The Arctic region has undergone drastic changes over the last decades, with sea ice decline being the most obvious and prominent example. The ice cover has become thinner and more fragile, drifting faster and more freely. Extreme temperatures are now more common, with 2023 recording the warmest summer temperatures ever. The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the rest of the world, accelerating ice sheet melting, sea ice loss in the Kara and Laptev Seas, permafrost thawing, glacier retreat, and forest fires. The resulting changes in the Arctic Ocean include an increased freshwater volume, heightened coastal runoff from Siberia and Greenland, and greater exchanges with the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, all of which have significant consequences for the fragile Arctic ecosystems.

As global temperatures continue to rise, model projections suggest that the Arctic Ocean could become seasonally ice-free by mid-century, raising critical questions for the Arctic research community: What could the Arctic Ocean look like in the future? How will the present changes in the Arctic affect and be affected by the lower latitudes? Which oceanic processes drive this sea-ice loss and how will they change in a sea ice-free Arctic? What aspects of the changing Arctic should observational, remote sensing and modeling programs prioritize?

In this session, we invite contributions from a variety of studies on the recent past, present and future Arctic. We welcome submissions that explore interactions between the ocean, atmosphere, and sea ice; Arctic processes and feedbacks; small-scale processes, internal waves, and mixing; and the interactions between the Arctic and global oceans. We especially welcome submissions that take a cross-disciplinary approach, focusing on new oceanic, cryospheric, and biogeochemical processes as well as their connections to land.

We want to spark discussions on future plans for Arctic Ocean measurement, remote sensing, and modeling strategies, including the upcoming CMIP7 cycle and ways to validate and improve models using observations. We encourage submissions on CMIP modeling approaches and recent observational programs like MOSAiC, the Nansen Legacy Project and the Synoptic Arctic Survey. We also welcome anyone involved in planning the upcoming International Polar Year 2032-33 to participate in our session and contribute to the discussions.

The North Atlantic exhibits a high level of natural variability from interannual to centennial time scales, making it difficult to extract trends from observational time series. Climate models, however, predict major changes in this region, which in turn will influence sea level and climate, especially in western Europe and North America. In the last decade, several observational projects have been focused on the Atlantic circulation changes, for instance ACSIS, OSNAP, OVIDE, RACE and RAPID, and new projects have started such as CANARI and EPOC. Most of these programs include both observational and modelling components. Another important issue is the interaction between the atmosphere, the ocean and the cryosphere, and how this affects the climate.

We welcome contributions from observers and modellers on the following topics:

-- climate relevant processes in the North Atlantic region in the atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere
-- variability in the ocean and the atmosphere in the North Atlantic sector on a broad range of time scales
-- interpretation of observed variability in the atmosphere and the ocean in the North Atlantic sector
-- response of the atmosphere to changes in the North Atlantic
-- dynamics of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
-- role of water mass transformation and circulation changes on anthropogenic carbon and other parameters
-- changes in adjacent seas related to changes in the North Atlantic
-- atmosphere-ocean coupling in the North Atlantic realm on time scales from years to centuries (observations, theory and coupled GCMs)
-- comparison of observed and simulated climate variability in the North Atlantic sector and Europe
-- linkage between the observational records and proxies from the recent past

The tropical Atlantic exhibits significant ocean variability from daily to decadal time scales, driven by complex ocean dynamics and air-sea interactions. This session is devoted to advancing the understanding of these dynamics and their climatic impacts on both adjacent and remote regions, including their interactions with other tropical basins. In addition, we are interested in the effects of climate change and variability modes on the tropical Atlantic, with a particular focus on impacts on marine ecosystems.

Relevant ocean processes include upper and deep ocean circulation, eddies, tropical instability waves, mixing, and upwellings. For air-sea interactions, we welcome studies analyzing the seasonal cycle, marine heat waves, the development of variability modes on local to basin scale (e.g., Atlantic, Dakar and Benguela Niños, Atlantic Meridional Mode and South Atlantic Ocean Dipole) and interbasin teleconnections. Wind variations related to high-frequency events, cyclones, convective systems and those shaping air-sea coupled modes are encouraged.

Finally, we seek for studies that explore the causes and impacts of systematic model errors in simulating the local to regional Atlantic climate variability. Submissions based on direct observations, reanalysis, model simulations and machine learning techniques are welcome.

In this session, we focus on the South Atlantic Ocean, which plays a key role in regional to global climate variability but has received considerably less scientific attention than its Northern Hemisphere counterpart.

The South Atlantic connects the North Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Southern Ocean circulations by channeling the upper and lower limb of the thermohaline circulation and being part of the wind-driven Southern Hemisphere supergyre. Local air-sea fluxes, interior mixing, and inter-basin exchange processes such as Agulhas leakage influence its northward heat and salt transport, with potential implications for the strength and stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Moreover, the South Atlantic features intricate regional ocean circulation patterns, such as the Benguela Upwelling System and the Brazil-Malvinas confluence zone. These highly productive ecosystems sustain diverse marine life and are of fundamental importance for regional fisheries. It is crucial to understand how natural variability and climate change alter South Atlantic dynamics and ecosystems. However, in situ observations are often too sparse in time to robustly infer trends, and model simulations are still showing contrasting trends.

We invite contributions that advance our understanding of the physical and biogeochemical processes governing South Atlantic regional dynamics, inter-basin exchanges, extremes and global impacts. These may cover short (e.g., seasonal) to very large (e.g., millennial) timescales and originate from observational, modelling, and paleo proxy work as well as from interdisciplinary approaches. We aim to promote discussions on future inclusive South Atlantic observing and modelling strategies.

While significant advances have been made recently in our understanding of the Indian Ocean’s physical, biogeochemical, and ecological characteristics and their variability across a range of spatial and temporal scales, significant gaps in our knowledge remain in observing, modeling, and predicting the Indian Ocean’s changing environmental conditions and its role in regional and global climate.
This session invites contributions based on observations, modelling, theory, and palaeo proxy reconstructions in the Indian Ocean across a range of timescales from synoptic, interannual, decadal to centennial and beyond. Topics of interest include past, current, and projected changes in Indian Ocean physical and biogeochemical properties and their impacts on ecological processes, diversity in Indian Ocean modes of variability, interactions and exchanges between the Indian Ocean and other ocean basins via both oceanic and atmospheric pathways, as well as links between Indian Ocean variability and monsoon systems. We especially encourage submissions on weather and climate extremes of societal relevance in the Indian Ocean and surrounding regions, their prediction, as well as the evaluation of climate risks, vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation and mitigation strategies. We also welcome contributions that address research on the Indian Ocean, using advanced techniques such as machine learning.

The Southern Ocean is vital to our understanding of the climate system. It is a key region for vertical and lateral exchanges of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, and nutrients, with significant past and potential future global climate implications, especially around the latitudes of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which is the focus region for this session. The role of the Southern Ocean as a dominant player in heat and biogeochemical exchanges as well as its response to changing atmospheric forcing and increased Antarctic melting remains uncertain. Indeed, the sparsity of observations of this system and its inherent sensitivity to small-scale physical processes, not fully represented in current Earth System Models, result in large climate projection uncertainties and considerable discrepancies between observations and models. To address these knowledge gaps, the Southern Ocean is currently subject to investigations with increasingly advanced observational platforms as well as theoretical, numerical and machine learning techniques. These efforts are providing deeper insight into the three-dimensional patterns of Southern Ocean changes on sub-annual, multi-decadal and millennial timescales, as well as their potential future modifications under a changing climate. In this session, we welcome contributions concerning the role of the Southern Ocean in past, present, and future climates. These include (but are not limited to) small-scale physics and mixing, water mass transformation, gyre-scale processes, nutrient and carbon cycling, ventilation, ocean productivity, climate-carbon feedbacks, and ocean-ice-atmosphere interactions. We also welcome contributions on how changes in Southern Ocean circulation as well as heat and carbon transport affect lower latitudes and global climate more generally.

The interaction between the ocean and the cryosphere in the Southern Ocean has become a major focus in climate research. Antarctic climate change has captured public attention, which has spawned a number of research questions, such as: Where and when will ocean-driven melting of ice shelves yield a tipping point in the Antarctic climate? What drives the observed reduction in Antarctic Bottom Water production? How does the Antarctic Slope Current interact with the continental shelf? What role do ice-related processes play in nutrient upwelling on the continental shelf and in triggering carbon export to deep waters? Are we seeing a new state for Antarctic sea ice? If so, what ice shelf, sea-ice, ocean and atmospheric processes play roles in determining this new state?

Recent advances in observational technology, data coverage, and modeling provide scientists with a better understanding of the mechanisms involving ice-ocean interactions in the far South. Processes on the Antarctic continental shelf have been identified as missing links between the cryosphere, the global atmosphere and the deep open ocean that need to be captured in large-scale and global model simulations.
This session calls for studies on physical and biogeochemical oceanography linked to ice shelves and sea ice. This includes work on all scales, from local to basin-scale to circumpolar; as well as paleo, present-day and future applications. Studies based on in-situ observations, remote sensing and regional to global models are welcome. We particularly invite cross-disciplinary topics involving glaciology, sea ice physics and biological oceanography.

The Arctic Ocean is experiencing significant amplitude changes with profound consequences for the cryosphere and exchanges through Pacific and Atlantic gateways. However, the fate of the Arctic realm, including land, ocean and gateways, has very large uncertainties, with possible retroactions at large subcontinental to global scales. Knowledge about the Arctic changes at time scales encompassing from the early Cenozoic to the present and beyond, based on observations and modelling, are instrumental to narrow uncertainties for the future. The objective of the session is to bring together the diverse community of experts, including biologists, physical oceanographers, modelers, paleoclimatologists, and others, to encourage interdisciplinary dialogue and enhance knowledge of the processes influencing Arctic changes.

The ocean surface layer mediates the transfer of matter, energy, momentum, heat, and trace gases between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice, and thus plays a central role in the dynamics of the climate system. This session will focus on the ocean surface layer globally, from the coasts – including the marginal sea ice zone – to the pelagic ocean, and its interactions with the overlaying low atmosphere. We will discuss in particular recent advances in the understanding of (sub-)mesoscale and internal-wave dynamics, ocean surface-interior interactions, ice-ocean interactions, particle and tracer dispersion as well as boundary-layer turbulence and surface-wave effects. We also encourage studies focusing on the coupling of physical, biological, and biogeochemical processes. Of special interest will be contributions describing the impact of ocean surface-layer processes on air-sea fluxes and atmosphere-ocean feedbacks. These include the parameterization of air-sea interactions, the impact of tropical cyclones, and the role of extreme events. Our session welcomes observational (from in-situ to remote sensing), theoretical and numerical investigations focusing on the ocean surface layer and its interactions with the atmosphere and sea ice, regardless of the temporal and spatial scales considered.

