concept to energy and climate policies, and in this context the need for geothermal resources utilization is accelerating. Geothermal energy can be extracted from different, often complex, geological settings (e.g., fractured crystalline rock, magmatic systems, or sedimentary basins). Current advancements also target unconventional systems (e.g., enhanced geothermal systems, super-hot, pressurized and co-produced, super-critical systems) besides conventional hydrothermal systems. Optimizing investments leads also to the development of associated resources such as lithium, rare earth elements and hydrogen.

Such a variety of conditions requires a joint effort for understanding and modelling geological systems that are specific to each resource. The ssustainable use of geothermal resources requires an advanced understanding of the properties of the entire system at every stage of geothermal field development. This includes but it is not limited to geophysical properties, thermo-/petro-physical conditions, fluid composition, structural and hydrological features, and engineering considerations. The main challenges faced are, among others, exploration of blind systems, reservoir stimulation, environmental concerns, induced seismicity, multiphase fluid and scaling processes, monitoring.
The integration of analogue field studies with real-life production data, from industrial as well as research sites, and with numerical models, is a hot topic worldwide. We aim to gather field, laboratory and numerical experts who focus their research on geothermal sites, to stimulate discussion in this multidisciplinary applied research field. We encourage contributions from experts from a broad range of disciplines such as (hydro)geologists, geochemists, (geo)physicists, surface and subsurface engineers. The aim of this session is to gather inputs focusing on the interplay between different approaches. We welcome contributions from different research areas ranging from field data collection and analysis to laboratory experiments (e.g., geophysical surveys, structural characterization, geomechanical, geochemical experiments), and from data management and organization to numerical modeling.

The session welcomes contributions about shallow geothermal energy applications, including traditional closed- and open-loop borehole heat exchangers as well as so-called energy geostructures.
Different types of analysis and approaches are relevant to this session aiming to engage discussions on successful and less successful experiences at different scales:
Small scale (system): spanning from the evaluation of ground thermal properties to the mapping of shallow geothermal potential or local thermal interferences, from energy storage and innovative materials to sustainability issues and consequences of the geothermal energy use, from the design of new heat exchangers and installation techniques to the energy and thermo-(hydro-) mechanical performance of energy geostructures (e.g. thermo-active foundations, walls, tunnels).
Large scale (city or larger): the sustainability of subsurface water and energy resources may be jeopardized by human activities as well as by climate change. Relevant studies in densely urbanized areas unraveling the impact on/by groundwater characteristics may include: 1) monitoring evidence of physical-chemical-biological changes associated with subsurface warming, 2) elucidate interactions between shallow geothermal systems (and other heating sources), 3) assessment of the potential and sustainability of shallow geothermal energy at the city scale.
Contributions based on experimental, analytical, numerical modelling and artificial intelligence techniques are welcome as well as interventions about legislative and social-economic aspects.

This session focuses on the investigation of deep geothermal reservoirs in any geological environment including sedimentary basins to crystalline basement rocks. The targets encompass hydrothermal, petrothermal, enhanced geothermal, and close loop systems. We particularly welcome contributions related to reservoir exploration, monitoring and operation in fractured and faulted reservoirs, including the assessment of their sustainable usage as well as of potential hazards such as induced seismicity. This session features multi-disciplinary and cross-scale studies characterizing the reservoir performance and behavior by additional experimental and numerical analysis of related THMC processes.

This session spotlights the innovative intersection of geothermal energy and carbon dioxide utilization, specifically focusing on the emerging concept of using subsurface CO2 for energy extraction in so-called CO2 Plume Geothermal (CPG) systems that are added on to CCS operations.

We invite submissions on a wide range of topics regarding subsurface CO2 energy extraction schemes and in particular CPG technologies, which includes but are not limited to:

Numerical modeling: Presentations exploring numerical modeling of CO2-based geothermal power systems. This encompasses approaches involving reservoir model, wellbore model, and surface facility model, along with integrated surface-subsurface modeling and techno-economics modeling. Case studies and optimization applications using these models are also of interest.

Power Plant Design: Engaging discussions on strategies for designing and operating geothermal power plants with carbon dioxide utilization. This includes heat extraction schemes, the integration of turbines for carbon dioxide, and innovative heat-to-power conversion technologies.

Policy and Regulatory Challenges: Exploration of the policy and regulatory landscape pertaining to geothermal energy coupled with carbon dioxide utilization and sequestration. Analysis of incentives, permits, and environmental considerations will be of particular interest.

Economics: Insights into the economic viability and market trends of geothermal energy projects that incorporate geothermal carbon dioxide utilization. This could involve economic assessments, financial incentives, and potential revenue streams.

We also welcome contributions to carbon-dioxide based Enhanced Geothermal Systems (CO2-EGS) and work at the intersection between CO2-EGS and CPG. Contributions on using CO2 in a secondary power loop (i.e., binary geothermal power system) instead of organic fluids and comparisons to the performance of ORCs are also welcome, i.e., even when water is the subsurface (primary) power loop fluid.