We invite presentations on ocean surface waves, and wind-generated waves in particular, their dynamics, modelling and applications. This is a large topic of the physical oceanography in its own right, but it is also becoming clear that many large-scale geophysical processes are essentially coupled with the surface waves, and those include climate, weather, tropical cyclones, Marginal Ice Zone and other phenomena in the atmosphere and many issues of the upper-ocean mixing below the interface. This is a rapidly developing area of research and geophysical applications, and contributions on wave-coupled effects in the lower atmosphere and upper ocean are strongly encouraged

Energy conservation is a fundamental physical principle, yet it is generally not achieved in state-of-the-art models of geophysical flows owing to, for instance, the governing equations and their discretization, the coupling between model components, or the parameterization of unresolved processes. It is thus non-trivial to close the energy budget, which becomes even more challenging due to the multitude of oceanic processes that undergo nonlinear interactions and drive energy transfers across a range of scales: from eddies to internal waves to small-scale turbulence. This session is devoted to understanding these multi-scale interactions and associated energy transfers in the ocean, which are ultimately crucial for developing energetically consistent models, confidently predict climatic changes, and quantify associated uncertainties, and thus improve our understanding of the climate system.

We invite contributions on oceanic energy pathways and their consistent representation in numerical models from theoretical, modeling, and observational perspectives. These include, but are not limited to, the processes involving mesoscale eddies, internal gravity waves, instabilities, turbulence, small-scale mixing, and ocean-atmosphere coupling. Contributions on energy transfer processes and their quantification from in-situ measurements, (semi-)analytical approaches, and numerical models, as well as their parameterizations and spurious energy transfers associated with numerical discretizations, are also welcome along with interdisciplinary contributions such as novel applications in data science that diagnose, quantify, and minimize energetic inconsistencies and related uncertainties.
We particularly encourage early career researchers to participate in this session.

Theoretical and model studies show that the non-linear ocean spontaneously generates a strong, multi-scale random intrinsic variability. Equivalently, uncertainties in initial ocean states tend to grow and strongly affect the simulated variability up to multidecadal and basin scales, with or without coupling to the atmosphere. In addition, ocean simulations require both the use of subgrid-scale parameterizations that crudely mimic unresolved processes, and the calibration of the parameters associated with these parameterizations. In this context of multiple uncertainties, oceanographers are increasingly adopting ensemble simulation strategies, probabilistic analysis methods, and developing stochastic parameterizations for modeling and understanding the ocean variability in response to (or in interaction with) the atmospheric evolution.

Presentations are solicited about the conception and analysis of ocean ensemble simulations, the characterization of ocean model uncertainties, and the development of parameterizations for ocean models. The session will also cover the dynamics and structure of intrinsic ocean variability, its relationship with atmospheric variability, and the use of adequate concepts (based on e.g. dynamical systems, information, or other theories) for the investigation of oceanic variability. We welcome as well studies about the propagation of intrinsic ocean variability towards other components of the climate system, about its implications regarding ocean predictability, operational forecasts, detection and attribution of climate signals, climate simulations and projections.

The ocean has stored vast amounts of carbon and heat due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions and climate change. We need to understand the processes driving this storage, that is uptake from the atmosphere, transfer to the ocean interior, redistribution within the ocean, and return to the ocean surface and the atmosphere. Also, ocean storage of carbon and heat are not independent: oceanic CO2 storage affects atmospheric CO2 levels, thereby atmospheric and oceanic warming. Ocean warming importantly, besides others changes ocean circulation and mixing which influences further uptake of both anthropogenic heat and carbon, and also perturbs the preindustrial ocean-atmosphere exchange of both, heat and carbon.

This session invites observational, numerical modeling and analytical studies that enhance the process understanding of ocean storage of carbon and/or heat under various climate scenarios: the contemporary situation of net-positive CO2 emissions and global warming, as well as future scenarios involving the gradual phasing out of CO2 emissions or a warming overshoot followed by net-negative emissions and global cooling. We also seek studies that explore the similarities and differences between ocean storage of carbon and heat, and how ocean uptake —and potential future release— affect climate.

Solicited author: Roland Séférian

The oceans are changing rapidly in response to the changing climate manifested in record-breaking temperatures in the North Atlantic, altered ocean currents, and changes in the marine carbon system. Further changes are expected in a warmer future climate. Understanding the mechanisms of oceanic climate change are crucial to develop realistic ocean projections. The latest projections, simulated using the recent Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase 6, provide meaningful insights on the ocean circulation responses under various climate change scenarios. These projections are essential to quantify the impacts of oceanic climate change and in developing successful adaptation strategies. This session will bring together people with the common interest of what the future ocean circulation will look like.

We encourage submissions from studies covering global, basin wide, regional, or coastal changes. Topics covering changing ocean circulation and transports, variability and trends, tipping points and extremes, as well as temperature, salinity and biogeochemistry are welcomed. This session is not limited to CMIP analysis but submissions using other modelling datasets and statistical projections are very much encouraged.

The dynamics of the ocean and atmosphere are characterized by the coexistence of multiple fundamental processes spanning a variety of spatio-temporal scales. The details of interactions between processes in these two components of the climate system differ at different latitudes in persistence, and may lead to slow as well as fast changes in the mean state of the climate system. While slow changes may bear risks for irreversible changes (e.g. tipping points), climate and weather extremes create more short term but severe impacts and include droughts, floods, wildfires, heat waves, cold spells, extreme precipitation and compound events, whose occurrence has remarkably increased in recent times. Indeed, anthropogenic forcing-caused global warming has led to fundamental modifications of the oceanic and atmospheric circulations and ice conditions which favor more climate and weather extremes. To this extent, understanding exchanges of moisture, heat and momentum is important for the atmospheric and oceanic circulations, indicating that both a thermodynamic and a dynamic perspective are needed in order to better understand and predict climate and weather extreme events. Detection and careful understanding of these mechanisms is also crucial, in order to discern the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on the variability of the climate system.
In this session, we welcome contributions on: (a) characteristics and mechanisms of climate trends as well as climate and weather extreme events; (b) impacts of Arctic and tropical climate systems and their teleconnections on climate trends and on climate and weather extreme events; (c) predictions and projections on trends as well as on climate and weather extreme events; (d) atmosphere – ocean dynamics and thermodynamics, including the role of sea-ice, and both weather and climate timescales. We also encourage submissions that address and compare different methodologies, e.g. detection of dominant patterns or weather regimes, dimensionality reduction involving traditional techniques such as PCA and EOFs, or new methods such as random forest or other AI-based algorithms, and observational studies such as trend detection via Eulerian time series observations which also may serve the purpose of extremes characterization.

The modeling of the Earth Climate System has undergone outstanding advances to the point of resolving atmospheric and oceanic processes on kilometer-scale, thanks to the development of high-performance computing systems. Models resolving km-scale processes (or storm-and-eddy-resolving models) on a global scale are also able to resolve the interaction between the large and small-scale processes, as evidenced by atmosphere- and ocean-only simulations. More importantly, this added value comes at the expense of avoiding the use of parameterizations that interrupts the interaction between scales, i.e., convective parameterization in the atmosphere or mesoscale eddy parameterization in the ocean. These advantages are the bases for the development of global-coupled storm-and-eddy-resolving models, and even at their first steps, such simulations can offer new insights into the importance of capturing the air-sea interface and their associated small-scale processes in the representation of the climate system.
The objective of this session is to have an overview of the added values of global simulations using storm-resolving atmosphere-only configuration, eddy-resolving ocean-only models, and to identify which added values stay after coupling both components, i.e., mechanisms not distorted by the misrepresentation of sub-grid scale processes in the atmosphere and ocean. In addition to highlighting the importance of the already resolved processes in shaping the climate system in global storm-and-eddy-resolving models, this session is also dedicated to presenting the current challenges in global storm-and-eddy-resolving models (identification of biases and possible solutions) by pointing to the role of the sub-grid scale processes in shaping processes on the large scale.
We call for studies contributing to highlighting the advantages and challenges of using global storm-and-eddy-resolving models in ocean-only, atmosphere-only, and coupled configurations, such as the ones proposed by NextGEMS, EERIE, DestinE, and WarmWorld, as well as studies coming from independent institutions around the world

To address societal concerns over rising sea levels and associated extreme events and to quantify the impacts of sea-level changes on coastal communities, ecosystems and the global economy it is key to understand the contributions to these changes. In this session, we respond to this need and invite contributions from the international sea level community that improve our knowledge of the past, present and future changes in global and regional sea levels, extreme events and coastal impacts.

The session focuses on studies exploring the physical mechanisms for sea level rise and variability as well as the drivers of these changes, at any time scale (from paleo sea level to high-frequency phenomena to long-term projections), using observations and/or model simulations. Investigations on linkages between variability in sea level, heat and freshwater content, ocean dynamics, land subsidence and mass exchanges between the land and the ocean associated with ice sheet and glacier mass loss and changes in the terrestrial water storage are welcome. Studies focusing on future sea level changes are encouraged, as well as those assessing short-, medium-, and long-term impacts on coastal environments and their implications.

This session covers climate predictions from seasonal to multi-decadal timescales and their applications. Continuing to improve such predictions is of major importance to society. The session embraces advances in our understanding of the origins of seasonal to decadal predictability and of the limitations of such predictions. This includes advances in improving forecast skill and reliability and making the most of this information by developing and evaluating new applications and climate services.
The session welcomes contributions from dynamical models, machine-learning or other statistical methods and hybrid approaches. It will investigate predictions of various climate phenomena, including extremes, from global to regional scales, and from seasonal to multi-decadal timescales (including seamless predictions). Physical processes and sources relevant to long-term predictability (e.g. ocean, cryosphere, or land) as well as predicting large-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with teleconnections will be discussed. Analysis of predictions in a multi-model framework, and ensemble forecast initialization and generation will be another focus of the session. We are also interested in approaches addressing initialization shocks and drifts. The session welcomes work on innovative methods of quality assessment and verification of climate predictions. We also invite contributions on the use of seasonal-to-decadal predictions for risk assessment, adaptation and further applications.

One of the big challenges in Earth system science consists in providing reliable climate predictions on sub-seasonal, seasonal, decadal and longer timescales. The resulting data have the potential to be translated into climate information leading to a better assessment of global and regional climate-related risks.
The main goals of the session is (i) to identify gaps in current climate prediction methods and (ii) to report and evaluate the latest progress in climate forecasting on subseasonal-to-decadal and longer timescales. This will include presentations and discussions of developments in the predictions for the different time horizons from dynamical ensemble and statistical/empirical forecast systems, as well as the aspects required for their application: forecast quality assessment, multi-model combination, bias adjustment, downscaling, exploration of artificial-intelligence methods, etc.
Following the new WCRP strategic plan for 2019-2029, prediction enhancements are solicited from contributions embracing climate forecasting from an Earth system science perspective. This includes the study of coupled processes between atmosphere, land, ocean, and sea-ice components, as well as the impacts of coupling and feedbacks in physical, hydrological, chemical, biological, and human dimensions. Contributions are also sought on initialization methods that optimally use observations from different Earth system components, on assessing and mitigating the impacts of model errors on skill, and on ensemble methods.
We also encourage contributions on the use of climate predictions for climate impact assessment, demonstrations of end-user value for climate risk applications and climate-change adaptation and the development of early warning systems.
A special focus will be put on the use of operational climate predictions (C3S, NMME, S2S), results from the CMIP5-CMIP6 decadal prediction experiments, and climate-prediction research and application projects.
An increasingly important aspect for climate forecast's applications is the use of most appropriate downscaling methods, based on dynamical, statistical, artificial-intelligence approaches or their combination, that are needed to generate time series and fields with an appropriate spatial or temporal resolution. This is extensively considered in the session, which therefore brings together scientists from all geoscientific disciplines working on the prediction and application problems.

Ice sheets play an active role in the climate system by amplifying, pacing, and potentially driving global climate change over a wide range of time scales. The impact of interactions between ice sheets and climate include changes in atmospheric and ocean temperatures and circulation, global biogeochemical cycles, the global hydrological cycle, vegetation, sea level, and land-surface albedo, which in turn cause additional feedbacks in the climate system. This session will present data from climate proxies and direct measurements and modelling results that examine ice sheet interactions with other components of the climate system over several time scales, ranging from millennial to centennial and even decadal timescales to investigate climate variability. Among other topics, issues to be addressed in this session include ice sheet-climate interactions from glacial-interglacial cycles, the role of ice sheets in Cenozoic global cooling and the mid-Pleistocene transition, reconstructions of past ice sheets and sea level during warmer and colder periods than pre-industrial times, the current and future evolution of the ice sheets, and the role of ice sheets in abrupt climate change.

Ice shelves and tidewater glaciers are sensitive elements of the climate system. Sandwiched between atmosphere and ocean, they are vulnerable to changes in either. The recent disintegration of ice shelves such as Larsen B and Wilkins on the Antarctic Peninsula, current thinning of the ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica, and the recent accelerations of many of Greenland's tidewater glaciers provide evidence of the rapidity with which those systems can respond. Changes in marine-terminating outlets appear to be intimately linked with acceleration and thinning of the ice sheets inland of the grounding line, with immediate consequences for global sea level. Studies of the dynamics and structure of the ice sheets' marine termini and their interactions with atmosphere and ocean are the key to improving our understanding of their response to climate forcing and of their buttressing role for ice streams. The main themes of this session are the dynamics of ice shelves and tidewater glaciers and their interaction with the ocean, atmosphere and the inland ice, including grounding line dynamics. The session includes studies on related processes such as calving, ice fracture, rifting and mass balance, as well as theoretical descriptions of mechanical and thermodynamic processes. We seek contributions both from numerical modelling of ice shelves and tidewater glaciers, including their oceanic and atmospheric environments, and from observational studies of those systems, including glaciological and oceanographic field measurements, as well as remote sensing and laboratory studies.

Oceans are an important interface between the cryosphere and the global climate system, both due to the ocean’s ability to impact ice sheet mass balance and the cryosphere’s influence on global ocean circulation. Processes at the ice-ocean interface play a crucial role to the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and ice shelves, and associated fjord and cavity circulation. However, a complete understanding and accurate representation of these processes in models remains a major challenge and a source of uncertainty for projections of ice mass loss and sea-level rise. Recent work to understand ice-ocean interactions has led to significant progress in theory, idealised models, and coupled ice-ocean models. New observations of processes such as seawater intrusion at grounding lines and channelised ice-shelf melting can provide further insights into our understanding of this important climate interface. These continued efforts are essential to improving projections of future sea-level rise contributions from the Earth’s cryosphere and for understanding the influence on the polar marine environment, ultimately impacting human livelihoods, under climate change.

In this session we aim to bring together the most up to date work on ice-ocean interactions across all latitudes, covering in-situ observations, remote-sensing, modelling and theory. We seek a bi-directional perspective, investigating both the impact of the ocean on the cryosphere and vice-versa, from small scale physical processes to global impacts. Topics for submission include, but are not limited to: coupled ice-ocean models, ice shelf cavity and fjord circulation, ice melange, subglacial meltwater plumes, basal and submarine melting and freshwater fluxes into the ocean. Studies on the ecological and societal consequences of these processes and new observational datasets and methodologies are encouraged.

We welcome and encourage submissions from groups who are underrepresented in the cryosphere community and will endeavour to provide reasonable adjustments to any presenter who requires them.

In recent years, sea ice has displayed behaviour previously unseen in the satellite record. This fast-changing sea-ice cover calls for adapting and improving our modelling approaches and mathematical techniques to simulate its behaviour and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean, both in terms of dynamics and thermodynamics.

Sea ice is governed by a variety of small-scale processes that affect its large-scale evolution. Modelling this nonlinear coupled multidimensional system remains a major challenge, because (1) we still lack the understanding of the physics governing sea-ice dynamics and thermodynamics, (2) observations to conduct model evaluation are scarce and (3) the numerical approximation and the simulation become more difficult and computationally expensive at higher resolution.

Recently, several new modelling approaches have been developed and refined to address these issues. These include but are not limited to new rheologies, discrete element models, advanced subgrid parameterizations, the representation of wave-ice interactions, sophisticated data assimilation schemes, often with the integration of machine learning techniques. Moreover, novel in-situ observations and the growing availability and quality of sea-ice remote-sensing data bring new opportunities for improving sea-ice models.

This session aims to bring together researchers working on the development of sea-ice models, from small to large scales and for a wide range of applications such as idealised experiments, operational predictions, or climate simulations, to discuss current advances and challenges ahead.

The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) contains most of the Earth’s ice (58 metres of sea level equivalent), but its sensitivity to global warming is still poorly understood. Estimating the projected mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in the coming decades is crucial for predicting sea level rise and the necessary societal adaptations. As the ice sheet continues to lose mass at an accelerating rate, sections that lie deep below sea level are at risk of potentially irreversible and rapid retreat. One such area is the Amundsen Sea embayment, where ocean forcing has triggered far-reaching changes. In other marine-based AIS sectors such as the Wilkes and Aurora basins, similar developments could occur in the near future (decades) or in the longer term (centuries to millennia). Formerly glaciated areas such as the Ross Sea can provide information about the dynamics of past ice sheets from geologic records.
To constrain models to predict ice sheet loss in the future, we need better knowledge of ice sheet, ice shelves and sea ice dynamics and their sensitivity to climate and ocean changes. This session will include presentations on numerical modelling and a wide range of marine and terrestrial, geological, glaciological, oceanographic and geophysical observations at different time scales (from the Miocene to the present) and from different regions of the Antarctic continent and its margin. The session highlights recent advances and aims to promote interdisciplinary discussions, coordinated initiatives and greater interaction between models and data both across Antarctica and at the local scale. The aim is to better understand the physical basis of the various processes and the short- and long-term interactions between ice, ocean, atmosphere and lithosphere.

The Paris Agreement on Climate sets the international objective of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to keep climate warming well below two degrees. However, quantifying past and present GHG emissions and sinks and predicting their future remains a substantial challenge. This challenge is primarily due to the high level of uncertainties in observing and modeling these GHG fluxes at regional to global scales. Thus, achieving climate and emission reduction targets requires a substantial improvement in our scientific ability to estimate the budgets and trends of these key major greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O).

This session aims to bring together studies that seek to quantify past, present, and future global and regional budgets, trends and variability of major GHGs, as well as studies that contribute to understanding the key drivers and processes controlling their variations. We welcome contributions using a variety of approaches, such as emissions inventories, field and remotely sensed observations, terrestrial and ocean biogeochemical modeling, earth system modeling, and atmospheric inverse modeling. We encourage contributions integrating different datasets and approaches at multiple spatial (regional to global) and temporal scales (from past over the present and to the future) that provide new insights on processes influencing GHG budgets and trends in the past and future.

The Earth’s climate system exhibits complex, nonlinear interactions across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Gaining deeper insights into these dynamics requires reconciling knowledge gained from high-resolution Earth System Models (ESMs), simpler conceptual models, and data-driven methodologies. This session brings together efforts to bridge the gap between simulation and understanding, linking different levels of the model hierarchy with innovative data-driven and theoretical approaches.

Due to the large uncertainties in climate science, building confidence in climate projections by bringing together multiple lines of evidence is vital to facilitate mitigation and adaptation decisions.

This session invites contributions that explore the synergies between physics-based modeling and empirical methodologies to advance the understanding and predictability of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics.

Topics may include, but are not limited to:

-Transfer operators, Koopman mode decomposition, machine learning, Linear Inverse Models (LIMs), and Fourier analysis

-Identifying climate modes, extracting spatiotemporal features, analyzing climate networks, and exploring attractor properties

-Dynamical systems models, Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs), and simplified setups of ESMs

-Process understanding, predictability, future climate scenarios and climate storylines

-Investigation of coupled modes of climate variability (e.g., ENSO, AMV), tipping points, biogeochemical processes, and extreme events

-Nonlinear interactions and emergent phenomena

Contributions are invited on recent advances in the understanding of circulation and fluid dynamical processes in coastal and shelf seas. Observational, modelling and theoretical studies are welcome, spanning the wide range of temporal and spatial scales from the shelf break to the shore. In order to capture the dynamic nature of our coastal and shelf seas the session includes processes such as shelf circulation, canyon flows, exchange flows in semi-enclosed seas, eddies, river plumes and estuaries, as well as on flow interactions with bio-geochemistry, sediment dynamics, morphology and nearshore physics. Contributions on impacts of climate change and man-made structures on our coastal seas and estuaries are also welcome.