Urban Boundary Layer (UBL) Dynamics is determined by city morphology, latent and sensible heat fluxes (including anthropogenic heat), and interactions with rural surroundings. The physical processes in such UBLs are characterized by great strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity, and have the potential to affect societally relevant issues like human thermal comfort, air quality, aviation operations and energy supply.
The goal of this session is to highlight research work and promote discussions on this often underrepresented aspect of urban meteorology and climatology. Hence, we invite and encourage contributions on the following topics:

- Numerical modeling of urban boundary layer dynamics at all scales (from regional to street level)
- Observational methods in the UBL: field campaigns and remote sensing (e.g., flux towers, LIDAR, drones)
- Wind tunnel experiments
- Interaction between local circulations (e.g., UHIC, thermal circulation in complex terrain, sea/lake breeze) and the built environment
- Role of turbulent fluxes and impact of turbulence on wind flow
- Intra-canopy and canyon ventilation
- Impact of urban vegetation (e.g., street trees) on wind flow
- Urban air quality (e.g., pollutant transport and dispersion)
- Urban wind energy potential

Groundwater's strategic importance for water, energy, and food security is growing in the face of ongoing environmental changes. It is crucial to observe and correctly interpret ongoing subsurface groundwater storage and energy transfers in the currently rapidly changing environment, in order to sustainably manage groundwater resources. For example, time-series of groundwater temperature on decadal timescales observed in piezometers provide a record of subsurface changes that have led to an improved understanding of hydrogeological processes. While such observations can be incidental and provide important insights, dedicated observatories (e.g., LTER sites; https://lternet.edu) of subsurface change (water and energy) do provide more robust, long-term, spatially detailed information on groundwater resources, to enable in-depth studies to be carried out, land-use changes to be taken into account. While observations in ad-hoc settings and at observatories can be used to understand subsurface change on the local to regional scale and over decadal to centennial timescales, a phenomenon like offshore freshened groundwater, increasingly looked as a source for potable fresh water in arid coastal zones, can only be properly understood in the context of continental scale processes over millennial time-scales.
This session aims to illustrate this diversity in subsurface observations of water and energy transport processes in aquifer systems, especially in the context of changing climate and environmental conditions. This includes extreme short-lived events such as heatwaves, floods, and droughts, but also impacts of climate change and glaciation. These events can have a significant impact on aquifer functioning and deserve special attention to understand the resilience of the aquifer. We seek contributions on advances in the characterization of subsurface flow processes based on field observations and on-site experiments possibly combined with modelling approaches. The analysis of groundwater issues related to the consequences of anthropogenic activities is of particular interest. Studies that explore innovative and multidisciplinary approaches to quantify water and energy transfers, are also welcomed. This session is partly organized through a community effort support by the COST action OFFSOURCE (https://off-source.eu/).

Hydropower is a mature and cost-competitive renewable energy source, which helps stabilize fluctuations between energy demand and supply. The structural and operational differences between hydropower systems and renewable energy farms may require changes in the way hydropower facilities operate to provide balancing, reserves or energy storage. Yet, non-power constraints on hydropower systems, such as water supply, flood control, conservation, recreation, and navigation may affect the ability of hydropower to adjust and support the integration of renewables. Holistic approaches that may span a range of spatial and temporal scales are needed to evaluate hydropower opportunities and support a successful integration maintaining a resilient and reliable power grid. In particular, there is a need to better understand and predict spatio-temporal dynamics between climate, hydrology, and power systems.

This session solicits academics and practitioners contributions that explore the use of hydropower and storage technologies to support the transition to low-carbon electricity systems. We specifically encourage interdisciplinary teams of hydrologists, meteorologists, power system engineers, and economists to present case studies and discuss collaboration with environmental and energy policymakers.

Questions of interest include:
- Prediction of water availability and storage capabilities for hydropower production
- Prediction and quantification of the space-time dependences and the positive/negative feedback between wind/solar energies, water cycle and hydropower
- Energy, land use and water supply interactions during transitions
- Policy requirements or climate strategies needed to manage and mitigate risks in the transition
- Energy production impacts on ecosystems such as hydropeaking effects on natural flow regimes.

This session has the support of the European Energy Research Alliance (EERA) which established the joint program “Hydropower” to facilitate research, promote hydropower and enable sustainable electricity production. Further information can be found here:
https://www.eera-set.eu/eera-joint-programmes-jps/list-of-jps/hydropower/

Storage of energy (e.g., hydrogen, heat) and carbon dioxide in subsurface geological formations is of key importance in the transition to a carbon-neutral economy relying on renewables-based power and heat generation. The suitability of subsurface storage sites depends on hydromechanical properties of the reservoir and its confining units, and integrity of seals due to induced thermal, mechanical, hydraulic and chemical changes. Secure subsurface storage, as well as public acceptance of key enabling technologies, requires abundant geological knowledge, routine monitoring and sound evaluation of potential risks. This session offers a platform for interdisciplinary scientific exchanges between different branches of storage expertise, and aims to address challenges concerning the storage of fluids in geological reservoirs from core- to field-scale. This session invites submissions encompassing theoretical analyses, laboratory experiments, numerical modeling and field testing in advancing understanding of multiple physics involved in subsurface storage. Case studies and operational projects integrating different elements of the storage chain, as well as field projects focusing on geological energy/carbon storage, are particularly welcome.

Relevant topics include:
• Regional and local characterization of storage formations, caprocks, and fault structures, and their short- and long-term physical and chemical behaviour during injection and storage operations
• Evaluation of existing infrastructure and fluid injection strategies for effective subsurface storage
• Geophysical, geomechanical and geochemical monitoring and measurements for safe and cost-efficient storage
• Coupling of different energy storage types in a carbon-neutral power system
• Heat exchange systems, including aquifer thermal energy storage systems
• Techno-economics and public perception of energy storage systems


Suitable contributions can address, but are not limited to:
• Field monitoring techniques and fit-for-purpose testing technologies aimed at characterizing storage sites and behaviour of injected fluids
• Laboratory experiments investigating fluid-rock interactions
• Evaluation of caprock and fault stability and wellbore integrity, and associated leakage potential and induced seismicity
• Numerical modelling of migration, containment and geochemical reactions of injected fluids, and injectivity and pressure response of reservoirs