Coastal oceanographic processes present important differences with deep water oceanography, resulting in higher prediction errors, with a strong topo-bathymetric control on hydrodynamic fields, further modified by stratification, land boundaries and coastal infrastructure. Predictability is limited by strong non-linearities and coastal observations are necessary for advances in coastal oceanography applications under present and future scenarios. For these reasons, it is timely to discuss recent advances in: a) coastal coupled hydro-morpho-ecological modelling; b) coastal aggregation of in-situ/satellite/numerical data; c) knowledge-based coastal applications, including nature-based interventions; d) use of data assimilation and machine learning; e) uncertainties in coastal decision-making. Building on these challenges, we invite presentations on modelling, assimilation, boundary effects and operational coastal predictions with/without interactions with Nature-based or traditional interventions. Contributions tackling open questions on non-linear responses, role of artificial intelligence or big data for coastal applications are welcome, where we offer the possibility to submit evolved versions of the presentations to a special issue in Ocean Sciences (see https://www.oceanscience.net/articles_and_preprints/scheduled_sis.html).
An added value illustration of oceanography at coastal scales and how to deal with climate change impacts is provided by Greenland fjords and seas. In Greenland, ice loss is causing an increase in freshwater discharge to the coast and glacier retreat is producing morphological changes altering physical and biogeochemical processes. Fjord bathymetric and hydrographic conditions vary greatly, and set unique dynamics and ecosystem functioning for each fjord. The remote location and harsh weather conditions make research around Greenland difficult, resulting in many unknowns about coastal environments and dynamics. The objective of this session, aggregated to the previous one, is to assess the state of art of oceanography at coastal scales in fjords and coastal seas of Greenland from a physical, biogeochemical, and biological perspective. We invite observational and model studies dealing with: glacier-ocean interface; freshwater runoff; marine-biogeochemistry; marine biology; heat/freshwater content and fluxes; and coastal water mass dynamics.

Tides influence a wide range of ocean and Earth system processes, from the coasts to the deep ocean. Together with storm surges, they play a central role in driving coastal flooding. Tides provide the mechanical energy that fuels ocean mixing and sustains large-scale circulation, affecting marine biogeochemistry, ecosystems, and interacting with ice sheet and sea ice dynamics.
Tides and storm surges act as key drivers of coastal processes, exerting a combined influence on coastal hazards such as flooding, morphological changes, pollution, and infrastructure resilience. The behaviour and interaction of tides and storm surges, in combination with other coastal processes, represents an active research field that will be discussed in this session.
Both tides and storm surge patterns exhibit short and long-term temporal variability across different spatial scales and are modified by sea-level rise, climate change, sea ice, and human activities such as dredging and estuarine modifications. These changes have implications for coastal flooding, tidal energy generation, ocean stratification, mixing and large-scale ocean circulation. Further back in geological time, changes in continental configuration and sea level profoundly altered tidal dynamics, with potentially far-reaching effects on ocean circulation, mixing and evolutionary processes.
Observations (in-situ measurements and remote sensing), models (numerical and data-driven) and geological reconstructions are important tools in understanding how tides and storm surges vary across space and time. The aim of this session is to share innovative approaches, technical advancements in observation and modelling techniques, and recent improvements in understanding of these tide- and surge-driven processes and their implications for coastal, ocean and Earth system processes. Submissions are encouraged both from regional and global-scale studies on all aspects of tides and surges in the past, present and future, including those from estuaries, rivers, lakes, and even other planetary bodies.

Global coastal zones are of high ecological and societal values. As the dynamic interface between land, sea, and air, they are heavily impacted by a combination of climate-driven environmental change and human interventions. Approaches to sustainably manage the coastal zone increasingly seek to provide co-benefits of risk mitigation, climate regulation, preserving biodiversity, and supporting coastal community resilience. These require scientific evidence and discourse that integrates across disciplines.

This session invites multi- and inter-disciplinary contributions focusing on coastal processes, their dynamic interactions, and their role in exchanges across coastal interfaces (e.g. land-sea, air-sea, …) under a changing climate and changing human activities. We welcome observational, modelling and theoretical studies reporting on processes linked to coastal hydrodynamics, coastal biogeochemistry, coastal ecology, or coastal sediment dynamics and geomorphology. Studies may span the wide range of spatial and temporal scales characteristic of existing and projected change in coastal seascapes and landscapes from the inner shelf shoreward to beaches and dunes, estuaries, intertidal flats, saltmarshes and coastal wetlands. We encourage the submission of holistic Earth system studies that explore the role of the coastal zone for coastal seas’ dynamics including exchanges across coastal interfaces (e.g. land-sea, air-sea, …) under the impact of climate change and human activities. We also encourage studies that focus on impacts of coastal management approaches on coastal processes and dynamics, spanning engineered, hybrid, and nature-based options related to changing activities such as coastal protection, tourism, shipping, fisheries and aquaculture, and the expansion of renewable energies and other coastal infrastructure.

Coastal oceans are dynamic interfaces between land and sea, playing a critical role in global biogeochemical cycles with a high impact on socio-economic activities and social developments. The dynamic and physical processes as well as the human activities that take place in coastal areas make them natural laboratories to improve our knowledge about several biogeochemical interactions. In addition, these regions are affected by both natural and anthropogenic factors such as coastal acidification, organic matter, nutrients, and pollution, among others. All these factors have impacts on the natural cycles and the magnitude of these impacts should be studied and understood in order to propose solutions to the decision makers that could help to know, understand, take decisions, and protect or regulate the coastal environments.
This session aims to bring together researchers from diverse fields to discuss the latest findings on the biogeochemical processes occurring in coastal oceans, improve our knowledge, identify impacts, and propose solutions. We welcome research studies that focus on both natural and anthropogenic processes that are affecting the trace metal chemistry, CO2 system, ocean acidification, nutrient cycle, organic matter, CO2 sequestration and their impacts on the chemical processes, etc.

The global carbon cycle involves the flux, storage, and transformations of carbon in different forms across and within a variety of major reservoirs. Particularly, the land and the ocean carbon reservoirs are key gatekeepers controlling atmospheric carbon dioxide and Earth’s climate. In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the need to understand the carbon cycle not as an isolated system within specific environments but as a dynamic and interconnected process, especially spanning the entire land-to-ocean aquatic continuum (LOAC). The LOAC—including inland waters, rivers, estuaries, tidal wetlands, and continental shelf waters—serves as a vital pathway for carbon transport and transformations. Moreover, the riverine input of carbon to the ocean remains a poorly understood yet important component of the global carbon budget. A better understanding of the carbon cycle along the LOAC is crucial to supporting the development of climate policies, projecting future climate change, and monitoring, reporting, and verifying (MRV) carbon dioxide removal interventions.
This session seeks to bring together scientists studying various forms of carbon—organic, inorganic, dissolved, and particulate — to deepen our understanding of how human activities are reshaping the carbon cycle within the LOAC. We welcome research that explores carbon dynamics in the LOAC, particularly about the changes driven by anthropogenic impacts, including but not limited to:
- Characterisation of the carbon flux from land to ocean and the impacts of human activities on that flux
- Quantifying anthropogenic-influenced carbon in inland waters and rivers, estuaries and tidal wetlands, continental shelf waters, and freshwater/coastal/marine sediments.
- Quantification of the ocean carbon sink in coastal waters
- Redistribution of carbon among different carbon forms under anthropogenic perturbations.
- Changes in biogeochemical processes due to natural variability and anthropogenic impacts that influence the LOAC carbon cycle.
- Impacts of carbon dioxide removal interventions on the LOAC carbon cycle.
We strongly encourage contributions using diverse approaches, including cruise-based observations, autonomous platform observations, and machine learning and modeling techniques.

This session, organized by the UN Decade Program CoastPredict, aims to directly contribute to the UN Decade Challenge 6: Enhancing community resilience to ocean hazards. The focus is on addressing critical gaps in scientific knowledge, particularly in key areas such as coastal risk assessment, warning and mitigation strategies. Key topics include: (i) the collection and generation of observational and modeling datasets essential for risk assessment, including downscaled climate projections for coastal regions, all within a robust data-sharing frameworks; (ii) the promotion of interdisciplinary and international research and innovation to comprehensively address these challenges c, with a particular emphasis on approaches like Digital Twin technology; (iii) the enhanced Early Warning Systems for Ocean-related Hazards through Machine learning and Predictive Modeling, and (iv)the development of standards for risk communication at both national and international levels. The session will also explore multi-hazard early warning systems for events such as tsunamis, storm surges, marine heatwaves, and coastal biogeochemical hazards, including pollution and other extreme coastal events such as erratic extratropical cyclones Contributions on machine learning applications, compound event analysis, and disaster risk reduction strategies are strongly encouraged, as are science-based management practices for enhancing coastal resilience. By leveraging innovative tools like digital twins, this session highlights how predictive modeling can significantly improve risk assessment and response strategies. Its relevance extends to policymakers, scientists, and coastal communities, fostering collaboration to strengthen coastal resilience.

The coastal zone is globally of great environmental and economic importance, but the stability and sustainability of this region faces many threats. Climate-induced sea level rise, coastal erosion and flooding due to increased storms, and pollution and disturbance of ecosystems are all stresses shaping the present coastline and near-shore environments. These direct impacts on the coast are driving coastline management and marine policies worldwide.



These initiatives rely on key, up-to-date, and repeatable environmental information layers, which are required to effectively monitor coastal change and make informed and coordinated decisions on the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources, in alignment with climate strategies and the protection of coastal areas.



To address this need, advanced methodologies based on remote sensing are becoming more widely used. These techniques have benefited from the surge of Earth Observation data, and advancements in computational and classification algorithms. In recent years, together with the upsurge of cloud computing, there has been a growing focus on new challenges such as sensor and data fusion from multiple sources, and its potential application to effectively monitoring the changes in coastal environments.



This session calls for papers that advance our capability or understanding of the application of Earth Observation remote sensing to coastal zone monitoring, with specific interest in contributions that (1) develop novel methodologies or data fusion workflows in coastal geomorphology, near-shore satellite-derived bathymetry, coastal altimetry, coastal dynamics, water quality and coastal ecosystems (2) include validation and uncertainty budgets, (3) incorporate temporal resolution for monitoring and prediction of coastal change, and (4) impact a wide range of applications.

Covering 70% of the Earth's surface, the sea surface microlayer (SML) is recognized as a critical boundary between the ocean and atmosphere. Its unique position places the SML at the center of various global processes in biogeochemistry and climate science. This session welcomes recent advancements in understanding the SML's distinctive chemical, biological, and physical characteristics, with a focus on understanding the underlying mechanisms of processes. Particular emphasis is given to the SML's function in modulating air-sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, gases, particles, and biota, but also exchange processes between the SML and the underlying bulk water, which are crucial for a more comprehensive understanding.. The concept of the SML as a biogeochemical reactor is also a central theme in the session to highlight the roles of environmental interfaces in marine biogeochemistry. Of further interest is the accumulation of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, microplastics, soot and pharmaceuticals, but also pathogenic microorganisms and viruses. In this context, the formation of (bio)aerosols as well as deposition processes play a role. To advance future studies, new observational, experimental and genomic approaches to the study of SML are particularly welcome. This multidisciplinary session welcomes participants from all research fields interested in the SML and its impact on surrounding environments. The session aims to bring together insights and findings from field observations, laboratory experiments, and models. By exploring the interplay between physical, chemical, and microbiological processes at the ocean-atmosphere interface, we seek to further develop a holistic perspective and foster new collaborations across research disciplines.

Gelatinous zooplankton (GZ), including jellyfish, salps, and ctenophores, are increasingly recognized as key players in the ocean carbon cycle. GZ spans multiple trophic levels and thrives in diverse marine habitats. Although there are uncertainties, GZ populations may be expanding globally due to changing ocean conditions, potentially exerting large-scale impacts on marine ecosystems. Although historically underappreciated, recent studies indicate that GZ contributes significantly to carbon sequestration, facilitating particulate organic carbon (POC) export through the sinking of carcasses, fecal pellets, and the formation of marine snow.
This session will explore the multifaceted roles of diverse GZ in vertical carbon export, their impact on biogeochemical processes, and how their unique interactions with microbial communities influence nutrient cycling. We invite contributions from experimental, observational, and modeling studies that shed light on GZ-mediated carbon fluxes, their ecological and biogeochemical importance, and their potential to reshape the biological carbon pump. Insights into GZ contributions to the soft-tissue pump, microbial loop dynamics, and carbon storage are particularly encouraged.
Additionally, we welcome new surveys and methodologies, including metabarcoding and omics techniques, to improve understanding of GZ diversity and their ecological roles. Innovative approaches to monitoring GZ through remote sensing, drones, ROVs, and citizen science, alongside advancements in ecosystem modeling, are highly welcomed. This session aims to bridge gaps in our understanding of GZ's role in past and future oceanic changes and their broader implications for marine ecosystem services. By advancing our knowledge of GZ ecology and their contributions to the global carbon cycle, this session aims to enhance the integration of GZ into biogeochemical models and improve predictions of ocean carbon storage.

The combined impacts of climate change and anthropogenic pressures threaten marine ecosystems, with far-reaching effects on food security, ocean health, and through feedback effects, on the climate system. Addressing these challenges requires a deep understanding of the complex, dynamic processes driving marine ecosystem changes and their future evolution. Integrated ocean observing systems are essential to this effort.

Initiatives including the WMO framework for climate research, the 2021-2030 UN Ocean Decade and the G7 Future of the Seas and Oceans Initiative have identified the increase of sustained, multidisciplinary integrated ocean observing systems as an absolute priority. Integrated observing systems require data from global (e.g., GOOS, EMODNET) and regional observation systems to be assimilated into numerical and statistical models. Their long-term sustainability is dependent on the development of cost-effective technologies that improve observing capacities (including spatial and temporal resolution) while reducing costs, aiming for a “more environmentally friendly ocean observing system”.

The North Sea, one of the most well-observed and heavily exploited shelf sea regions, provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of climate change and human activities on the coastal ocean. As part of the session, we will use the North Sea as a case study to illustrate these effects, providing insights relevant to broader marine environments.

This session brings together multidisciplinary perspectives to bridge technological advancements, scientific research, and practical solutions to address the current state and future threats to our oceans. We invite submissions from observational and modelling studies on, but not limited to, the following topics: technological developments for studying abiotic and biotic factors; advancements in methods for data collection, processing, curation, and information extraction; primary production; biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nutrients and oxygen; monitoring, reporting and verification of CDR; ocean acidification, climatic variability and extreme events; circulation patterns, land-ocean interactions; biophysical interactions and sediment dynamics; effects of natural and anthropogenic pollution on biota; marine ecology, biodiversity and benthic and pelagic community dynamics; marine ecosystem restoration and socio-economic impacts, including economic valuation of natural capital.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for life on Earth and is tightly cycled within the biosphere. Throughout geological history, P availability has regulated biological productivity with impacts on the global carbon cycle. Today, human activities are significantly changing the natural cycling of P. Phosphate mining threatens P reserves, while increased inputs of P to terrestrial ecosystems have enhanced fluxes of P to lakes and the oceans.

Direct anthropogenic perturbations of the P cycle, coupled with other human-induced stresses, have impacted numerous environments. Forest ecosystems may be losing their ability to recycle P efficiently, due to excessive N input, extensive biomass removal, and climatic stress. Soils, which serve as the biogeochemical fulcrum of the terrestrial P cycle, have been greatly altered by fertilizer use in recent decades. Changes in the P cycle on land impact the magnitude and timing of P fluxes into aquatic ecosystems, influencing their trophic state. Burial in sediments returns P to the geological reservoir, eventually forming economically viable P deposits. Throughout the P cycle, redox conditions play a key role in transformations and mobility of P. Climate change and its mitigation affect and will further disrupt global P cycles. For example, the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere through an increase in global soil organic carbon stocks implies P sequestration.

This interdisciplinary session invites contributions to the study of P from all disciplines, and aims to foster collaborations links between researchers working on different aspects of the P cycle. We target a balanced session giving equal weight across the continuum of environments in the P cycle, from agriculture, forests, soils and groundwater, through lakes, rivers and estuaries, to oceans, marine sediments and geological P deposits. We welcome both empirical and modeling studies.

The interplay between natural organic matter (NOM) including organic contaminants and decomposer communities at the nexus of solids, solutes and volatiles regulates a C reservoir larger than all living biomass on Earth, making it a keystone in the global carbon cycle. Despite its ubiquitousness, NOM remains a black box due to its astonishing molecular complexity. Advances in ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS, Orbitrap, TOF-MS) have enabled researchers to analyze NOM and contaminants in all forms - solid, soluble and volatile - on the molecular-level. Ultimately, this allows to resolve the molecular complexity of NOM, and to elucidate its mediating role in various processes essential for life on Earth, such as energy flow, nutrient retention and resupply, or climate stability.

The challenge ahead of us is to synthesize the gained knowledge from various research communities (biogeochemistry, soil sciences, atmospheric sciences, aquatic sciences, analytical chemistry, geomicrobiology), ultimately providing useful data and process understanding to integrate in C cycle models that represent its molecular complexity in a more realistic way. To achieve this, it is also required to develop computational methods to align FT-ICR-MS data with complementary spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques (NMR, FT-IR, XPS, py-GC-MS, EEMs-PARAFAC, PTR-MS, etc.) and allow for a community-driven effort to share, curate and compare global molecular-level datasets.

In this session we therefore welcome proceedings in the following domains:
- Experimental, e.g. focusing on single or combined processes of natural and anthropogenic organic matter biogeochemistry or its links with other drivers such as microbial communities,
- Field-scale, e.g. studying the behavior of NOM across environmental gradients or interfaces,
- Modeling and simulation, e.g. integrating molecular-level data to improve the prediction of environmental processes or simulate ecosystem functioning,
- Computational, e.g. bioinformatic approaches to facilitate the analysis of molecular-level NOM data, or allowing its integration with complementary data streams,
- Analytical, e.g. improving or expanding the measurement of NOM on the molecular level, or providing novel tools to reveal its properties, responses or effects

We are looking forward to bringing together researchers from a wide range of disciplines to share their perspectives on studying NOM at EGU25!

Methane is of utmost importance as a trace gas in the atmosphere and we know that most of the environmental methane is produced - and also consumed in sediments and the water column of marine and lacustrine systems.
But…, understanding methane dynamics in the aquatic realm is still a major scientific challenge because it is governed by a vast diversity of geological, oceanographic/limnological, biological factors and anthropogenic causes.
In this session we will discuss controls on methane dynamics in marine and freshwater systems at present, in the geological past, and in future scenarios. Within this overarching theme we welcome contributions related to the following topics:

- methane formation: from water-rock interactions to petroleum systems and microbial methanogenesis
- methane transport: from subsurface fluid flow to bubble and diffusive transport mechanisms and fluxes.
- methane seepage and mud volcanoes
- anthropogenic factors: from hydrocarbon exploitation to energy infrastructure and hydraulic structures
- methane sinks: from microbes, biogeochemical pathways and kinetics to physicochemical processes and gas hydrate formation
- timescales: variations on diel, seasonal, and geological time scales
- methane-derived carbonates, microbe-mineral interactions, and molecular/micro/macro fossils
- methane releases in the geological past, consequences and climate change

Pyrite is the most common sulphide in the Earth’s crust and occurs in many different types of rock. Following many decades of research, the morphology, trace element and isotopic composition of pyrite can be used to reconstruct a range of bio- and geological processes across a broad spectrum of scales.
In the oceans, pyrite is the dominant sink for reduced sulphur and is intimately connected to biological pathways of sulphate reduction, meaning the formation and isotopic composition of pyrite can be used to reconstruct the redox architecture of ancient marine environments. As a major gangue mineral phase in hydrothermal ore deposits, the formation and geochemistry of pyrite can be used to investigate and potentially detect ore forming processes. At the other end of the life-cycle, the weathering of pyrite during acid mine drainage and subsurface geological storage is a major environmental concern.
This session will bring together scientists investigating pyrite across a range of physico-bio-geochemical conditions in various earth science disciplines e.g. nuclear waste, ore deposits or acid mine drainage. Our aim is to foster intradisciplinary knowledge transfer of experiences between different research areas. We invite contributions presenting geochemical field studies, in-situ and laboratory investigations of rocks and formations as well as numerical simulation studies within the given context.

Ocean-atmosphere chemical flux exchanges have significant impacts on global biogeochemistry and climate. This session focuses on new research in the following areas: air-sea fluxes of greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2, CH4, N2O), atmospheric deposition of nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, iron) and its impact on ocean biological systems, the influence of ocean emissions of reactive gases and aerosols on atmospheric chemistry and climate (e.g., dimethyl-sulfide (DMS), marine organic compounds, halogenated species), and on the important biogeochemistry-climate feedback loops in the ocean-atmosphere system as well as future changes in these fluxes in response to anthropogenic and climate stressors. The session has long-standing links to the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS; https://www.solas-int.org/) and GESAMP Working Group 38 on atmospheric input of chemicals to the ocean (http://www.gesamp.org/work/groups/38). We welcome submissions from all remit areas of these programs, and from a range of analysis approaches: field measurements, remote sensing, laboratory studies, and atmospheric and oceanic numerical models.

This year we particularly welcome contributions on the following specialist themes:
(a) greenhouse gas emissions and cycling from coastal zones, with particular focus on the impacts of nutrient and pollutant transport across the land-ocean continuum (e.g. via riverine input, glacier meltwater runoff, submarine groundwater discharge), as well as benthic-pelagic coupling for greenhouse gas budgets in regional and global scales; and
(b) the role of the Sea-Surface Microlayer (SML) as a biofilm environment and direct air-sea- interface, and its influence on deposition and emission fluxes of gases, aerosols, and particulates between the ocean and atmosphere.

This open PICO session welcomes presentations on all aspects of ocean processes and oceanographic techniques that are not covered in specialised sessions, as well as advances due to new instruments and techniques such as gliders and autonomous vehicles. This includes all marine disciplines as well as interaction of the ocean with the atmosphere and/or the cryosphere. Global studies and topics that have global relevance are welcome (i.e. both open ocean and shelf seas). Work focusing on ocean processes might include turbulent mixing, phytoplankton bloom characterisation, or air-sea interactions, for example. Studies about the development of new oceanographic techniques might include robotics, design of numerical models or parameterisations, applications of novel instrumentation, or novel applications of traditional technology. We welcome presentations that evaluate the impact of instrument calibration, metrological traceability, and the use of reference materials on marine science measurements, for example the seawater carbonate system, dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and carbon and oxygen isotopes.

Marine extreme events, including phenomena such as storm surges, marine heatwaves, harmful algal blooms, jellyfish blooms, acidification, severe storms and temporally or spatially compounding events are becoming increasingly frequent under climate change. These events have significant impacts on marine ecosystems, coastal communities and global economies. Despite their profound socio-economic and environmental impact, extreme events in the marine environment remain largely understudied, poorly understood and difficult to simulate, making them difficult to predict. The dynamics of these events span a broad range of spatial and temporal scales and are often influenced by complex feedback mechanisms between the ocean and other components of the climate system. Fundamental research remains crucial in enhancing our understanding of these phenomena and in predicting their occurrence and related risks.

This session encourages contributions addressing dynamic mechanisms across an entire spectrum of atmospheric and ocean extremes, event attribution studies and projections under future climate. Relevant submissions also encompass new observation techniques, new modeling and machine learning methods to marine extremes forecasting, novel detection strategies and, finally, ecosystem or socio-economic impact assessments, relevant for prevention, mitigation and adaptation policies.

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged and extreme warm ocean conditions that cause substantial ecological and socio-economic damage. Understanding of the physical mechanisms that generate MHWs is important to improving our capacity to forecast them. Meanwhile, gaining a better understanding of the impacts of MHWs on ecosystems, and their interactions with other parts of the climate system, is significant for promoting sustainable development in the face of climate change. We welcome abstract submissions across all aspects of marine heatwave research and particularly encourage studies of the following themes:

- Definition and Methods: novel physics and impact-based definitions which challenge the now-traditional statistical framework; observational and modelling requirements; spatial and temporal evolution); AI/ML-based detection; local/coastal to regional/global scales.
- Impacts: Socio-economic damage to marine activities and industries including but not limited to tourism, fisheries, aquaculture; discussions with stakeholders.
- Mitigation/Adaptation: forecasting efforts on short-term to decadal timescales; projections of future changes; studies of precursors and predictability.
- Interactions: compound and concurrent events, ecosystem and biogeochemical implications (e.g. on nutrient/oxygen availability and trophic web), impact on atmospheric circulation/weather.

Advanced remote sensing capabilities have provided unprecedented opportunities for monitoring and studying the ocean environment as well as improving ocean and climate predictions. Synthesis of remote sensing data with in situ measurements and ocean models have further enhanced the values of oceanic remote sensing measurements. This session provides a forum for interdisciplinary discussions of the latest advances in oceanographic remote sensing (using electromagnetic or acoustic waves) and the related applications and to promote collaborations.

We welcome contributions on all aspects of the oceanic remote sensing and the related applications. Topics for this session include but are not limited to: physical oceanography, marine biology and biogeochemistry, biophysical interaction, marine gravity and space geodesy, linkages of the ocean with the atmosphere, cryosphere, and hydrology, new instruments and techniques in ocean remote sensing, new mission concepts, development and evaluation of remote sensing products of the ocean, and improvements of models and forecasts using remote sensing data. Applications of multi-sensor observations to study ocean and climate processes and applications using international (virtual) constellations of satellites are particularly welcome.

Solicited talk: Estrella Olmedo (ICM-CSIC, Spain) will give a talk on "SMOS Sea Surface Salinity retrieval after 15 years of mission."

To investigate the routes and endpoints of marine contaminants such as anthropogenic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, marine litter, including plastics and e-waste, HNS, POPs, radionuclides, PFAS, pharmaceutics, etc., oceanographic monitoring and models are widely applied. This session covers monitoring strategies, lab studies, computational tools, and web-based applications to track marine pollutants and their effects at the local, regional, and global levels. Advanced observational techniques, protocols, and toxicity testing; ensemble and multi-model simulations; machine learning and artificial intelligence applications are among the subjects that are being solicited.

Studies linking effects to broader ecosystem stressors, such as climate change and environmental degradation, are particularly welcome. Increased anthropogenic pressure in the Arctic Ocean resulting from the melting of polar ice makes researching marine pollutant transfer under ice conditions extremely valuable.

The session's key questions are: What do we know about sources of marine pollution? Which factors affect the dispersion of pollutants in the marine environment? What happens to the contaminants in the water column, sediments, and on the sea surface? How do marine pollutants interact with marine ecosystems?

The impact of other environmental stressors such as artificial light, noise, and thermal pollution on marine ecosystem resilience is also a significant topic for discussion.

Argo is one of the Global Ocean Observing System components. Initiated in the late 90s in the context of GODAE (the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment) and CLIVAR (Climate and Ocean: Variability, Predictability and Change) to provide in situ measurements of temperature and salinity in the upper 2000m of the global ice-free ocean, Argo has always had a strong connection with ocean predictions.

OneArgo is the ongoing extension of the Argo array into seasonal ice zones, marginal seas, deeper waters (Deep-Argo) and biogeochemical parameters (BGC-Argo). The aim of the Argo programme is to achieve the full implementation of this new ambitious global, full-depth and multidisciplinary OneArgo array by the end of the UN Ocean Decade (2030).

The session focuses on the use of Argo data in physical and biogeochemical ocean monitoring, forecasting and reanalysis systems. It covers the use of Argo data for model parameter optimization, model trajectory correction through data assimilation, verification/validation activities, field reconstruction through AI methods, and model/data fusion (e.g., bias correction, AI tools). The session also covers design studies such as results from Observing System Experiments and Observing System Simulation Experiments. Specific focus will be put on highlighting the role of Deep-Argo and BGC-Argo data, and synergies between OneArgo and other observing systems. Contributions are also expected from research teams involved in the development and implementation of the OneArgo array in terms of design, data processing, and novel functionalities.

The Copernicus Marine Service provides regular and systematic reference information on the physical (including sea-ice and wind waves) and biogeochemical states of the global ocean and European regional seas. This capacity encompasses the description of the current ocean state, the prediction of the ocean state a few days ahead, and the provision of consistent retrospective data records for recent decades. In the coming years, Copernicus Marine will prepare the implementation of the next generation of ocean monitoring and forecasting systems and new services for the coastal ocean and for marine biology. Copernicus Marine will also progressively embrace the new capabilities of digital services in synergy with the European Digital Twin of the Ocean (DTO) developments. The European DTO will connect and interoperate, on a common digital platform, a large variety of ocean and coastal numerical tools, allowing for global, regional-to-coastal model configurations and the co-development of new simulations and what-if-scenarios for enhanced on-demand ocean forecasting and ocean climate prediction.
The session focuses on the main Copernicus Marine Service research and development activities on ocean modelling; data assimilation; processing of observations, impact and design of in-situ and satellite observing systems; verification, validation, and uncertainty estimates; monitoring and long-term assessment of the ocean physical and biogeochemical states. The session also includes research activities that are required to prepare the next generation of ocean monitoring and forecasting systems (improved Arctic monitoring, ensemble forecasting, higher resolution, regional ocean climate projections, use of artificial intelligence techniques) and new services for the coastal ocean and for marine biology. The session will also encompass research activities that are required for the development of the European DTO, including the next generation of ocean models combining artificial intelligence and high-performance computing, dedicated infrastructures and platforms as well as protocols and software and the definition of what-if-scenarios.
Presentations are expected from research teams involved in the Copernicus Marine Service, the European DTO, the development of downstream applications and in relevant Horizon Europe projects. Contributions from the international OceanPredict community and from the relevant UN Decade programmes and projects are strongly encouraged.

Machine learning (ML) methods have emerged as powerful tools to tackle various challenges in ocean science, encompassing physical oceanography, biogeochemistry, and sea ice research.
This session aims to explore the application of ML methods in ocean science, with a focus on advancing our understanding and addressing key challenges in the field. Our objective is to foster discussions, share recent advancements, and explore future directions in the field of ML methods for ocean science.
A wide range of machine learning techniques can be considered including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, interpretable techniques, and physics-informed and generative models. The applications to be addressed span both observational and modeling approaches.

Observational approaches include for example:
- Identifying patterns and features in oceanic fields
- Filling observational gaps of in-situ or satellite observations
- Inferring unobserved variables or unobserved scales
- Automating quality control of data

Modeling approaches can address (but are not restricted to):
- Designing new parameterization schemes in ocean models
- Emulating partially or completely ocean models
- Parameter tuning and model uncertainty

The session welcomes also submissions at the interface between modeling and observations, such as data assimilation, data-model fusion, or bias correction.

Researchers and practitioners working in the domain of ocean science, as well as those interested in the application of ML methods, are encouraged to attend and participate in this session.

We welcome Julie Deshayes as a solicited speaker, presenting 'Ocean models for climate applications: progress expected from Machine Learning'

Underwater landscapes, from shallow coastal zones to deep ocean, are shaped by a complex interplay of geologic, biologic, oceanographic and anthropogenic processes. These dynamic interactions create diverse landforms that reveal valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms driving their formation. Understanding these processes, which operate across varying spatial and temporal scales, is essential for assessing offshore geohazards and ensuring the sustainable management of marine environments.
This interdisciplinary session explores the causes and consequences of processes shaping submarine landforms and seafloor evolution. Topics include erosional and depositional dynamics, marine bioconstructions, gravitational driven and current-induced sediment transport, submarine landslides, active deformation, volcanic activity, faulting and folding, and emphasis is given to subseafloor fluid migration and venting at the seafloor. Contributions may address marine or lacustrine environments across all physiographic regions, including coastal zones, marginal seas, continental shelves and slopes, oceanic plateaus, abyssal hills, mid-ocean ridges and accretionary wedges. We welcome studies that integrate diverse approaches, such as satellite-derived and hydroacoustic seabed characterizations, visual and ROV-based observations, seismic imaging and sedimentary, geochemical, and/or geological sampling. Such interdisciplinary studies provide exciting opportunities to advance quantitative geomorphology, extend it offshore, and deepen our understanding of the processes shaping submarine landscapes.

The assessment of the earthquake hazard and risk and the enhancement of the society’s resilience is greatly dependent on the knowledge of impact data sets of past earthquakes. For earthquakes that occurred in the historical period such data sets could be based on various types of historical documentation and in addition on geological observations and possibly on archaeological evidence. After the establishment and gradual improvement of macroseismic scales the earthquake impact data sets are translated to macroseismic intensity with the use of several methods and techniques. In the modern period the collection of macroseismic observations and the assignment of intensities has been expanded to the so-called citizen seismology. These new achievements are of significance to advance the methods that may contribute to the assignment of macroseismic intensities to historical earthquakes.
This session is devoted to the advancement of methods and techniques that may contribute to the compilation, storage and elaboration of impact data sets useful for the intensity characterization of historical earthquakes as well as for seismic hazard and risk assessment purposes. Welcomed to this session are also similar studies focusing on the collection and elaboration of impact data sets for other earthquake-related natural hazards, e.g. tsunamis and landslides, with the aim to help the assessment of hazards and risks.

Gravity flows are driven by gravity because of a density different from that of the surrounding environment, often due to temperature (e.g. katabatic winds) and/or salinity (e.g. density currents) differences, and/or the presence of particles (e.g. snow avalanches, debris-flows turbidites, pyroclastic flows). This can be observed either as a current along a slope or as an intrusion in the bulk of a stratified environment. While occurring in various planetary environments, and involving different fluids and particles, they share numerous features due to the common and similar physical processes that govern their dynamics. Yet, a universal description of their dynamics remains elusive, as specifically the feedback on the flow of various processes, such as entrainment, fluid-particle interactions,
internal waves, etc., is difficult to predict.

This session then aims to present complementary physical-based approaches, by gathering researchers from different communities, all focusing on these flows by either studying field data, improving risk assessment techniques, using analogue laboratory experiments or numerical simulations, or focusing on analytical modelling. We therefore welcome contributions including (but not limited to):
- snow avalanches, dust storms, landslides, turbidity currents
- river, volcanic and oceanic plumes
- mud, debris and pyroclastic flows
- katabatic winds, oceanic density currents
-offshore waste discharge

We particularly encourage the participation of early-career researchers and students.

Extracting meaningful information from complex, time-dependent systems requires approaches that reduce dimensionality while preserving key dynamical structures. This session focuses on techniques to identify coherent structures, quantify variability, and infer dynamical characteristics and causal relationships in observational and modeled datasets. For instance, the Lagrangian perspective provides a powerful framework for understanding transport, mixing, and connectivity by following the evolution of tracers, particles, and dynamical features across scales. Other powerful statistical and dynamical methods — including time series analysis, reduced-order modeling, and causal inference — enhance our ability to diagnose system behavior, attribute variability and change to physical drivers, and improve predictability.

Contributions span methodological advances and applications across atmospheric, oceanic, and broader environmental systems, emphasizing cross-disciplinary insights into structure and causality in geophysical flows.

(This session brings together the themes of the 3rd edition of the Lagrangian session with themes in time-dependent system analysis)

Geophysical and astrophysical flows in stratified media exhibit stratified turbulence that gives rise to a variety of flow phenomena spanning a range of spatial scales from the Kolmogorov to planetary scales. Stratified turbulence significantly influences the flow dynamics on various temporal scales via complex nonlinear interactions, which continue to be challenging to understand, diagnose, and quantify from both theory and numerics. This understanding is fundamental to advance our knowledge of turbulent flow dynamics, and a prerequisite for improved turbulent closures and parameterizations for robust predictions of weather and climate. This session aims at bringing together the recent advancements in the field of fluid dynamics, with a focus on geophysical and astrophysical flows, as well as magneto-hydro dynamics.

Our session invites fundamental and applied contributions on stratified turbulence in fluids from theoretical, numerical, and experimental observational perspectives. The topics include, but are not limited to: two dimensional, three dimensional, isotropic, and anisotropic turbulence; energy transitions and cascades in turbulent flows; turbulent fluxes and transports; turbulent decay, mixing, and dissipation; stable boundary layer flows and intermittent turbulence; wave-vortex dynamics in various turbulent regimes; wave turbulence; clear air turbulence; turbulence in weakly and strongly stratified flows and stratified shear flows.

We particularly encourage participation from early career researchers.

Are you unsure about how to bring order in the extensive program of the General Assembly? Are you wondering how to tackle this week of science? Are you curious about what EGU and the General Assembly have to offer? Then this is the short course for you!

During this course, we will provide you with tips and tricks on how to handle this large conference and how to make the most out of your week at this year's General Assembly. We'll explain the EGU structure, the difference between EGU and the General Assembly, we will dive into the program groups and we will introduce some key persons that help the Union function.

This is a useful short course for first-time attendees, those who have previously only joined us online, and those who haven’t been to Vienna for a while!

Crafting and publishing papers is a crucial part of science communication, but it can be challenging. Whether you are working on your first draft, or perfecting your tenth, there can still be uncertainties about good writing and the publishing process. This course aims to provide early career scientists with straightforward guidelines for effectively communicating their research and, consequently, enhancing their prospects of successful publication. In this short course you will have the opportunity to meet editors of internationally renowned journals in the field of geoscience, hydrology and biogeoscience. After a short introduction of the editors, we will explore various facets of scientific writing and publishing, such as:
• How to start and improve an efficient writing process?
• What are the duties, roles and rights of editors, authors and reviewers?
• How to choose a suitable journal for your manuscript and what is important for early career authors?
• How to address reviewers' comments?
In this short course, there will be an opportunity to have an open discussion about how to make your manuscript ready for submission and navigate the peer-reviewing process. Together with the editors from different journals, we will explore other aspects, complementary to writing a paper, such as preparing the cover letters, choosing a suitable journal and understanding your rights as an author.
If you like to learn what is required to become a good peer-reviewer join the short course: Meet the Editors (3): How to peer-review - Fundamentals & EGU’s model. Both short courses can be attended independently.

Peer-reviewing is the heart of quality control when it comes to publishing our scientific results. It is almost exclusively based on voluntary service by the scientific community itself. Yet peer-reviewers are currently the most limited human resource in scientific publishing. Insights about the peer-reviewing process are essential for the successful publication of your manuscript (if you are interested in more details, see also the short course “Meet the Editors (1 & 2): How to write, revise and publish your manuscript”), but the prospect of reviewing scientific manuscripts can appear daunting, especially to early career scientists. Open questions regarding the general role as reviewer, expectations by the journal editors, the degree of detail and pitfalls, but also ethical responsibilities may lead to doubts. This short course offers the opportunity to meet editors of internationally renowned journals – among others, from EGU journals – to get answers to those questions and to eliminate the doubts for one’s eligibility/aptitude as a reviewer:
• How is the peer-review process organized? How do editors search for and select reviewers?
• What are (and are not!) the duties and roles of reviewers?
• What are the ethical responsibilities as reviewer? How do I deal with conflict of interests?
• What are the benefits of voluntary peer-reviewing?
• Tips for my first review: What to focus on and how to structure?
• What are the dos and don’ts for appropriate peer-reviewing?
• What help can I get during the peer-review process?
Subsequently, the EGU peer-review model is presented as well as the details that are specific to the EGU journals. This includes the advantages of the EGU’s interactive open access publishing with multi-stage open peer review, as compared to traditional journals with closed peer review. Participants will have the opportunity to indicate their interest in the next edition of the EGU Peer Review Training (Fall 2025), where hands-on experience will be provided including reviewing preprints on EGUsphere, to complement the theory learned in the course. Participants who successfully complete the full training will be added to the reviewer data base for the EGU journals, so that they are visible to the journal editors and can efficiently contribute to the dissemination of high-quality science.

The scientific communication landscape in the digital era is rapidly becoming all about effectively delivering ideas in brief. As scientific conferences move from longer physical meetings to more condensed hybrid formats, not only are short presentations necessary for pitching yourself to senior scientists or your next entrepreneurial venture to Venture Capitalists, but also for promoting your research. The opportunities of networking rarely reveal themselves, unless you are able to tell a brief, informative, and compelling story about you and your research.
It is truly an art to engage people through these short presentations and ignite a fire in their hearts, which will burn long enough for them to remember you and reach out to you later about relevant opportunities. While practice makes perfect is the mantra for delivering power-packed short presentations, there are several tricks to make your content stand out and set yourself apart from the crowd.
In this hybrid format course, we will bring together ideas and tips from years of sci-comm experience to provide you a one stop shop with the tricks of the trade. Finally, a hands-on exercise where participants will receive structured feedback on all aspects of their talk will help solidify the learning outcomes. The learning objectives of this short course are as follows:
Structuring a killer elevator pitch – learning from 1/2/3-min examples
3 minute
2019 Monash 3MT Winner - Beatrice Chiew, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Three Minute Thesis (3MT) 2013 QUT winner - Megan Pozzi
Knowing your audience – harnessing the power of tailored openings/closings
Captivating delivery – leveraging body language to your advantage
TED Talk: How to speak so that people want to listen: https://youtu.be/eIho2S0ZahI
Harnessing creativity - choosing the right medium
Enunciating to engage – communicating across borders
Effectively practising your pitch – making the best of your time + confidence (maybe also acting training - presentations are performances)
Early career and underrepresented scientists are particularly encouraged to participate as they can gain the most from the learning outcomes of this short course.

Transdisciplinary research offers a powerful approach to tackling complex challenges in natural hazards and risk management, but it also presents unique challenges, particularly for early career scientists and practitioners. This short course is specifically designed to equip early career participants with practical tools and strategies for effectively engaging in and contributing to transdisciplinary projects. By focusing on the cross-fertilisation of hard and social sciences, the course will provide actionable insights into how to communicate across disciplines, deliver impactful research, and find common ground for collaboration. Participants will engage in hands-on activities and discussions, drawing from the experiences of leading projects such as The HuT (https://thehut-nexus.eu), PARATUS (https://www.paratus-project.eu), MYRIAD (https://www.myriadproject.eu), and DIRECTED (https://directedproject.eu). Attendees are also welcome to join the scientific session and splinter meeting that are part of this unified path, allowing them to choose between engaging in the entire programme or specific parts according to their interests.

Building a successful academic career is challenging. Doing so while also raising a family can push you to your limits. Many early- and mid-career scientists grapple with balancing family life and academic responsibilities. The fear-of-missing-out dualism between family and academia causes an inner conflict and feeling of injustice and inadequateness. Families often find themselves confronted with what feels like a personal problem when, in reality, it is a shared societal issue. Modern families come in diverse forms, including dual-career parents, single parents, same-sex parents, and various shared parenting arrangements. The academic world must recognize and adapt to this reality, aligning with broader themes of inclusion, participation, and diversity.

It is crucial to find support and confidence in moving forward as an individual while remaining aligned with your personal values and goals. As a community, we need to openly discuss parenting in academia so that we can demand and develop sustainable solutions that benefit everyone, rather than repeatedly fighting private battles to follow the academic career dream. Parenthood can also shift your priorities, which may lead you to consider leaving academia altogether.

This short course provides a platform that allows an honest exchange on diverse experiences and continue the discussion from previous EGU General Assemblies on this topic. It will:
1. Provide insight into how being a parent impacts everyday academic life.
2. Present scientific studies on parenting in academia and explore the varying cultural and societal experiences.
3. Highlight personal experiences made by a panel of current and previous academic parents.
4. Conclude with an open discussion addressing public discourse on equal parenting and work-life balance.
This course is intended for scientists considering starting a family, current academic parents seeking to connect, and faculty staff responsible for supporting parenting employees.

In this short course we will address the increasing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in geoscientific research, guiding participants through the various stages of the research process where AI tools can be effectively implemented, however with responsibility. We will explore freely available AI tools that can be used for data analysis, model development, and research publication. Additionally, the course aims to provoke reflections on the ethical implications of AI use, addressing concerns such as data bias, transparency, and the potential for misuse. Participants will engage in interactive discussions to explore what constitutes responsible and acceptable use of AI in geoscientific research, aiming to establish a set of best practices for integrating AI into scientific workflows.

The European Research Council (ERC) is a leading funding body at European level. It aims to support excellent investigator-driven frontier research across all fields of science. The ERC offers various outstanding funding opportunities, including grant budgets for individual scientists of up to €3.5 million. ERC calls are open to researchers around the world: all nationalities of applicants are welcome for projects carried out at a host institution in European Union member states or/and associated countries. At this session, the main features of ERC funding will be presented, including the recent changes implemented in the work programme concerning the evaluation process. Furthermore, two invited speakers, a current ERC grantee and a former member of the evaluation panel, will provide different perspectives of their experience with the ERC evaluation.

Global challenges, such as climate change and natural hazards, are becoming increasingly complex and interdependent, and solutions have to be global in scope and based on a firm scientific understanding of the challenges we face. At the same time, Science and technology are playing an increasingly important role in a complex geopolitical landscape. In this difficult setting, scientific collaboration can not only be used to help address global challenges but also to foster international relations and build bridges across geopolitical divisions. Science diplomacy is a broad term used both to describe the various roles that science and researchers play in bridging geopolitical gaps and finding solutions to international issues, and also the study of how science intertwines with diplomacy in pursuing these goals


During this Short Course, experts will introduce key science diplomacy concepts and outline the skills that are required to effectively engage in science diplomacy. They will also provide practical insights on how researchers can actively participate in science diplomacy, explore real-life examples of science diplomacy, and highlight resources where participants can learn more about science diplomacy moving forward.

This Short Course is of interest to researchers from all disciplines and career levels.

Science communication includes the efforts of natural, physical and social scientists, communications professionals, and teams that communicate the process and values of science and scientific findings to non-specialist audiences outside of formal educational settings. The goals of science communication can include enhanced dialogue, understanding, awareness, enthusiasm, improving decision making, or influencing behaviors. Channels can include in-person interaction, online, social media, mass media, or other methods. This session invites presentations by individuals and teams on science communication practice, research, and reflection, addressing questions like:

What kind of communication efforts are you engaging in and how you are doing it?
How is social science informing understandings of audiences, strategies, or effects?
What are lessons learned from long-term communication efforts?

This session invites you to share your work and join a community of practice to inform and advance the effective communication of earth and space science.

All science has uncertainty. Global challenges such as the Covid-19 pandemic and climate change illustrate that an effective dialogue between science and society requires clear communication of uncertainty. Responsible science communication conveys the challenges of managing uncertainty that is inherent in data, models and predictions, facilitating the society to understand the contexts where uncertainty emerges and enabling active participation in discussions. This session invites presentations by individuals and teams on communicating scientific uncertainty to non-expert audiences, addressing topics such as:

(1) Innovative and practical tools (e.g. from social or statistical research) for communicating uncertainty
(2) Pitfalls, challenges and solutions to communicating uncertainty with non-experts
(3) Communicating uncertainty in risk and crisis situations (e.g., natural hazards, climate change, public health crises)

Examples of research fitting into the categories above include a) new, creative ways to visualize different aspects of uncertainty, b) new frameworks to communicate the level of confidence associated with research, c) testing the effectiveness of existing tools and frameworks, such as the categories of “confidence” used in expert reports (e.g., IPCC), or d) research addressing the challenges of communicating high-uncertainty high-impact events.

This session encourages you to share your work and join a community of practice to inform and advance the effective communication of uncertainty in earth and space science.

Following the success of previous years, this session will explore reasons for the under-representation of different groups (gender identities, sexual orientations, racial and cultural backgrounds, abilities, religions, nationality or geography, socioeconomic status, ages, career stages, etc.) by welcoming debate among scientists, decision-makers and policy analysts in the geosciences.

The session will focus on both obstacles that contribute to under-representation and on best practices and innovative ideas to remove those obstacles. Contributions are solicited on the following topics:

- Role models to inspire and further motivate others (life experience and/or their contributions to promote equality)
- Imbalanced representation, preferably supported by data, for awards, medals, grants, high-level positions, invited talks and papers
- Perceived and real barriers to inclusion (personally, institutionally, culturally)
- Recommendations for new and innovative strategies to identify and overcome barriers
- Gender Equality Plans (GEP) in European host institutions: the good, the bad, and the ugly
- Best practices and strategies to move beyond barriers, including:
• successful mentoring programmes;
• networks that work;
• specific funding schemes;
• examples of host institutions initiatives;

Report on situations that you may have experienced in light of recent socio-political changes.

This session is co-organised with the support of the European Research Council (ERC).

Geoethics is essential for addressing global crises such as climate change, ecological degradation, and resource overexploitation. The integration of ethical principles at the heart of geoscience allows us to make more sustainable, equitable, and informed decisions.
Geoscientists play a key role in providing accurate and unbiased data to policymakers, and in helping to ensure that decisions reflect the full range of environmental, social, and economic impacts. Their responsibility however extends beyond the sole providing of information: They can actively engage with policymakers and the public to tackle critical challenges, including climate change, ocean degradation, biodiversity loss, pollution and the conflicts driven by fossil fuel dependency.
Despite increasing advocacy for transformative solutions, global efforts remain insufficient to address the climate and ecological crises. As global warming nears the 1.5°C threshold (WMO), the primary obstacle to climate action is not as much a lack of awareness, than resistance and denial from powerful vested interests. In the meantime, many institutions, including universities and research centres, tend to reinforce the status quo instead of driving necessary change.
In such a scenario, what role can geoscientists assume in order to facilitate urgent transformations?
Geoethics provides a crucial framework for guiding geoscientific practices toward responsible, scientifically-sound and sustainable actions.
Through geo-education, effective communication, and the integration of ethical perspectives, geoscientists can build trust, enhance transparency, and engage communities. They can empower citizens with knowledge about the complexities of climate and ocean change, which is essential for fostering collective action and meaningful progress. Some geoscientists decide to engage in collective action themselves, for instance by pressuring research institutes to reduce their environmental impact, or by using civil disobedience to denounce harmful projects and actors.
By cultivating a culture of ethical responsibility, geoscientists can help mitigate harm, enhance resilience and promote long-term sustainability. Geoethics urges the geoscientific community to transcend technical solutions and advocate for radical, justice-driven transformations that meet the urgency of the climate and ecological crises.
This session seeks to inspire dialogue, showcase innovative practices and explore the evolving role of geoscience in cultural, policymaking, and societal change.

Evidence-based policymaking aims to ground public policies in the best available research and data, ensuring that decisions are informed by robust evidence rather than by ideology, assumptions, or political considerations. To support and inform policy, stakeholders need to engage in a way that addresses needs and develops solutions. To ensure this engagement is effective, it is important to identify the most effective formats for engagement to ensure re-searchers contributions enrich and strengthen local, national or international policy.
This session aims to show how research activities and outputs may impact society and policy beyond the academic world. It will highlight stories of success and failure from scientists who have engaged in policy or other activities that made critical societal impacts – either on an international, European, national, or local level – across different geoscience disciplines. Equally important, the session will also present the role of those working from within political institutions who have facilitated successful science-society-policy-dialogues. It will also aim to examine the various challenges that researchers face when engaging on the science-society-policy interface and various strategies that others have taken to manage and overcome them.

This session is relevant for researchers, policymakers, and those working on the interface from all career levels and science disciplines and will provide space for follow-up questions and a discussion with the participants at the session and at a splinter meeting during EGU25 week.

Cloud computing has emerged as a dominant paradigm, supporting industrial applications and academic research on an unprecedented scale. Despite its transformative potential, transitioning to the cloud continues to challenge organizations striving to leverage its capabilities for big data processing. Integrating cloud technologies with high-performance computing (HPC) unlocks powerful possibilities, particularly for computation-intensive AI/ML workloads. With innovations like GPUs, containerization, and microservice architectures, this convergence enables scalable solutions for Earth Observation (EO) and Earth System Modeling domains.
Pangeo (pangeo.io) represents a global, open-source community of researchers and developers collaborating to tackle big data challenges in geoscience. By leveraging a range of tools—from laptops to HPC and cloud infrastructure—the Pangeo ecosystem empowers researchers with an array of core packages, including Xarray, Dask, Jupyter, Zarr, Kerchunk, and Intake.
This session focuses on use cases involving both Cloud and HPC computing and showcasing applications of Pangeo’s core packages. The goal is to assess the current landscape and outline the steps needed to facilitate the broader adoption of cloud computing in Earth Observation and Earth Modeling data processing. We invite contributions that explore various cloud computing initiatives within these domains, including but not limited to:
This session aims to:
• Assess the current landscape and outline the steps needed to facilitate the broader adoption of cloud computing in Earth Observation and Earth Modeling data processing.
• Inspire researchers using or contributing to the Pangeo ecosystem to share their insights with the broader geoscience community and showcasenew applications of Pangeo tools addressing computational and data-intensive challenges.
We warmly welcome contributions that explore:
• Cloud Computing Initiatives: Federations, scalability, interoperability, multi-provenance data, security, privacy, and sustainable computing.
• Cloud Applications and Platforms: Development and deployment of IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, and XaaS solutions.
• Cloud-Native AI/ML Frameworks: Tools designed for AI/ML applications in EO and ESM.
• Operational Systems and Workflows: Cloud-based operational systems, data lakes, and storage solutions.
• HPC and Cloud Integration: Converging workloads to leverage the strengths of both computational paradigms.
In addition, we invite presentations showcasing applications of Pangeo’s core packages in:
• Atmosphere, Ocean, and Land Modeling
• Satellite Observations
• Machine Learning
• Cross-Domain Geoscience Challenges
This session emphasizes real-world use cases at the intersection of cloud and HPC computing. By sharing interactive workflows, reproducible research practices, and live executable notebooks, contributors can help map the current landscape and outline actionable pathways toward broader adoption of these transformative technologies in geoscience.